Misplaced Pages

#0

104-396: Manoj Nelliyattu " M. Night " Shyamalan ( / ˈ ʃ ɑː m ə l ɑː n / SHAH -mə-lahn ; born August 6, 1970) is an American filmmaker. His films often employ supernatural plots and twist endings . The cumulative gross of his films exceeds $ 3.3 billion globally. Shyamalan has received various accolades , including nominations for two Academy Awards , two BAFTA Awards and

208-529: A Golden Globe . Shyamalan was born in Mahé, India , and raised in Penn Valley, Pennsylvania . His early films include Praying with Anger (1992) and Wide Awake (1998) before his breakthrough film The Sixth Sense (1999), which earned him Academy Award nominations for Best Director and Best Original Screenplay . He then released Unbreakable (2000), Signs (2002) and The Village (2004). Followed by

312-462: A Tamil from Chennai , is an OB-GYN . Shyamalan's parents immigrated to the United States when he was six weeks old. Shyamalan was raised Hindu in Penn Valley, Pennsylvania . He attended the private Roman Catholic grammar school Waldron Mercy Academy . He felt like an outsider and remembers that teachers would say that whoever was not baptized would go to hell. When he was a student there,

416-570: A 27,000-square-foot (2,500 m) 1937 Georgian Revival house. Shyamalan is a season ticket holder of the Philadelphia 76ers . In 2023, Shyamalan bought a 218-acre (88 ha) estate from the Rockefeller family in Willistown Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania , which has five historic houses and two barns for $ 24 million. Rolling Stone wrote that The Sixth Sense gave Shyamalan

520-402: A bad thing. At first it was a sense of, 'Hey, I can make anything.' But that’s hypocritical, because when I pick up an Agatha Christie novel in my library, I have a strong expectation. So, I get it ... When I became happy with the idea of making thrillers for the rest of my life, everything went right." After the release of The Village , Slate ' s Michael Agger noted that Shyamalan

624-449: A budget of $ 48 million. In July 2008, it was announced that Shyamalan had partnered with Media Rights Capital to form a production company called Night Chronicles. Shyamalan would produce, but not direct, one film a year for three years. The first of the three films was Devil , a supernatural thriller directed by siblings John and Drew Dowdle. The script was written by Brian Nelson , based on an original idea from Shyamalan. The movie

728-494: A budget of $ 5 million – the fifth-highest grossing thriller film of the year. Universal released the movie on September 11, 2015. In 2017, Shyamalan released the movie Split . It was both critically and financially successful and grossed $ 279 million from a budget of $ 9 million. In 2019, he released Glass as the final installment in his 19-year trilogy inclusive of previous films Unbreakable and Split . The movie grossed over $ 247 million worldwide. His next film, Old ,

832-507: A budget of $ 60 million. After the release of The Village in 2004, Shyamalan had been planning a film adaptation of Yann Martel's novel Life of Pi with 20th Century Fox, but later backed out so that he could make Lady in the Water . In an interview he said about his reasons for dropping out of that project: I love that book. I mean, it's basically [the story of] a kid born in the same city as me [Mahe, India] — it almost felt predestined. But I

936-518: A camera, and the ability to do high quality digital scanning to standard motion picture digital formats like 2K and 4K, DPX or ProRes 4444 , Super 8 remains a popular format for creating a variety of interesting scenes. Super 8 provides an ideal, inexpensive medium for traditional stop-motion and cel animation and other types of filming speed effects not common to video cameras. To give further support to filmmakers dedicated to shooting on Super 8 mm film, many film festivals and screenings—such as

1040-548: A chance to experience film by lending film and cameras to a select group at film festivals and trade events like this film festival at The Art Center College of Art & Design. Several post-secondary institutions in the United States continue to utilize Super 8 in Film and Cinema programs. For example, both City College of San Francisco 's Cinema Department and the University of North Texas ' Radio, Television and Film Department require

1144-451: A child, Shyamalan had been dead for nearly half an hour while drowned in a frozen pond in an accident, and that upon being rescued he had experiences of communicating with spirits, fueling an obsession with the supernatural. In truth, Shyamalan developed the hoax with SyFy, going so far as having SyFy staffers sign non-disclosure agreements with a $ 5 million fine attached and requiring Shyamalan's office to formally approve each step. Neither

SECTION 10

#1732868800000

1248-442: A concept of a new Super 8 camera at the 2016 CES expo. There are literally millions of Super 8 cameras that are still available and viable because of manufacturing methods back in the 1960s and 1970s. These cameras can be found at specialized retailers and distributors and at auction sites such as eBay . Kodak currently offers one color reversal stock, Ektachrome 100D, three of its latest Vision 3 color negative stock,

1352-510: A film titled Labor of Love . As of March 2022, and the retirement of Willis, this film had yet to be produced. Shyamalan's reputation was poor and most Hollywood studios passed on his self-funded, low-budget horror-comedy The Visit , featuring a brother and sister who are sent to their grandparents’ remote Pennsylvania farm for a weeklong visit. After revising the film, which Shyamalan had shot in secret, Universal picked up rights to The Visit . The movie went on to gross $ 98 million worldwide on

