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62-527: Founded in 1973, Shugart Associates was purchased in 1977 by Xerox , which then exited the business in 1985 and 1986, selling the brand name and the 8-inch floppy product line (in March 1986) to Narlinger Group, which ultimately ceased operations circa 1991. After a distinguished career at IBM and a few years at Memorex , Alan Shugart decided to strike out on his own in 1973. After gathering venture capital , he started Shugart Associates. The original business plan

124-511: A "production-quantity optical drive ", the Optimem 1000, offering 1 GB of storage on 12-inch disks using a laser-based recording technology, taking advantage of a substantially increased track density compared to contemporary magnetic recording technologies. The process of recording involved focusing the laser beam on the metal layer of the disk, this causing a "decomposable polymer" layer underneath to generate "gaseous components" and to push up on

186-493: A 1975 Super Bowl commercial for the 9200, Xerox debuted an advertising campaign featuring Brother Dominic, a monk who used the 9200 system to save decades of manual copying. Before it was aired, there was some concern that the commercial would be denounced as blasphemous. However, when the commercial was screened for the Archbishop of New York, he found it amusing and gave it his blessing. Dominic, portrayed by Jack Eagle , became

248-462: A 50.1% controlling stake in the company for US$ 6.1 billion, which was to be combined into their existing joint venture Fuji Xerox (having a value of $ 18 billion post-acquisition). On May 1, 2018, it was announced that chairman Robert Keegan and CEO Jeff Jacobson and four other directors would resign as part of a deal with investors Carl Icahn and Darwin Deason, who had mounted a proxy fight to oppose

310-471: A Xerox executive since 1971, took over as CEO in 1982. The company was revived in the 1980s and 1990s, through improvement in quality design and realignment of its product line. Attempting to expand beyond copiers, in 1981 Xerox introduced a line of electronic memory typewriters, the Memorywriter , which gained 20% market share, mostly at the expense of IBM. In 1980, Xerox acquired Kurzweil Computer Products,

372-524: A backer, later spreading the company throughout North America. In the mid-1970s, Xerox introduced the Xerox 9200 Duplicating System. Originally designed to be sold to print shops to increase their productivity, it was twice a fast as the 3600 duplicator at two impressions per second (7200 per hour). It was followed by the 9400, which did auto-duplexing, and then by the 9500, which was which added variable zoom reduction and electronic lightness/darkness control. In

434-490: A basic, analogue, color copier, based on the 914, followed. The 914 itself was gradually sped up to become the 420 and 720. The 813 was similarly developed into the 330 and 660 products and, eventually, also the 740 desktop microfiche printer. Xerox's first foray into duplicating, as distinct from copying, was with the Xerox 2400, introduced in 1966. The model number denoted the number of prints produced in an hour. Although not as fast as offset printing , this machine introduced

496-651: A car, then car restorers and collectors consider those to be the OEM parts. Other-brand parts would be considered aftermarket, such as Champion spark plugs, DieHard batteries, Kinsler fuel injectors, and BMP engine blocks and heads. Many auto parts manufacturers sell parts through multiple channels, for example to car makers for installation during new-vehicle construction, to car makers for resale as automaker-branded replacement parts, and through general merchandising supply chains. Any given brand of part can be OEM on some vehicle models and aftermarket on others. Microsoft

558-480: A company that produces parts and equipment that may be marketed by another manufacturer. However, the term is ambiguous, with several other common meanings. It sometimes means the maker of a system that includes other companies' subsystems, an end-product producer, an automotive part that is manufactured by the same company that produced the original part used in the automobile's assembly, or a value-added reseller . When referring to auto parts, OEM typically refers to

620-583: A complete document service to companies including supply, maintenance, configuration, and user support. To reinforce this image, the company introduced a corporate signature in 1994, The Document Company, above its main logo and introduced a red digital X. The digital X symbolized the transition of documents between the paper and digital worlds. In April 1999, Allaire was succeeded by Richard Thoman , who had been brought in from IBM in 1997 as president. The first "outsider" to head Xerox, Thoman resigned in 2000. After Thoman's resignation, Allaire again resumed

