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67-618: Masako Ichijō was born on 9 May 1849, in Heian-kyō , Japan. She was the third daughter of Tadayoshi Ichijō, former Minister of the Left and head of the Fujiwara clan 's Ichijō branch . Her adoptive mother was one of Prince Fushimi Kuniie 's daughters, but her biological mother was Tamiko Niihata, the daughter of a doctor from the Ichijō family. Unusual for the time, she had been vaccinated against smallpox . As

134-457: A child, Masako was somewhat of a prodigy: she was able to read poetry from the Kokin Wakashū by the age of 4 and had composed some waka verses of her own by the age of 5. By age seven, she was able to read some texts in classical Chinese with some assistance and was studying Japanese calligraphy . By the age of 12, she had studied the koto and was fond of Noh drama. She excelled in

201-623: A friendship city relationship with one city: Sarushima is an uninhabited island in the Tokyo Bay , accessible by ferry from Yokosuka. The Mikasa , flagship of Admiral Togo at the Battle of Tsushima , built in Britain by Vickers , is preserved on dry land at Yokosuka. It is a museum, complete with actors dressed like members of the original crew, and can be visited for an entrance fee of 600 yen. The Club Alliance enlisted club, which lies just inside

268-423: A jō ( 条 ) and four lines of chō running from north to south were called a bō ( 坊 ) The Cho which shared the same Jo and Bo were each given a number from 1 to 16. In this way addresses could be identified as follows: "Right Capital, Jō Five, Bō Two, Chō Fourteen" ( 右京五条二坊十四町 ) . The width of even the minor streets was 4 Jō ( 丈 , about 12m) and for the major streets over 8 Jō ( 丈 , about 24m) . Almost all of

335-562: A large electrical power generating facility, and a midget submarine factory and warehouse were among the many facilities built. American occupation forces landed at Yokosuka on August 30, 1945, after the surrender of Japan , and the naval base has been used by the US Navy since that time. The caves were used for storage and as an emergency shelter during the Korean War. From the 1950s, United States Fleet Activities Yokosuka has been home port for

402-592: A major center for the Japanese telecommunications industry, and is where many of the wireless, mobile communications related companies have set up their research and development centers and joint testing facilities. Per Japanese census data, Yokosuka's population peaked around the year 1990 and has declined since then. Foreign citizens in Yokosuka are mainly Filipinos , Koreans , Chinese , and Americans . Yokosuka's public elementary and junior high schools are operated by

469-450: A military port next to the American base, as well as numerous training facilities at scattered locations around the city. For those reasons, there are a few hundred Americans and a thousand Filipinos in Yokosuka. In 2001, Yokosuka was designated as a core city , with increased autonomy from the central government. Aside from the economic impact of its various military facilities, Yokosuka

536-422: A native of Yokosuka, opened on July 20, 2000. It has been reported that Japan's former prime minister, Junichiro Koizumi , was influential in getting it built as he was a big fan of Hide's band X Japan . The museum stayed open, past its original three-year plan, for five years, before closing on 25 September 2005. Yokosuka is considered a place of origin of sukajan jackets. These embroidered satin bombers are

603-814: A pair of pet wallabies from Australia . On 26 November 1886, Empress Haruko accompanied her husband to Yokosuka, Kanagawa to observe the new Imperial Japanese Navy cruisers Naniwa and Takachiho firing torpedoes and performing other maneuvers. From 1887, the Empress was often at the Emperor's side in official visits to army maneuvers. When Emperor Meiji fell ill in 1888, Empress Haruko took his place in welcoming envoys from Siam , launching warships and visiting Tokyo Imperial University . In 1889, Empress Haruko accompanied Emperor Meiji on his official visit to Nagoya and Kyoto. While he continued on to visit naval bases at Kure and Sasebo , she went to Nara to worship at