1456-441: A low budget who still want to achieve the classic look of real film. Super 8 has been used in theatrical features, usually for creative effect. Oliver Stone , for example, has used it in films such as JFK , where his director of photography Robert Richardson employed it to evoke a period or to give a different look to scenes. The PBS series Globe Trekker uses approximately five minutes of Super 8 footage per episode. In

1560-431: A process similar to the creation of Super 16 from standard 16 mm film. The creators of Sleep Always experimented with widening the camera gate to expose into the sound track region to achieve this. In March 2005, Pro8mm introduced its own version of the widened gate, achieving aspect ratio of 1.58 and calling it Max8. Because top and bottom of the frame are meant to be cropped to achieve final 16:9 aspect ratio,

1664-689: A similar service for Super 8 film in the Fuji Cartridge (Single8). There are now more varieties of Super 8 film available than ever before. In 2017, Kodak announced that Ektachrome will soon be available again in the Super ;8 format. In Spring of 2019, Kodak officially released Ektachrome 100D in Super 8 and 16 mm formats. Super 8 film is available worldwide through specialty shops and online from major companies such as Amazon. It has become common to see it sold with processing prepaid and for it to be sold with scan-to-digital services at

1768-744: A single 400' film, though most sellers sold them at a reduced price. The Walt Disney Studio, however, kept their releases at the 200-foot limit. Columbia Pictures , which had operated an 8mm division since the early 1960s, enjoyed success with a "Viewer's Digest" series of 400' feature condensations and complete prints of their Three Stooges short comedies. Vintage silent films starring Charlie Chaplin , Buster Keaton , Mary Pickford , Rudolph Valentino , Lillian Gish , and other legends were available from companies specializing in them such as Blackhawk Films and included both short films and multi-reel complete feature-length movies. Full-length sound films, particularly those in color, were seldom released due to

1872-464: A string of poorly received films— Lady in the Water (2006), The Happening (2008), The Last Airbender (2010), and After Earth (2013)—he experienced a critical and commercial career resurgence with The Visit (2015), Split (2016), Glass (2019), Old (2021), Knock at the Cabin (2023), and Trap (2024). Shyamalan was also one of the executive producers and occasional director of

1976-546: A supernatural and a psychological interpretation of the events described. In this example, ambiguity adds to the effects of both the supernatural and the psychological. A similar example is Charlotte Perkins Gilman 's story " The Yellow Wallpaper ". Supernatural film is a film genre that encompasses themes related to gods, goddesses, ghosts, apparitions, spirits, miracles, and other extraordinary phenomena. These themes are often blended with other film genres, such as comedy , science fiction , fantasy , and horror . Historically,

2080-426: A switchable daylight filter built in, allowing for both indoor and outdoor shooting. The original Super 8 film release was a silent system only, but in 1973, a sound on film version was released. The film with sound had a magnetic soundtrack and came in larger cartridges than the original cartridge in order to accommodate the sound recording head in the film path. Sound film requires a longer film path (for smoothing

2184-608: A teacher once became upset because he "got the best grade in religion class and [he] wasn't Catholic". He later attended the Episcopal Academy , a private Episcopal high school located at the time in Merion Station, Pennsylvania . Shyamalan earned the New York University Merit Scholarship in 1988, and was also a National Merit Scholar . Shyamalan is an alumnus of New York University Tisch School of

SECTION 20

#1732868800000

2288-615: A thriller about tourists who begin aging rapidly on a mysterious beach, was shot in the Dominican Republic and released on July 23, 2021. The film stars Gael Garcia Bernal , Eliza Scanlen , Thomasin McKenzie , Aaron Pierre , Alex Wolff , Abbey Lee , Nikki Amuka-Bird , Ken Leung , Vicky Krieps , Rufus Sewell , Embeth Davidtz , Alexa Swinton, Nolan River, and Emun Elliott . The film received mixed reviews from critics. In October 2021, Shyamalan announced that his next film Knock at

2392-645: A variety of Super 8 film stocks. Kodak sells one Super 8 color reversal stock, Ektachrome 100D, and three Super 8 color negative stocks cut from their Vision 3 film series, ISO 50, ISO 200 and ISO 500, which can be used in very low light. Kodak reformulated the emulsions for the B&;W reversal stocks and made Tri-X (ISO 200). Film cut to Super 8 from other manufactured raw stock such as Fuji, Orwo, Adox, Agfa and Foma are also available. Pro8mm offers 7 color negative stocks made from Kodak and Fuji film. Color Reversal film for Super 8

2496-683: A variety of different levels from standard-definition digital to 4K data. It can even be purchased to include all the logistic associated with the process, including film processing, scanning and internet delivery of image and mail in and back services. This is a sample video done with the Super 8 film kit. In the beginning of 1965, Super 8 was introduced as a silent format. Over time, several companies began to offer sync sound options for Super 8 filmmaking. Two companies introduced comprehensive sound systems for Super 8. These were Super8 Sound Inc. led by Harvard film professor Bob Doyle and Optasound led by Richard Leacock at MIT. With double system, as it

2600-472: A water nymph and an apartment superintendent, was both critically and financially unsuccessful, only grossing $ 72 million worldwide from a budget of $ 70 million. Next was the film The Happening , a science fiction thriller about an inexplicable natural disaster causing mass suicides, featuring a teacher and his wife fleeing from contaminated cities into the countryside. It was critically unsuccessful but financially successful as it grossed $ 163 million from