682-492: A different requirement regarding installation media from Direct OEMs. While a clean retail media of Windows can be installed and activated on these devices with OEM keys (most commonly using the SLP key that's embedded in to the system firmware already), actual OEM recovery media that was created by the PC manufacturer (not system-builder, nor retail Windows versions) typically only works on

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744-458: A magnetic tape off-line technique. In 1962, Lyons Computers Ltd. placed an order for use with their LEO III computer , and the printer was delivered in 1964. It printed 2,888 lines per minute, slower than the target of 5,000 lpm. In the 1960s, Xerox held a dominant position in the photocopier market. In 1960, a xerography research facility called the Wilson Center for Research and Technology

806-590: A maker of tape drives and hard disks, from Allegheny Ludlum . Shugart shortly after sold Kennedy's assets to Irwin Magnetic Systems , who promptly folded the Kennedy division while retaining its patents. Shugart themselves ceased operations around 1991. Xerox Xerox Holdings Corporation ( / ˈ z ɪər ɒ k s / , ZEER -ocks ) is an American corporation that sells print and digital document products and services in more than 160 countries. Xerox

868-427: A pioneering manufacturer of flatbed scanners from Ray Kurzweil . It later acquired Datacopy , another pioneer in the image scanner market, for $ 35 million in 1986. In 1983, Xerox bought Crum & Forster , an insurance company, and formed Xerox Financial Services (XFS) in 1984. In 1985, Xerox sold all of its publishing subsidiaries including University Microfilms and R. R. Bowker. The 6500 color copier

930-523: A price of about $ 41 million. The 440 kilobyte SA450, a double-sided double-density 5¼-inch full height floppy disk drive was announced in December 1977 at $ 450. In 1979, Shugart Associates introduced the "Shugart Associates System Interface" (SASI) to the computing world; the interface subsequently evolved into SCSI (Small Computer System Interface). The first standard process completed in 1986 with ANSI standard X3.131-1986 (popularly known as SCSI-1 ) as

992-410: A selenium-coated aluminum plate. Clever electrics turned this into a quick-developing and reusable substitute for film. A skilled user could produce fast, paper and metal printing plates of a higher quality than almost any other method. Having started as a supplier to the offset lithography duplicating industry, Xerox now set its sights on capturing some of offset's market share. The 1385 was followed by

1054-512: A share for the company. In May 2011, Xerox acquired NewField IT for an undisclosed sum. In December 2013, Xerox sold its Wilsonville, Oregon solid ink product design, engineering and chemistry group and related assets previously acquired from Tektronix to 3D Systems for $ 32.5 million in cash. In December 2014, Xerox sold the IT outsourcing business it had acquired in 2009 from Affiliated Computer Services to Atos for $ 1.05 billion. This move

1116-479: A term to differentiate its new system, Haloid hired a Greek scholar at Ohio State University and coined the term xerography from two Greek roots meaning "dry writing". Haloid changed its name to Haloid Xerox in 1958 and then Xerox Corporation in 1961. Before releasing the 914, Xerox tested the market by introducing a developed version of the prototype hand-operated equipment known as the Flat-plate 1385. The 1385

1178-435: A variety of manufacturers ( Dell , HP , ASUS , Acer , Lenovo , Wistron , Inventec , Supermicro , Compal Electronics , Quanta Computer , Foxconn , Pegatron , Jabil , Flex , etc.). These OEMs commonly use a procedure known as System Locked Pre-installation , which pre-activates Windows on PCs that are to be sold via mass distribution. These OEMs also commonly bundle software that is not installed on stock Windows on

1240-471: Is a popular example of a company that issues its Windows operating systems for use by OEM computer manufacturers via the bundling of Microsoft Windows . OEM product keys are priced lower than their retail counterparts, especially as they are purchased in bulk quantities, although they use the same software as retail versions of Windows. They are primarily for PC manufacturer OEMs and system builders, and as such are typically sold in volume licensing deals to