670-437: A popular souvenir from the city, especially the more expensive, handmade ones. Yokosuka, including Dobuita Street, is the setting for the 1999 video game Shenmue . Yokosuka is also depicted in the game's anime adaptation. City officials cooperated with animators. The 2000 PlayStation game Front Mission 3 , and Shohei Imamura 's 1961 New Wave film Pigs and Battleships take place in Yokosuka. Additionally, Yokosuka

737-519: Is a festival celebrating Japanese curry , which draws 50,000 attendees each year. The plant is adjacent to Nissan's Research and Development Center, the Oppama Proving Ground and the Oppama Wharf, from which Nissan ships vehicles made at Oppama and Nissan's other two Japanese vehicle assembly plants to other regions of Japan and overseas. The Yokosuka Research Park , established in 1997, is

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804-483: Is also an industrial city, with factories operated by Nissan Motors and its affiliated subsidiaries employing thousands of local residents. The Nissan Leaf , Nissan Cube , and Nissan Juke models are assembled in the 520,000-square-metre (5,600,000 sq ft) Oppama plant  [ ja ] in Yokosuka. The factory began operations in 1961 where the Nissan Bluebird was originally built. Every May, there

871-696: Is bordered by the mouth of Tokyo Bay to the east and Sagami Bay on the Pacific Ocean on the west. The area around present-day Yokosuka City has been inhabited for thousands of years. Archaeologists have found stone tools and shell middens from the Japanese Paleolithic period and ceramic shards from the Jōmon and Kofun periods at numerous locations in the area. During the Heian period , local warlord Muraoka Tamemichi established Kinugasa Castle in 1063. He became

938-506: Is presently used for international welfare activities. After Emperor Meiji moved his military headquarters from Tokyo to Hiroshima to be closer to the lines of communications with his troops, Empress Haruko joined her husband in March 1895. While in Hiroshima, she insisted on visiting hospitals full of wounded soldiers every other day of her stay. After Emperor Meiji's death in 1912, Empress Haruko

1005-649: Is said that the Emperor Kammu had previously looked out on Kadono from the Shōgun Tsuka in Higashiyama Ward of Kyoto City, deciding then that it was a suitable location for the capital. Emperor Kammu's words are recorded in the Nihon Kiryaku as follows: "Kadono has beautiful mountains and rivers as well as good transport links by sea and land making it convenient for people to assemble there from all four corners of

1072-510: Is the location of the climactic battle in the Godzilla film Terror of Mechagodzilla . Yokosuka is a major location in the Arpeggio of Blue Steel franchise, where it serves as one of Japan's few remaining naval facilities, the only one equipped with a functional shipyard and maritime academy. Due to rising sea levels, the port is built above the ruins of the submerged original city's remains. All

1139-694: The Meiji Mura Museum, in Inuyama , Aichi prefecture . She received the following orders and decorations: Unless otherwise noted (as BC), years are in CE  / AD   individuals that were given the title of empress posthumously individuals elevated to the rank of empress due to their position as honorary mother of the emperor Shōshi served briefly as honorary empress for her younger brother Emperor Go-Daigo Unless otherwise noted (as BC), years are in CE  / AD   individuals that were given

1206-685: The Muromachi period until their defeat at Arai Castle in a 1518 attack by Hōjō Sōun . Following the defeat of the Later Hōjō clan at the Battle of Odawara , Toyotomi Hideyoshi transferred Tokugawa Ieyasu to take control over the Kantō region , including Yokosuka in 1590. The English sailor William Adams , the first Briton to set foot in Japan, arrived at Uraga aboard the Dutch trading vessel Liefde in 1600. In 1612, he

1273-651: The Nara period ) with the Imperial palace, Daidairi , placed in the center of the northern city limits and the Suzaku Avenue (Suzaku-ōji), the main thoroughfare extending from the palace down through the center of the city, dividing it into the Right ( Ukyō ) and Left Capitals ( Sakyō ) (the eastern side being the Left and the western side being the Right from the emperor's viewpoint.) The design followed Sui and Tang dynasty Changan with