2704-528: A well-known supernatural Internet character is the Slenderman , a tall faceless being associated with the forest. Another well-known internet urban legend is the Backrooms , an endless liminal space of moist carpet, humming fluorescent lights and monotone yellow wallpaper. The Backrooms are commonly depicted as being inhabited by supernatural monsters known as Entities. Super 8 film Super 8 mm film

2808-458: Is a 16 mm wide film but has Super 8 size sprockets. Double Super 8 for amateurs In amateur DS8 cameras, the film is used in the same way as standard 8 mm film in that the film is run through the camera twice, exposing one side on each pass. During processing, the film is split down the middle, and the two pieces spliced together to produce a single strip for projection in a Super 8 projector. The advantages of this system are

2912-407: Is a motion-picture film format released in 1965 by Eastman Kodak as an improvement over the older "Double" or "Regular" 8 mm home movie format. The film is nominally 8 mm wide, the same as older formatted 8 mm film, but the dimensions of the rectangular perforations along one edge are smaller, which allows for a greater exposed area. The Super 8 standard also allocates

3016-435: Is better. Also, camera manufacturers could use models already in production for double 8 mm film by enlarging the gate and slightly modifying the advancement mechanism for the use with Double Super 8 film (see comparison pictures in this segment). Double Super 8 for film-makers DS8 can also be used as an alternative film stock in modified 16 mm cameras and projectors, which allows for larger image sizes due to

3120-448: Is probably the fastest loading film system ever developed, as it can be loaded into the Super 8 camera in less than two seconds without the need to directly thread or touch the film. In addition, coded notches cut into the Super 8 film cartridge exterior allow the camera to recognize the film speed automatically. Not all cameras can read all the notches correctly, however, and there is some debate about which notches actually deliver

3224-412: Is smart and sincere, and his innovative ideas are unbound by the educational establishment." Shyamalan married Bhavna Vaswani, a fellow student whom he met at New York University . The couple has three daughters, including director Ishana and musician Saleka . His cousin is actor Ritesh Rajan . Shyamalan and his family live near Philadelphia at Ravenwood, a 125-acre (51 ha) estate, built around

M. Night Shyamalan - Misplaced Pages Continue

3328-681: Is still available from several Super 8 specialty companies. Wittner Kinotechnik offers Super 8 made from a batch of Agfa Aviphot 200D, which is perforated and slit for Super 8, 8 mm and 16 mm formats. This film is loaded into Super 8 and Single cartridges by several of the specialty companies. Other stocks, such as the new Fuji reversal film, and existing supplies of Kodak 35 mm 100D are often made available in Super 8 by these specialty companies. The growing popularity and availability of non-linear editing systems has allowed film-makers and any user of film to shoot Super 8 film but edit in digital. This avoids much of

3432-513: Is still manufactured. Historically, Super 8 film was a reversal stock for home projection used primarily for the creation of home movies. It became an extremely popular consumer product in the late 1960s through the 1970s, but was largely replaced in the 1980s by the use of video tape. During the mid-to-late 1980s Super 8 began to re-emerge as an alternative method for movie production, beginning with its use in MTV music videos in 1981. In 1993,

3536-536: Is the executive producer on the Apple TV series Servant . He directed several episodes, including the pilot. Servant was renewed for a second series in advance of the season one premiere. The second season of Servant completed filming in fall 2020 under COVID protocols. Shyamalan was also instrumental in the creation of the Fox science fiction series Wayward Pines (2015–2016), for which he executive produced and directed

3640-692: Is the longest running Super 8mm festival in the US. In Brazil Curta8 | Festival Internacional de Cinema Super8 is in its 11th year. A number of experimental filmmakers , such as Mason Shefa and Stan Brakhage , continue to work extensively in the format and festivals such as the Images Festival (Toronto), the Media City Film Festival (Windsor, Ont.), and TIE (based in Colorado) regularly project Super 8 films as part of their programming. In June 2010,

3744-527: The 20th Television science fiction series Wayward Pines (2015–2016) and the Apple TV+ psychological horror series Servant (2019–2023), for which he also served as showrunner . Shyamalan was born in Mahé , India, a town in the Union Territory of Puducherry . His father, Dr. Nelliyattu C. Shyamalan, is a Malayali neurologist from Mahé and a JIPMER graduate; his mother, Dr. Jayalakshmi Shyamalan,

3848-530: The Cannes Film Festival and many other festivals and events worldwide, where a sound track is required to be supplied with a completed but unprocessed cartridge. In the 2005 Cannes Film Festival , a Super 8 short film ( The Man Who Met Himself ) by British filmmaker Ben Crowe, shot on the now discontinued Kodachrome 40 format, was the first Super 8 film to be nominated for the Short Film Palme d'Or in

3952-554: The Flicker Film Festival , and Super Gr8 Film Festival —exist to give filmmakers a place to screen their Super 8 mm films. Many of these screenings shun video and are only open to films shot on film. Some require film to be turned in undeveloped and thus not permitting any editing, providing an additional challenge to the filmmaker. These include the Bentley Film Festival and straight 8 , which runs screenings at