1302-555: Is headquartered in Norwalk, Connecticut (having moved from Stamford, Connecticut , in October 2007), though it is incorporated in New York with its largest group of employees based around Rochester, New York , the area in which the company was founded. The company purchased Affiliated Computer Services for $ 6.4 billion in early 2010. As a large developed company, it is consistently placed in

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1364-473: Is tied to the PC motherboard which it is initially installed on, and there is typically no transferring the key between PCs afterward. This is in contrast to retail keys, which may be transferred, provided they are only activated on one PC at a time. A significant hardware change will trigger a reactivation notice, just as with retail. Direct OEMs are officially held liable for things such as installation/recovery media, and as such were commonly provided until

1426-604: The Toronto Star newspaper. On July 1, 2009, Ursula Burns succeeded Anne Mulcahy as CEO of Xerox. Burns was the first African American woman to head a company of that size. On September 28, 2009, Xerox announced the intended acquisition of Affiliated Computer Services , a services and outsourcing company, for $ 6.4 billion. The acquisition was completed in February 2010. Xerox said it paid 4.935 Xerox shares and $ 18.60 cash for each share of ACS, totaling $ 6.4 billion, or $ 63.11

1488-462: The COVID-19 pandemic as a main reason and said, "In light of the escalating Covid-19 pandemic, Xerox needs to prioritize health and safety of its employees, customers, partners and affiliates over and above all considerations, including its proposal to acquire HP." On March 31, 2020, Xerox canceled its $ 24 a share offer. OEM An original equipment manufacturer ( OEM ) generally refers to

1550-489: The DocuTech Production Publisher Model 135, ushering in print-on-demand. Digital photocopiers were essentially high-end laser printers with integrated scanners. Soon, additional features such as network printing and faxing were added to many models, known as multi-function machines, or just MFMs, which were able to be attached to computer networks. Xerox worked to turn its product into a service, providing

1612-476: The Sigma line and its successor XDS 5xx series of mainframe computers in the 1960s and 1970s. Xerox sold XDS to Honeywell in 1975. Archie McCardell was named president of the company in 1971. During his tenure, Xerox introduced the Xerox 6500, its first color copier . During McCardell's reign at Xerox, the company announced record revenues , earnings and profits in 1973, 1974, and 1975. John Carrol became

1674-592: The desktop metaphor GUI , the computer mouse and desktop computing . The concepts were adopted by Apple Inc. and later Microsoft . Xerox was founded in 1906 in Rochester, New York, as The Haloid Photographic Company . It manufactured photographic paper and equipment. In 1938, Chester Carlson , a physicist working independently, invented a process for printing images using an electrically charged photoconductor-coated metal plate and dry powder "toner". However, it would take more than 20 years of refinement before

1736-564: The Fujifilm deal. On May 4, Xerox backed away from the deal after stipulations about ceasing litigation were not met. Icahn and Deason responded with an open letter to shareholders blaming the board and management. On May 13 a new deal was reached that additionally cancelled the Fujifilm transaction. In November 2019, Xerox began to pursue a hostile takeover of PC and printer manufacturer HP Inc. , declaring its intent to "engage directly" with shareholders after HP rejected two unsolicited bids for

1798-415: The acquisition of XMPie. XMPie, a provider of software for cross-media, variable data one-to-one marketing, was the first acquisition of Xerox to remain independent entity, as a Xerox company and not a division, and to this day is led by its original founder Jacob Aizikowitz. In October 2008, Xerox Canada Ltd. was named one of Greater Toronto's Top Employers by Mediacorp Canada Inc., which was announced by

1860-487: The company consolidated its headquarters at Xerox Square in downtown Rochester, New York , with its 30-story Xerox Tower . Xerox embarked on a series of acquisitions. It purchased University Microfilms International in 1962, Electro-Optical Systems in 1963, and R. R. Bowker in 1967. In 1969, Xerox acquired Scientific Data Systems (SDS), which it renamed the Xerox Data Systems (XDS) division and which produced