1340-579: The United States Seventh Fleet , and played a critical support role in the Korean War and the Vietnam War . Yokosuka was the site of many anti-war protests during the late 1960s and 1970s. The nuclear-powered USS George Washington , formerly based at Yokosuka, was the first U.S. nuclear-powered ship that had been permanently based in Japan. The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force also operates

1407-628: The Yokosuka Education System , a department of the Yokosuka City Department of Education. Many of Yokosuka's public high schools, including Yokosuka High School , are operated by the Kanagawa Prefectural Board of Education . The city operates one municipal high school, Yokosuka Sogo High School . On 26 October 2011 Yokosuka held its annual nuclear accident evacuation drill. This drill was first held in 2008 when

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1474-458: The kimono to clothes worn by Japanese women in ancient times. In the diplomatic field, Empress Haruko hosted the wife of former US President Ulysses S. Grant during his visit to Japan. She was also present for her husband's meetings with Hawaiian King Kalākaua in 1881. Later that same year, she helped host the visit of the sons of future British King Edward VII : Princes Albert Victor and George (future George V ), who presented her with

1541-653: The urban planning for the Tang dynasty Chinese capital of Chang'an (modern-day Xi'an ). It remained the chief political center until 1185, when the samurai Minamoto clan defeated the Taira clan in the Genpei War , moving administration of national affairs to Kamakura and establishing the Kamakura shogunate . Though political power would be wielded by the samurai class over the course of three different shogunates , Heian-kyō remained

1608-463: The Bay Square complex by Kenzō Tange , is a venue for opera, orchestral concerts, chamber music, and films. Dobuita Street is situated in Yokosuka, close to the U.S. naval base. Therefore, this High Street has a very American influence, with many shops accepting U.S dollars. In the evening the street turns into the local bar and club district for the area. A museum in memory of rock musician Hide ,

1675-599: The Imperial House departed from Kyoto for the new capital of Tokyo . In a break from tradition, Emperor Meiji insisted that the Empress and the senior ladies-in-waiting should attend the educational lectures given to the Emperor on a regular basis about national conditions and developments in foreign nations. On 30 July 1886, Empress Haruko attended the Peeresses School's graduation ceremony in Western clothing. On 10 August,

1742-549: The ancestor of the Miura clan , which subsequently dominated eastern Sagami Province for the next several hundred years. The Miura clan supported Minamoto no Yoritomo in the foundation of the Kamakura shogunate , but were later annihilated by Hōjō Tokiyori in 1247. However, the family name was reassigned to a supporter of the Hōjō clan , and the Miura continued to rule Miura Peninsula through

1809-646: The arsenal was taken over by the Imperial Japanese Navy , and the area of modern Yokosuka was reorganized into Uraga Town and numerous villages within Miura District , Kanagawa Prefecture . Yokosuka Village was elevated to town status in 1878 and was made the capital of Miura District. In 1889, the Yokosuka Line railway was opened, connecting Yokosuka to Yokohama and Tokyo. Yokosuka was elevated to city status on February 15, 1907. From 1916, Oppama in Yokosuka

1876-621: The capital in Heian-kyō would be best for the stability of the country and resisted this movement, naming Heian-kyō "The Eternal City" ( 万代宮 , "Yorozuyo no Miya" ) . The land of the Right Capital overlapped the wetlands formed by the Katsura River and even by the 9th century little progress had been made in developing the area. By the 10th century when the Ritsuryō system was almost at an end,

1943-478: The city also annexed the neighboring towns and villages of Uraga, Kitashitaura, Okusu, Nagai and Takeyama, as well as Zushi . During World War II , Yokosuka was bombed on April 18, 1942, by American B-25 bombers in the Doolittle Raid with little damage as a retaliation to the attack on Pearl Harbor . Aside from minor sporadic tactical air raids by United States Navy aircraft, it was not bombed again during