4056-435: The tropes of supernatural fiction with those of detective fiction . Supernatural fiction and drama has supernatural elements blended into a story about the characters' internal conflict and/or a dramatic conflict between the protagonist, human and/or supernatural world, society and between groups. The author of The Rise of Supernatural Fiction, 1762–1800 states that the origins of supernatural fiction come from Britain in

4160-405: The 1970s, as well as some short subjects. Releases in color and with sound began appearing in the 1970s and by the end of the decade, demand for longer condensations resulted in 400 ft (120 m) reels being released, running approximately 16–18 minutes, sometimes with a second "part II" 400'. The list price for the sound color films in 1980 were $ 39.95 for a single 200' film and $ 59.95 for

4264-487: The 200-foot reels without being edited. The 200-foot editions in black and white and silent were widely available and often sold in department stores such as Woolco in the $ 5.00-6.00 price range in the 1960s and 1970s. The leading companies releasing such films were Castle Films , owned by Universal Pictures and Ken Films , which licensed titles from 20th Century-Fox and other studios. The Walt Disney Studio released excerpts from many of their animated feature films in

M. Night Shyamalan - Misplaced Pages Continue

4368-464: The 20th century, supernatural fiction became associated with psychological fiction . In this association, descriptions of events that occur are not explainable through the lenses of the natural world, leading to the conclusion that the supernatural is the only possible explanation for what has been described. A classic example of this would be The Turn of the Screw (1898) by Henry James , which offers both

4472-721: The 50D, 200T, and 500T, and Tri-X B&W reversal film in the Super 8 format. Several Super 8 specialty companies such as Pro8mm in Burbank CA, Wittner Cinetec in Hamburg, Germany, and Kahlfilm in Brühl, Germany, slit and perforate raw 35 mm film stock from Kodak, Fuji, ORWO , Agfa, and Foma and then repackage it in Kodak Super ;8 cartridges. Adox has its own B&W film supply and provides this in its own Super 8 cartridge design by GKfilmCinevia. Retro 8 of Japan provides

4576-586: The Arts in Manhattan , graduating in 1992. It was while studying there that he adopted "Night" as his second name. Shyamalan had an early desire to be a filmmaker when he was given a Super 8 camera at a young age. Though his father wanted him to follow in the family practice of medicine, his mother encouraged him to follow his passion. By the time he was seventeen, he had made forty-five home movies. On each DVD release of his films, beginning with The Sixth Sense and with

4680-533: The Cabin would be released in cinemas on February 3, 2023. Knock at the Cabin premiered in New York City at the Rose Hall on January 30, 2023. The film received generally positive reviews from critics and has grossed over $ 54 million worldwide. In February 2023, it was revealed Shyamalan's next film, titled Trap would be released in theatres on August 2, 2024 distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures . Shyamalan

4784-672: The Official Selection. In the UK, the Cambridge International Super 8 Film Festival, with the support of the film industry, runs a competition program of more than 60 films every year. The festival also features work of Super 8 filmmakers, industry talks, and a workshop. The United States Super 8mm Film + Digital Video Festival , established in 1988, takes place annually at Rutgers University in New Brunswick, New Jersey and

4888-563: The Single-8 footage. Also, when jammed, Single-8 footage has a tendency to stretch in the projector, unlike the acetate-based Super-8 film, which simply breaks. Although never as popular as Super 8, the format existed in parallel. On June 2, 2009, Fuji announced the end of Single-8 motion picture film. Tungsten balanced 200 ASA Fuji RT200N ceased to be manufactured by May 2010. Daylight balanced 25 ASA Fujichrome R25N remained available until March 2012. Fuji's in-house processing service

4992-612: The Super8 Shots film festival was launched in Galway , Ireland , the first Super 8 festival to occur in Ireland, and included classes on basics and uses of film through to processing your own film. Chicago 8: A Small Gauge Film Festival started in 2011, and will feature yearly programming of small gauge film from around the world. Super 8 can still be found at a few select higher educational institutions offering film production courses including

5096-460: The UK, broadcasters such as the BBC still occasionally make use of Super 8 in both drama and documentary contexts. A recent example of particular note is the 2005 BBC2 documentary series Define Normal , which was shot largely on Super 8, with only interviews and special timelapse photography utilising more conventional digital formats. Thanks to over a dozen film stocks, the ease of function and finding

5200-568: The Water , The Village , Signs , Unbreakable , The Last Airbender , After Earth , The Visit , Split , Glass and Old . It is run by Shyamalan and Ashwin Rajan. In February 2023, the company signed a multi-year first-look deal with Warner Bros. , among them the Shyamalan-directed Trap , which released theatrically on August 2, 2024. While working on his film The Happening , Shyamalan developed an interest in improving

5304-542: The Water and Split have been included in Cahiers du Cinéma annual top ten lists . Shyamalan is also known for setting and shooting his films in and around Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , along with nearby Reading, Pennsylvania . Most of his early commercially successful films were co-produced and released by Walt Disney Studios ' Touchstone and Hollywood Pictures imprints. Films of his resurgence, however, were usually released by Universal Pictures . In 2008, Shyamalan