1922-672: The company's best selling products, with shipments of up to 4000 drives per day. The original SA-400 was single-sided with 35-tracks and used FM (single density) recording. It could be used on either hard - or soft-sector floppy controllers and was specified at 80.6 kB with a soft sectored controller. The drive became the basis of the disk system on the Radio Shack TRS-80 Model I , Apple II , and many other early microcomputers . Xerox announced acquisition of Shugart Associates in August 1977 and completed its purchase that December at

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1984-533: The company. Xerox stated in January 2020 that it would pursue the replacement of HP's board. HP criticized the proposed purchase as a "flawed value exchange" based on "overstated synergies", and instituted a shareholder rights plan and other measures designed to quell the bid, which the company believed was being orchestrated by Icahn. In February 2020, Xerox announced the hiring of Tali Rosman as VP of Xerox's 3D business. She joined Xerox from NICE Ltd. , where she

2046-411: The consent decree, Xerox's share of the U.S. copier market dropped from nearly 100% to less than 14%. In 1979, Xerox purchased Western Union International (WUI) as the basis for its proposed Xerox Telecommunications Network (XTEN) for local-loop communications. However, after three years, in 1982, the company decided the idea was a mistake and sold its assets to MCI at a loss. David T. Kearns ,

2108-483: The current Xerox Phaser line of products as well as Xerox solid ink printing technology. In September 2004, Xerox celebrated the 45th anniversary of the Xerox 914. More than 200,000 units were made around the world between 1959 and 1976, the year production of the 914 was stopped. Today, the 914 is part of American history as an artifact in the Smithsonian Institution . In November 2006, Xerox completed

2170-470: The end of 1961 Xerox had almost $ 60 million in revenue. The product was sold by an innovative ad campaign showing that even monkeys could make copies at the touch of a button - simplicity would become the foundation of Xerox products and user interfaces. Revenues leaped to over $ 500 million by 1965. In 1956, Haloid formed a joint venture in the UK with Rank Organisation whose Rank Precision Industries Ltd. subsidiary

2232-483: The face of Xerox into the 1980s. Following these years of record profits, in 1975, Xerox resolved an anti-trust suit with the United States Federal Trade Commission (FTC), which at the time was under the direction of Frederic M. Scherer . The Xerox consent decree resulted in the forced licensing of the company's entire patent portfolio, mainly to Japanese competitors. Within four years of

2294-451: The first automated machine to make copies was commercialized, using a document feeder, scanning light, and a rotating drum . Joseph C. Wilson , credited as the "founder of Xerox", took over Haloid from his father. He saw the promise of Carlson's invention and, in 1946, signed an agreement to develop it as a commercial product. Wilson remained as President/CEO of Xerox until 1967 and served as chairman until his death in 1971. Looking for

2356-456: The first automatic xerographic printer, the Copyflo, in 1955. The Copyflo was a large microfilm printer that could produce positive prints on roll paper from any type of microfilm negative. Following the Copyflo, the process was scaled down to produce the 1824 microfilm printer. At about half the size and weight, this still sizable machine printed onto hand-fed, cut-sheet paper which was pulled through

2418-406: The images of Windows that will be deployed with their PCs (appropriate hardware drivers , anti-malware and maintenance software, various apps, etc.). Individuals may also purchase OEM "system-builder" licenses for personal use (to include virtual hardware ), or for sale/resale on PCs which they build. Per Microsoft's EULA regarding PC manufacturers and system-builder OEM licenses, the product key

2480-418: The industry's first automatic document feeder, paper slitter and perforator, and collator (sorter). This product was soon sped up by fifty percent to become the Xerox 3600 Duplicator. Meanwhile, a small lab team was borrowing copiers and modifying them. The lab was developing what it called long distance xerography (LDX) to connect a modified 813 copier to a CRT based scanner using a special service (TELPAK) of

2542-531: The largest floppy drive manufacturer in the world. In 1985, in order to resolve an inventory accumulation and as part of its exit strategy, Xerox gave up Shugart's exclusive rights to the Matsushita half-height 5 + 1 ⁄ 4 -inch floppy drives. Shugart's eventual downfall came about partially as a result of the company failing to develop a reliable 80-track disk drive. In 1983 the company changed its name to Shugart Corporation. In late 1983, Shugart announced