2010-461: The city has a population of 373,797, and a population density of 3,708 inhabitants per square kilometre (9,600/sq mi). The total area is 100.7 km (38.9 sq mi). Yokosuka is the 11th-most populous city in the Greater Tokyo Area , and the 12th in the Kantō region . The city is home to United States Fleet Activities Yokosuka . Yokosuka occupies most of Miura Peninsula , and

2077-424: The climate emergency. These coal-fired power plants are being built without a full environmental review, and local residents are suing the government of Japan over its construction. Environment minister Shinjirō Koizumi has been "a target of the activists' wrath" because of his support for this project. Yokosuka has twin-town relationships with four other cities. They are (in chronological order): Yokosuka has

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2144-511: The country." It is thought that the construction of Heian-kyō began from the palace, with the construction of the remainder of the city following afterwards. As a display of the emperor's authority the Daigokuden (main building of the palace) was constructed at the far north of the central thoroughfare, Suzaku-oji, making the building visible from anywhere in the city. Ports such as Yodonotsu ( 淀津 , now Yodo ) and Ōitsu ( 大井津 ) were set up along

2211-631: The direction of the Emperor Meiji, the imperial residences have been preserved and the takamikura ( 高御座 ) —a special throne whose location traditionally marked the seat of the emperor—remains at the palace in Kyoto. The green areas in the diagram are markets, temples and a garden. There were two large markets, West Market ( 西市 ) and East Market ( 東市 ) , facing the seventh street, Shichijō -ōji ( 七条大路 ) . Tō-ji ( 東寺 , "East Temple") and Sai-ji ( 西寺 , "West Temple") were Buddhist temples built on

2278-456: The district had become so dilapidated that it began to be used as farmland, something which had previously been forbidden within the city limits. With the exception of an area in the north of the Right Capital near to the palace, the residential areas which housed the aristocracy were all situated in the Left Capital, with the highest echelon of aristocrats such as the Fujiwara clan gathering in

2345-729: The entrance to Tokyo Bay , the Shogunate established the post of Uraga Bugyō in 1720, and all shipping into the bay was required to stop for inspection. As concerns over the increasing number of incursions by foreign vessels and attempts to end Japan's self-imposed national seclusion policy , the Shogunate established a number of coastal artillery batteries around Yokosuka, including an outpost at Ōtsu in 1842. However, despite these efforts, in 1853, United States naval Commodore Matthew Perry arrived in Tokyo Bay with his fleet of Black Ships and came ashore at Kurihama, in southern Yokosuka, leading to

2412-578: The exception that Heian-kyō had no city walls. It is thought that the site for the city was selected according to the principles of Shijinsōō ( 四神相応 , "Four Gods Suitability") based on Chinese Feng shui and relating to the Four Symbols of Chinese astrology. The boundaries of Heian-kyō were smaller than those of modern Kyoto, with Ichijō-ōji ( 一条大路 ) at the northern limit corresponding to present-day Ichijō-dōri ( 一条通 ) , between Imadegawa-dōri ( 今出川通 ) and Marutamachi-dōri ( 丸太町通 ) , Kyūjō-ōji in

2479-512: The first modern arsenal to be created in Japan. The construction of the arsenal was the central point of a global modern infrastructure, that was to prove an important first step for the modernization of Japan's industry. Modern buildings, the Hashirimizu waterway, foundries, brick factories, and technical schools to train Japanese technicians were established. After the Meiji Restoration ,

2546-409: The flooding which had plagued the residents of Nagaoka-kyō. Although there was no natural river in the center of Heian-kyō, two artificial canals (the present day Horikawa and Nishi Horikawa) were dug whose water level could be adjusted, simultaneously securing a supply of water and guarding against flooding. Similar to the previous capital of Nagaoka-kyō, the construction of Buddhist temples in Heian-kyō