SECTION 50

#1732868800000

5408-443: The Water , Shyamalan expressed he remained interested in directing one of the last two Harry Potter films: "The themes that run through it ... the empowering of children, a positive outlook ... you name it, it falls in line with my beliefs", Shyamalan said. "I enjoy the humor in it. When I read the first Harry Potter and was thinking about making it, I had a whole different vibe in my head of it". His next film, Signs ,

5512-451: The best results. Canon keeps an exhaustive list of their Super 8 cameras with detailed specifications on what film speeds can be used with their cameras. Usually, testing one cartridge of film can help settle any uncertainty a filmmaker may have about how well their Super 8 camera reads different film stocks. Color stocks were originally available only in tungsten (3400 K) Type A, and almost all Super 8 cameras come with

5616-446: The border opposite the perforations for an oxide stripe upon which sound can be magnetically recorded . Unlike Super 35 (which is generally compatible with standard 35 mm equipment), the film stock used for Super 8 is not compatible with standard 8 mm film cameras. There are several varieties of the film system used for shooting, but the final film in each case has the same dimensions. The most popular system by far

5720-503: The camera, until 8 years later, on 22 November 2023, Kodak formally released the Super 8 camera for pre-order, confirmed its analog and digital-assist hybrid features, and 1.5:1 aspect ratio "Expanded Super 8 Gate" aperture feature. The camera is expected to be shipped around Q1 2024. Although Kodak launched Super 8 and had its own cameras, hundreds of other companies produced Super 8 camera, projection, editing, and sound equipment. Some of

5824-541: The childhood accident nor a supposed rift with the filmmakers ever occurred. The hoax included a nonexistent SyFy publicist, "David Westover", whose name appeared on press releases regarding the special. SyFy also fed false news stories to the Associated Press , Zap2It , and the New York Post , among others. After an AP reporter confronted SyFy Channel president Bonnie Hammer at a press conference, Hammer admitted

5928-552: The company Super8 Sound, now called Pro8mm, pioneered the use of the color negative in Super 8 by custom perforating and loading a variety of 35 mm film stocks into the Super 8 film cartridge. This included emulsions from Kodak, Fuji and Ilford . Today Super 8 color negative film is the main color stock used. There are also Super 8 reversal films available, including 100D Kodak Ektachrome and 200D Agfa color, as well as black-and-white (B&W) from Foma , ADOX , ORWO and Kodak. The Super 8 plastic cartridge

6032-587: The delivery of education in American schools. He hired doctoral student James Richardson to do most of the background research and as a result published I Got Schooled: The Unlikely Story of How a Moonlighting Movie Maker Learned the Five Keys to Closing America's Education Gap through Simon and Schuster in 2013. John Willol of NPR reviewed the book by stating " I Got Schooled is a breezily written, research driven call to change America's approach to education. Shyamalan

6136-411: The exception of Lady in the Water , he has included a scene from one of these childhood movies, which, he feels, represents his first attempt at the same kind of film. Shyamalan made his first film, the semi-autobiographical drama Praying with Anger , while still a student at NYU, using money borrowed from family and friends. He wrote and directed his second movie, Wide Awake . His parents were

6240-755: The fairly expensive price of such films although a small number were released by such companies as Viacom featuring stars with wide popularity such as John Wayne , Elvis Presley , and Katharine Hepburn . Blackhawk, which held the 8mm and 16mm rights to the Laurel and Hardy classics produced by Hal Roach , offered both their short comedies and complete features in black-and-white sound prints. Most sound films that were released complete on Super 8 with multi reels were usually public domain titles such as My Man Godfrey (1936), Of Human Bondage (1934) and His Girl Friday (1940), and sold by smaller companies such as Thunderbird and Niles. The emergence of home video and

6344-475: The film grossed $ 305,704 in theaters, against a $ 6 million budget. That same year Shyamalan co-wrote the screenplay for Stuart Little with Greg Brooker . In 2013, he revealed he was the ghostwriter for the 1999 film She's All That , a teen comedy starring Freddie Prinze Jr. and Rachael Leigh Cook. On June 17, 2013, Jack Lechner (who served as Miramax's head of development in the late 1990s) confirmed that both Shyamalan and R. Lee Fleming, Jr. contributed to

SECTION 60

#1732868800000

6448-855: The film is environmentally hazardous. In 2005, Kodak announced the discontinuation of their most popular stock Kodachrome due to the decline of facilities equipped with the K-14 developing process. Kodachrome was "replaced" by a new ISO  64 Ektachrome , which uses the simpler E-6 process . The last roll of Kodachrome was processed on January 18, 2011, in Parsons, Kansas, by the sole remaining lab capable of processing it. In December 2012, Kodak discontinued color reversal stock in all formats, including 35 mm and Super 8. However, in Spring of 2019, Kodak introduced Ektachrome 100D in super 8 and 16 mm formats, citing surges in demand. Today, there are still

6552-417: The film loaded in a Single-8 cartridge has exactly the same dimensions as Super 8 (though it is made of a thinner and stronger polyester base, rather than the acetate base of Super 8 film), and can be viewed in any Super 8 projector after processing. However, Fuji recommended that only tape splices be used when combining Single-8 footage with Super-8, as standard film cement would not adhere to