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2604-412: The late-2000s. These were phased out in favor of recovery partitions located on the primary storage drive of the PC (and available for order from the manufacturer upon request) for the user to repair or restore their systems to the factory state. This not only cut down on costs, but was also a consequence of the gradual obsolescence and phasing out of optical media from 2010 onward. System builders also have

2666-627: The list of Fortune 500 companies. On December 31, 2016, Xerox separated its business process service operations, essentially those operations acquired with the purchase of Affiliated Computer Services, into a new publicly traded company, Conduent . Xerox focuses on its document technology and document outsourcing business, and traded on the NYSE from 1961 to 2021, and the Nasdaq since 2021. Researchers at Xerox and its Palo Alto Research Center invented several important elements of personal computing , such as

2728-490: The manufacturer of the original equipment, that is, the parts which are then subsequently assembled and installed during the construction of a new vehicle. In contrast, aftermarket parts are those made by companies other than the OEM, which might be installed as replacements or enhancements after the car comes out of the factory. For example, if Ford used Autolite spark plugs , Exide batteries, Bosch fuel injectors , and Ford's own engine blocks and heads when building

2790-400: The metal layer, forming a bubble. This deformation would cause a change in the intensity of the reflected light from a laser reading the disk, thus providing a means of data storage. Initial OEM pricing for the drive was given as $ 6,000 per unit in 250-unit quantities with disks priced about $ 266 each (UK price). Disks with capacities of up to 3 GB were reportedly being developed. Optimem

2852-487: The new company had not been determined at the time of the announcement. Icahn would appoint three members of the new company's board of directors , and he would choose a person to advise its search for a CEO . In June, the company announced that the document management business would retain the name Xerox and the new business services company would be named Conduent . It also announced that Ashok Vemuri would serve as Conduent's CEO and that Icahn would control three seats on

2914-491: The new company's board. It continued to seek a CEO for Xerox; in May, Burns announced her intention to step down as CEO but continue as chairman of the document management business. In June 2016, the company announced that Jeff Jacobson would become the new CEO following the completion of the company's planned separation. This became effective in January 2017. On January 31, 2018, Xerox announced that Fujifilm had agreed to acquire

2976-643: The position of CEO and served until the appointment of Anne M. Mulcahy , another long-term Xerox executive. Xerox's turnaround was largely led by Mulcahy, who was appointed president in May 2000, CEO in August 2001 and chairman in January 2002. She launched an aggressive turnaround plan that returned Xerox to full-year profitability by the end of 2002, along with decreasing debt, increasing cash, and continuing to invest in research and development. In 2000, Xerox acquired Tektronix color printing and imaging division in Wilsonville, Oregon, for US$ 925 million. This led to

3038-399: The process by one of two gripper bars. A scaled-down version of this gripper feed system was to become the basis for the 813 desktop copier. The company came to prominence in 1959 with the introduction of the Xerox 914, "the most successful single product of all time." The 914, the first plain paper photocopier , was developed by Carlson and John H. Dessauer ; it was so popular that by

3100-536: The public telephone network, so that a document scanned on one machine would print out on the other. The LDX system was introduced in 1964, followed in 1966 by the Magnafax Telecopier, a much smaller, slower and less expensive version that acoustically coupled to a desk phone. However, fax machines would not become a truly mainstream device until the 1980s. In 1968, C. Peter McColough , a longtime executive of Haloid and Xerox, became Xerox's CEO. The same year,

3162-523: The result. Larry Boucher led the SASI engineering team; he and several of the engineers who worked on SASI left in 1981 to found host adapter maker Adaptec . Also in 1979, Shugart Associates introduced the SA-1000, a series of hard disk drives that kept as many mechanical, electrical and formatting similarities as possible with its floppy-drive counterparts. Their physical dimensions, including mounting holes, were

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3224-514: The same as an 8-inch floppy drive, making them some of the earliest hard drives compatible with a floppy drive form factor . By 1983, Shugart Associates had shipped over 100,000 such drives. In the early 1980s, in order to avoid development and start-up costs, the company turned to Matsushita Communications Inc., a subsidiary of Panasonic Corporation (then known as Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd), for its half-height 5 + 1 ⁄ 4 -inch drives, sending that company on its way to becoming