2613-455: The imperial couple received foreign guests in Western clothing for the first time when hosting a Western Music concert. From this point onward, the Empress' entourage wore only Western-style clothes in public, to the point that in January 1887 Empress Haruko issued a memorandum on the subject: traditional Japanese dress was not only unsuited to modern life, but Western-style dress was closer than

2680-658: The kanji: Below is a 1696 map of Kyoto, known as Genroku 9 Kyoto Daizu ( 元禄九年京都大絵図 ) Archived 2016-10-08 at the Wayback Machine held by the International Research Center for Japanese Studies (Nichibunken) . 35°00′N 135°46′E  /  35.000°N 135.767°E  / 35.000; 135.767 Yokosuka, Kanagawa Yokosuka ( 横須賀市 , Yokosuka-shi ) is a city in Kanagawa Prefecture , Japan . As of February 2024 ,

2747-599: The main gate of Yokosuka Naval Base, opened in 1983. It replaced the old Club Alliance which was demolished to make way for the Prince Hotel . The old Club Alliance is where Ryudo Uzaki got his start playing rock and roll . "The Honch", a mecca for shopping and nightlife and located just outside the Yokosuka Naval Base's main gates, is a popular attraction for tourists and sailors stationed nearby, as well as local Japanese residents. The Yokosuka Arts Theatre , part of

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2814-518: The northernmost part of the district. The poor of Heian-kyō began to set up home by the Kamo River , beyond the eastern limits of the city, and on the eastern banks of the river temples and country homes sprung up. So started a tendency for the city to extend out to the east. In 980 AD, at the southern tip of Suzaku-oji the Rajōmon (the grandest of the two city gates) collapsed never to be rebuilt. In this way

2881-497: The nuclear-powered aircraft carrier USS George Washington was employed at the US naval base near this city. About 70 people, residents and firefighters took part in the drill. Firefighters ordered the residents of the city to stay indoors, assuming abnormally high levels of radiation around the US base. Radioactive contamination was controlled in the emergency response center by city officials. The US Navy refused to take part this, because of

2948-651: The opening of diplomatic and trade relations between Japan and the United States. The Kanrin Maru sailed from Yokosuka in 1860 with the first Japanese diplomatic embassy to the United States in 1860. During the turbulent Bakumatsu period , the Shogunate selected Yokosuka as the site for a modern naval base, and hired the French engineer Léonce Verny in 1865 to oversee the development of shipbuilding facilities, beginning with Yokosuka Iron Foundry. Yokosuka Naval Arsenal became

3015-580: The original borders of Heian-kyō extended out to the east, forming the streets of first medieval and then modern-day Kyoto. With the advent of the Kanto centered Kamakura and Edo shogunates , Heian-kyō began to lose its significance as a seat of power. The greatest decline was during the Muromachi and Sengoku periods when almost half the city was burnt to the ground during the Ōnin war . After this Heian-kyō separated into upper ( Kamigyō ) and lower ( Shimogyō ) cities each becoming places of little note. However,

3082-647: The principal Shinto shrines . Known throughout her tenure for her support of charity work and women's education during the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–95), Empress Haruko worked for the establishment of the Japanese Red Cross Society. She participated in the organization's administration, especially in their peacetime activities in which she created a money fund for the International Red Cross . Renamed "The Empress Shōken Fund", it

3149-454: The privately owned Uraga Dock Company . Yokosuka Naval District was the home port of the IJN 1st Fleet . The Great Kantō earthquake of 1923 caused severe damage to Yokosuka, including the naval base which lost two years' operations of oil supplies. The city continued to expand in 1933 with the annexation of neighboring Kinugasa Village and Taura Town in 1933 and Kurihama Village in 1937. In 1943,

3216-519: The river next to the city. These ports acted as a transit base for collecting in goods from all over the country and for forwarding them on to the city. The goods which arrived in Heian-kyō reached the people by way of one of the two large markets (the East market and the West market.) This arrangement provided a stable supply of food and goods which encouraged population growth. Measures were also taken to guard against