6656-403: The film movement before it reaches the recording head) and a second aperture for the recording head. Sound cameras are compatible with silent cartridges, but not conversely. Sound film is typically filmed at a speed of 18 or 24 frames per second. Kodak discontinued the production of Super 8 sound film in 1997, citing environmental regulations, as the adhesive used to bond the magnetic track to

6760-530: The film's associate producers . The drama dealt with a ten-year-old Catholic schoolboy ( Joseph Cross ) who, after the death of his grandfather ( Robert Loggia ), searches for God. The film's supporting cast included Dana Delany and Denis Leary as the boy's parents, as well as Rosie O'Donnell , Julia Stiles , and Camryn Manheim . Wide Awake was filmed in a school Shyamalan attended as a child and earned 1999 Young Artist Award nominations for Best Drama, and, for Cross, Best Performance. Only in limited release,

6864-419: The format is still regularly used by artists and students. Some seek to imitate the look of old home movies, or create a stylishly grainy look. Others want to create alternative looks for flashback sequences and altered states of consciousness. Some just like the idea of creating images in the classic style of using actual film. Super 8 is a relatively inexpensive film, making it popular among filmmakers working on

6968-492: The genre of science fiction . Amongst academics, readers and collectors, however, supernatural fiction is often classed as a discrete genre defined by the elimination of "horror", "fantasy", and elements important to other genres. The one genre supernatural fiction appears to embrace in its entirety is the traditional ghost story . The fantasy and supernatural fiction genres would often overlap and may be confused for each other, though there exist some crucial differences between

7072-602: The hoax, saying it was part of a guerrilla marketing campaign to generate pre-release publicity for The Village . This prompted SyFy's parent company, NBC Universal , to state that the undertaking was "not consistent with our policy at NBC. We would never intend to offend the public or the press and we value our relationship with both." Supernatural fiction In its broadest definition, supernatural fiction overlaps with examples of weird fiction , horror fiction , vampire literature , ghost story , and fantasy . Elements of supernatural fiction can be found in writing from

7176-592: The increasing available of cable television dramatically decreased the market for Super 8 films in America in the early 1980s which led to a quick fadeout in availability, although the format remained quite popular in England into the early years of the 21st century with Derann films releasing full-length versions of many Disney films and vintage Hollywood musicals. Starting in 1971 in-flight movies (previously 16 mm ) were shown in Super 8 format until video distribution became

7280-486: The independent companies were forced into bankruptcy or merged, as the demand for Super 8 evaporated overnight. Some companies remained in business until 1985, when many gave up completely on movie-film equipment. A few later re-emerged, including Beaulieu, who, in 1985, introduced a new 7008 camera and Super 8 Sound that introduced a new version of its full-coat recorder, the Mag ;IV. The companies in which Super 8

7384-400: The more notable companies that made Super 8 equipment include: Canon, Bauer, Nizo, Super8 Sound (Pro8mm), Beaulieu, Leicina, Logmar, Ciro, Bolex, Goko, Hahnel, Wurker, Minolta, Minnette, Nikon. Most of these companies had long histories in the production of motion-picture equipment, dating back to the 1930s with 8 mm. In 1980, the consumer market for Super 8 collapsed. Most of

7488-471: The narrower super 8 sprockets. Some of the formats taking advantage of this are Max DS8 and Ultra DS8. As Super 8 progressed to be used in HD and theatrical applications, a need arose for widescreen compatibility without having to use expensive optical adapters or excessive cropping. Since magnetic sound-striped film was no longer available, that area of the film could be used to expand the picture aspect ratio in

7592-437: The norm and they were replaced by Video8 and later on, digital video. The films were printed with an optical sound track (amateur films use magnetic sound), and spooled into proprietary cassettes that often held an entire two-hour movie. Super 8 was most widely used for filming home movies. Some lower-budget television stations used Super 8 to film news stories . Today amateur usage of Super 8 has been replaced by digital , but

7696-564: The origin of supernatural fiction in his essay " Supernatural Horror in Literature " (1927). He also goes on to describe the literary genre's roots in Gothic literature. The description in Wuthering Heights (1847) of the natural surroundings in which the novel takes place and the eerie mood it evokes is cited as one of the first instances of supernatural horror's being evoked in literature. In

7800-504: The perforations and the edge of the film which made good contact with a magnetic head problematic. A balance stripe was added on the opposite edge to facilitate spooling of the film. The Ektasound cartridge was deeper than the silent cartridge to allow access of the camera's recording head. Thus, silent cameras could not accept Ektasound cartridges, but Ektasound cameras and projectors accepted silent cartridges. Projectors, that could record and play sound, appeared before sound cameras. The sound

7904-631: The pilot episode. The series became the most-watched show of that summer. In 2016, TNT first announced that Shyamalan would be responsible for a reboot series for Tales from the Crypt . As of June 2017 the series had been cancelled due to a number of legal reasons. He also appeared in an episode of the series Entourage . Shyamalan's production company, Blinding Edge Pictures , is located in Berwyn, Pennsylvania . Blinding Edge has produced Servant , Wayward Pines , Devil , The Happening , Lady in