3286-508: Was also introduced in 1986. The first one was sold in Philadelphia by Jack Schneider. In 1990, Paul Allaire , a Xerox executive since 1966, succeeded David Kearns, who had reached mandatory retirement age. Allaire disentangled Xerox from the financial services industry. The development of digital photocopiers in the 1990s and a revamp of the entire product range again gave Xerox a technical lead over its competitors. In 1990, Xerox released

3348-612: Was charged with anglicising the US products. Rank's Precision Industries went on to develop the Xeronic computer printer and Rank Data Systems Ltd was set up to bring the product to market. It used cathode-ray tubes to generate the characters and forms that could be overlaid from microfilm images. Initially, they planned for the Ferranti and AEI computer companies to sell the Xeronic as an on-line peripheral, but due to interface problems, Rank switched to

3410-590: Was fired by the venture capitalists. Shugart went on with Finis Conner to found Shugart Technology in 1979, which was later renamed to Seagate Technology in response to a legal challenge by Xerox. The 5 + 1 ⁄ 4 -inch floppy disk drive was introduced by Shugart in September 1976 as the Shugart SA-400 Minifloppy (Shugart's trademarked brand name ) at an OEM price of $ 390 for the drive and $ 45 for ten diskettes. The SA-400 and related models became

3472-532: Was not actually a viable copier because of its slowness of operation. As a consequence, it was sold as a platemaker for the Addressograph-Multigraph Multilith 1250 and related sheet-fed offset printing presses in the offset lithography market. It was little more than a high quality, commercially available plate camera mounted as a horizontal rostrum camera , complete with photo-flood lighting and timer. The glass film/plate had been replaced with

3534-582: Was opened in Webster, New York . In 1961, the company changed its name to Xerox Corporation. Xerox common stock (XRX) was listed on the New York Stock Exchange in 1961 and on the Chicago Stock Exchange in 1990. In 1963, Xerox introduced the Xerox 813, the first desktop plain-paper copier, realizing Carlson's vision of a copier that could fit on anyone's office desk. Ten years later, in 1973,

3596-450: Was sold in March 1986 to Narlinger, which promptly rebranded itself as Shugart Corporation Under the management of Narlinger, Shugart acquired several discontinued product lines such as Tandon's 8-inch floppy drives in 1986 and in 1988 bought the Optotech 5984 Write Once Read Many (WORM) drive and its manufacturing facility for less than US$ 4-million. In 1987, it acquired Kennedy Company ,

3658-411: Was sold to Cipher Data in 1986 who then discontinued operations in 1991. Shugart's operating losses in 1984 along with Xerox's own troubles led Xerox to conclude in 1985 that Shugart businesses were no longer strategically important, resulting in a decision to close down Shugart rather than invest in recovery. Most of Shugart's businesses were shut down afterwards; however its floppy disk drive business

3720-410: Was taken due to the relatively slow growth of this business relative to some other Xerox units. In January 2016, Xerox—reportedly under pressure from activist shareholder and corporate raider Carl Icahn —announced that by the end of the year it would spin off its business services unit, largely made up of Affiliated Computer Services, into its own publicly traded company . The name and management of

3782-490: Was to build a small-business system (similar to the IBM 3740) dealing with the development of various major components, including floppy disk drives and printers. After two years, Shugart had exhausted his startup money and had no product to show for it. The board then wanted to focus on the floppy disk drive, but Shugart wished to continue the original plan. Official company documents state that Shugart quit, but he himself claims that he

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3844-528: Was vice president and head of business operations for the Americas. She would report to CTO Naresh Shanker. On March 5, HP revealed that its board of directors had unanimously declined Xerox's $ 24 a share cash-and-stock offer. On March 13, Xerox revealed that it was putting its campaign to acquire HP on hold by postponing additional presentations, interviews with the press and meetings with HP shareholders. Xerox vice chairman and chief executive John Visentin cited

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