3283-468: The second kanji character of Yamashiro from 背 ("back") to 城 ("castle") because the capital looked like a naturally formed "mountain castle" surrounded by the Eastern (Higashiyama), Northern (Kitayama), and Western (Nishiyama) mountains. A movement in favor of returning the capital to Heijō-kyō arose in 810 AD, during a standoff over the emperor's succession. However, Emperor Saga thought that keeping

3350-583: The site of the Imperial Court and seat of Imperial power, and was thus the official capital. Heian-kyō was built in what is now the central part of Kyoto city covering an area spanning the Kadono ( 葛野郡 , Kadono-gun ) and Otagi Districts ( 愛宕郡 , Otagi-gun ) of Yamashiro Province . The city boundaries formed a rectangle measuring 4.5 km from east to west and 5.2 km from north to south. The city layout followed Heijō-kyō (Japan's capital during

3417-607: The south corresponding to Kujō-dōri ( 九条通 ) slightly to the south of the present-day JR Kyōto Station and Higashi-kyōgoku-ōji in the east corresponding to present-day Teramachi Street (Teramachi-dōri). The location of Nishi-kyōgoku-ōji at the western limit is estimated as a line running north to south from Hanazono Station on the JR San'in Main Line to Nishi-Kyōgoku Station on the Hankyu Kyoto Line . The layout of Heian-kyō

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3484-415: The southern edge of the capital. An imperial garden called Shinsenen ( ja:神泉苑 ) was adjacent to the Daidairi. Note that there were more paths cut short by residences straddling multiple blocks. [REDACTED] In English (major streets and palace only): [REDACTED] The gates of the Daidairi are marked in Japanese Kanji in the above grid, below are the romanization of said gate names alongside

3551-424: The streets in present-day Kyoto have become considerably narrower. Suzaku-ōji for example was 28 Jō ( 丈 , about 84m) wide. In addition a river ran alongside Horikawa-koji ( 堀川小路 ) and Nishi Horikawa-koji ( 西堀川小路 ) . In 784 AD emperor Kammu constructed Nagaoka-kyō , moving the capital from Heijō-kyō. It is thought that he wished to build a new, Emperor Tenji faction capital far from Yamato Province which

3618-490: The studies of finances , ikebana and Japanese tea ceremony . The major obstacle to Masako's eligibility to become empress consort was the fact that she was 3 years older than Emperor Meiji, but this issue was resolved by changing her official birth date from 1849 to 1850. They became engaged on 2 September 1867, when she adopted the given name Haruko , which was intended to reflect her serene beauty and diminutive size. The Tokugawa Bakufu promised 15,000 ryō in gold for

3685-490: The supposed impossibility of radiation leaking outside the base. In December 2011, another drill was scheduled with Yokosuka and other cities to prepare for the possibility that people on board the ship might be exposed to radiation. One unintended consequence of anti-nuclear sentiment is the construction of coal fired power plants, which causes air pollution and worsens global warming . As of 2020, two coal-fired power plants are proposed to be built in Yokosuka, even despite

3752-399: The title of empress dowager posthumously title removed in 896 due to a suspected affair with head priest of the Toko-ji Temple; title posthumously restored in 943 was made High Empress or de jure empress dowager during her husband's reign Heian-ky%C5%8D Heian-kyō ( 平安京 , lit. "peaceful/tranquil capital") was one of several former names for the city now known as Kyoto . It

3819-399: The two were to be reunited into one city during the Azuchi–Momoyama period following the ascension of Oda Nobunaga . During the Meiji Revolution , Edo was re-christened Tokyo (becoming the new capital of Japan). Although Heian-kyō lost its status as capital city, it became a backup capital while the emperor was away in Tokyo. Since that time the emperor has not returned to Kyoto. However, at