8008-430: The possibility of higher frame rates and rewinding film for double exposures or crossfades, which were very difficult or impossible with the super 8 film cartridges but possible with cameras using film spools. Since the film doesn't follow a diagonal path through the stacked spools of the super 8 cassette, the pin-registration of DS8 is considered to be superior to that of Super 8 film, and so picture stability

8112-417: The primary goal of supernatural films was not to terrify audiences but to offer entertainment, often in whimsical or romantic contexts. The film genre is part of several hybrid genres , including supernatural comedy films, supernatural horror films , supernatural religious films, and supernatural thriller films. Supernatural beings have also seen common uses in internet creepypastas and urban legends ;

8216-632: The program at Chaffey College in Southern California. It is more common to find Super 8 film in art programs. These programs use the analog experience of film for its own creative potential rather than use Super 8 to teach traditional modern production methods. Art programs on many levels, such as this program put on in Santa Clarita California at ArtTree for students aged 10 to 15, teach the basic nature of film. Other programs such as "Do A Shot" sponsored by Pro8mm and Kodak give individuals

8320-516: The reputation of "the guy who makes the scary movies with a twist". In 2008, Shyamalan said it was a common misperception that "all my movies have twist endings, or that they're all scary. All my movies are spiritual and all have an emotional perspective". He nonetheless avoided plot twists for years, until again using them starting with The Visit in 2015. Rolling Stone wrote in 2018, In his twenties, [Shyamalan] says, "I don't think you could have told me that making thrillers for your whole life wasn't

8424-468: The script: Fleming wrote the initial script that Miramax bought while Shyamalan did an uncredited rewrite (doing more than "a polish") that got the film green-lit. Lechner reiterated that content from both writers was included in the final cut of the film. Shyamalan gained international recognition when he wrote and directed 1999's The Sixth Sense , starring Bruce Willis , and which became the second-highest grossing horror movie of all time. The Sixth Sense

8528-636: The second half of the 18th century. Accounts of the Cock Lane ghost were featured in the newspapers in 1762, and an interest in Spiritualism was also currently prevalent. There was a need for people to see real ghosts and experience them vicariously through the writings of fiction. S. L. Varnado argues in Haunted Presence: The Numinous in Gothic Fiction that the beginning of an interest in

8632-506: The standard Super 8 frame and achieving aspect ratio of 1.5. In 2016, Eastman Kodak showed a concept for a new Super 8 camera, its first such camera in over 30 years. Although Kodak has neither confirmed nor denied it, Logmar is said to have assisted in the design of the transport and the camera's firmware. A working prototype was displayed at the 2017 Consumer Electronics Show, with Kodak hoping to begin production in spring 2017. However, nothing has been heard from Kodak concerning

8736-457: The supernatural comes from humanity's craving for the experience of the divine , so that even the old mythological tales of the knights of King Arthur give the reader a sense of the presence of "holy" things. The author does then go on to trace this influence further into the future with the Gothic literature movement. The famous horror writer H. P. Lovecraft cites man's fear of the unknown as

8840-400: The system was supplemented with a larger cartridge, containing mag stripe film, which allowed sound cameras to record monaural sync-sound audio on the main strip. In 1975, an even larger 200-foot (61 m) cartridge became available, which could be used in specifically designed cameras. The sound and the 200-foot cartridge system are no longer available, but the 50-foot silent cartridge system

8944-409: The tedium of handling film and the damage to the film, which can occur when editing the actual film. Super 8 films may be transferred (scanned) to digital and then imported into computer-based editing and correction systems for post production. Today's systems can scan Super 8 to 4K digital in a variety of formats. Fujifilm of Japan developed an alternative format called Single-8, which

9048-505: The two genres. Fantasy usually takes place in another world, where fantastical creatures or magic are normal. In supernatural fiction, though, magic and monsters are not the norm and the mystery of such things is usually closely intertwined in the plot. The supernatural genre highlights supernatural creatures or happenings within the real world. Moreover, supernatural fiction also tends to focus on suspense and mystery and less on action and adventure. Occult detective fiction combines

9152-468: The viewfinder is modified to show 16:9 frame markings. Pro8mm claims that shooting with Max8 and then cropping it to achieve 16:9 provides 20% increase in the size of the negative compared to regular Super8 cropped to 16:9. In 2015, Logmar of Denmark made a one-off batch of 50 "digicanical" pro-level Super 8 cameras to celebrate the 50th anniversary of Super 8. These cameras use a widened gate as well, providing an 11% increase in imaging area over

9256-454: Was 22 frames. Projectors and cameras obviously could not record sound in this system, but optical sound package movies became briefly popular, particularly in Europe (mainly because they were cheaper to produce - though the projectors cost more). Although the optical sound should have been inferior in quality to magnetic sound (running at 3.6 inches per second for 24 frames per second), in practice it

9360-583: Was a financial success, grossing $ 319 million from a budget of $ 150 million. In 2013, Shyamalan directed the film After Earth , based on a script by Gary Whitta and starring Will Smith and his son, Jaden . It was received poorly by critics, but was financially successful, making nearly $ 244 million against a budget of $ 130 million. Shyamalan later described his thinking in 2013 as full of doubts, introspection and questioning. Shyamalan announced in January 2014 that he would be working again with Bruce Willis on