3886-425: The war; however, from 1938 to 1945 more than 260 caves in more than 20 separate tunnel/cave networks were built throughout the area, with at least 27 kilometers of known tunnels within the grounds of Yokosuka Naval Base. Many more tunnels are scattered throughout the surrounding areas. During the war, these tunnels and caves provided areas in which work could be done in secrecy, safe from air attacks. A 500-bed hospital,

3953-399: The wedding and assigned her an annual income of 500 koku , but as the Meiji Restoration occurred before the wedding could be completed, the promised amounts were never delivered. The wedding was delayed partly due to periods of mourning for Emperor Kōmei , for her brother Saneyoshi, and the political disturbances around Kyoto between 1867 and 1868. Haruko and Emperor Meiji's wedding

4020-432: Was developed as the Yokosuka Naval Air Technical Arsenal , and many of the combat aircraft subsequently operated by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service were developed or tested at Yokosuka. Yokosuka Naval Arsenal also continued to expand in the early 20th century, and its production included battleships such as Yamashiro , and aircraft carriers such as Hiryū and Shōkaku . Smaller warships were constructed at

4087-524: Was finally officially celebrated on 11 January 1869. She was the first imperial consort to receive the title of both nyōgō and of kōgō (literally, the emperor's wife, translated as "empress consort"), in several hundred years. However, it soon became clear that she was unable to bear children. Emperor Meiji already had 12 children by 5 concubines, though: as custom in Japanese monarchy, Empress Haruko adopted Yoshihito , her husband's eldest son by Yanagihara Naruko , who became Crown Prince. On 8 November 1869,

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4154-456: Was formally forbidden, with the sole exception of the East and West temples, with the thought that their power might protect the city from natural disaster and disease, and priests such as Kūkai were welcomed, being able men, well versed in Buddhist scripture and with no interest in political power. On 22 October 794 AD, Emperor Kammu arrived at the new city and on 8 November proclaimed, "I hereby name this city Heian-kyō." On 8 November, he changed

4221-481: Was granted the title Empress Dowager ( 皇太后 , Kōtaigō ) by her adoptive son, Emperor Taishō . She died in 1914 at the Imperial Villa in Numazu, Shizuoka and was buried in the East Mound of the Fushimi Momoyama Ryo in Fushimi, Kyoto , next to her husband. The Meiji Shrine in Tokyo was dedicated to her and her late husband. On 9 May 1914, she received the posthumous name "Empress Dowager Shōken" (昭憲皇太后, Shōken Kōtaigō ). Her railway-carriage can be seen today in

4288-430: Was granted the title of samurai and a fief in Hemi within the boundaries of present-day Yokosuka, due to his services to the Tokugawa shogunate . A monument to Adams (called Miura Anjin in Japanese) is a local landmark in Yokosuka. During the Edo period , Yokosuka tenryō territory was controlled directly by the Tokugawa shogunate , but administered through various hatamoto . Due to its strategic location at

4355-401: Was plotted in accordance with the principles of geomancy as a square city. Jō ( 丈 , about 3.03m) was the basic unit of measurement. 40 sq. jō made a chō ( 町 , 121.2 meters on each side) . The city was further divided by major streets called ōji ( 大路 ) and minor streets called koji ( 小路 ) . Four lines of chō running east to west (excepting the first 2 rows in the north) were together called

4422-434: Was the official capital of Japan for over one thousand years, from 794 to 1868 with an interruption in 1180. Emperor Kanmu established it as the capital in 794, moving the Imperial Court there from nearby Nagaoka-kyō at the recommendation of his advisor Wake no Kiyomaro and marking the beginning of the Heian period of Japanese history. According to modern scholarship, the city is thought to have been modelled after

4489-430: Was the power base for the temples and aristocrats who supported the Emperor Tenmu faction. However, only 9 years later in January 793 AD, Emperor Kammu assembled his retainers and announced another relocation of the capital (for the reason see the entry on Nagaoka-kyō .) The location for the new capital was to be Kadono located between two rivers in the north of Yamashiro, ten kilometers to the northeast of Nagaoka-kyō. It

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