9464-537: Was about a group of people stuck in an elevator with the devil, and starred Chris Messina . The film was not previewed by critics before its release. In 2010, he directed The Last Airbender , based on the first season of the Nickelodeon TV series Avatar: The Last Airbender . It was critically unsuccessful—with significant criticism aimed at its casting of white actors in Asian and Native American-inspired roles, yet

9568-435: Was available until September 2013. An instant 8 mm film released in 1977 by Polaroid, Polavision uses the same perforations as Super 8 mm film. It can be projected through a Super 8 mm projector if the film is transferred from the original cartridge to an 8 mm reel. However, because of the additive color process, the picture will be much darker. Double Super 8 film (commonly abbreviated as DS8 or DS 8)

9672-405: Was called, sound and picture are recorded separately. This was fine for more professional applications and for education about film production, but for consumers it was simply too complex and expensive. In 1973 Kodak introduced Ektasound—magnetic recording on the actual Super 8 film. The sound track was added on the edge of the film opposite to the perforations. Standard 8mm had the stripe between

9776-490: Was following "an uncomfortable pattern" of "making fragile, sealed-off movies that fell apart when exposed to outside logic". Shyamalan has also been nominated for and in some cases won numerous Golden Raspberry Awards for Lady in the Water in 2006, The Happening in 2008, The Last Airbender in 2010, and After Earth in 2013. In 2016 he was also nominated for the Razzie Redeemer Award . The Village , Lady in

9880-415: Was hesitant because the book has kind of a twist ending. And I was concerned that as soon as you put my name on it, everybody would have a different experience. Whereas if someone else did it, it would be much more satisfying, I think. Expectations, you've got to be aware of them. I'm wishing them all great luck. I hope they make a beautiful movie. Released in 2006, Lady in the Water , a bedtime story about

9984-648: Was honored with the Padma Shri award by the Government of India . Shyamalan was the Jury President of the 72nd Berlin International Film Festival competition section. In 2004, Shyamalan was involved in a media hoax with SyFy Channel , which was eventually uncovered by the press. SyFy claimed in its "documentary" special The Buried Secret of M. Night Shyamalan , shot on the set of The Village , that as

10088-406: Was nominated for six Academy Awards, including Best Picture , Best Director and Best Original Screenplay . In July 2000, on The Howard Stern Show , Shyamalan said he had met with Spielberg and was in early talks to write the script for the fourth Indiana Jones film . This would have given Shyamalan a chance to work with his longtime idol. After the film fell through, Shyamalan later said it

10192-555: Was often much better, largely because packaged movie magnetic sound was often poorly recorded. Although the 8mm format was originally intended for creating amateur films, condensed versions of popular cinema releases were available from the 1940s (in the Standard 8 format) until the mid-1980s, for projection at home. These were scenes from feature-length films generally edited to fit onto a 200 ft (61 m) reel that ran 8–9 minutes. Also popular were theatrical cartoons which could fit on

10296-479: Was only a division simply closed. Kodak continued support for Super 8. A few products re-emerged with new features such as crystal sync and Max8. Several Canon models have also started to reappear as restoration efforts like the RhondaCam. Recently, new companies have started producing new Super 8 cameras. In 2015, Logmar introduced a limited-edition completely new Super 8 camera, and in 2016, Kodak showed

10400-446: Was recorded 18 frames in advance of the picture (as opposed to 56 frames for standard 8mm). This short distance of just 3 inches facilitated the relatively compact size of the later sound cartridges. Some projectors used the balance stripe to provide a second channel for stereo sound. Super 8mm was also specified with an optical sound track. This occupied the same location as the magnetic track. Picture to sound separation in this format

10504-423: Was released in 1965 as a different option to the Kodak Super 8 format. Single-8 cartridges, without a press plate, are of a different design from a Super 8 cartridge, resembling a cassette-style design (supply and take-up reels side by side) as opposed to Super 8's coaxial cartridge design (one reel on top of the other). Therefore, Single-8 film cartridges can only be used in Single-8 cameras. However,

10608-486: Was released in 2002. The film stars Mel Gibson as a former Episcopalian priest who regains his faith in God during an alien invasion. It was both critically and financially successful and grossed $ 408 million from a budget of $ 72 million. Shyamalan next directed The Village (2004), about an isolated community living in the woods. Although it received mixed reviews, it was financially successful as it grossed $ 257 million from

10712-671: Was the Kodak system. Launched in 1965 by Eastman Kodak at the 1964 – 65 New York World's Fair , Super 8 film comes in plastic light-proof cartridges containing coaxial supply and take-up spools loaded with 50 feet (15 m) of film, with 72 frames per foot, for a total of approximately 3,600 frames per film cartridge. This is enough film for 2.5 minutes at the professional motion picture standard of 24 frames per second, and for 3 minutes and 20 seconds of continuous filming at 18 frames per second (upgraded from standard 8 mm 16 frame/s) for amateur use. In 1973,

10816-533: Was too "tricky" to arrange and "not the right thing" for him to do. Shyamalan followed The Sixth Sense by writing and directing Unbreakable (2000), again starring Willis, a stealth superhero film within a thriller, which was both critically and financially successful. Shyamalan's name was linked with the 2001 film Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone , but it conflicted with the production of Unbreakable . In July 2006, while doing press tours for Lady in

#0