Shoaib Sultan (born 22 December 1973) is a Norwegian analyst and politician of Pakistani descent .
65-807: In September 2011 Sultan was hired as an adviser with responsibility for mapping the extreme-right in Norway at the Norwegian Centre Against Racism . From November 2010 to March 2011 he worked as Head of Secretariat of the Contact Committee for Immigrants and the Authorities, and served as the very first Secretary General of the Islamic Council of Norway in the period 2007-2010, a council where he previously served as an elected secretary (2002–2005). Sultan has previously worked as information officer at
130-703: A crime against humanity in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court . The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination regards this article as also entailing an obligation to eradicate the consequences of past policies of segregation, and to prevent racial segregation arising from the actions of private individuals. Article 4 of the Convention condemns propaganda and organizations that attempt to justify discrimination or are based on
195-704: A Norwegian Extremist Group organized a march in Askim to commemorate Rudolf Hess, a Nazi leader. Terje Sjolie headed the march and gave a speech honouring Hess. The following year, Sjolie was charged by the Division Attorney of Oslo for violating section 135a of the Norwegian Penal Code. When appealed, the Supreme Court found that the prohibition of Nazism to be against the right to freedom of speech. The Norwegian Centre Against Racism and Jewish organizations appealed
260-499: A binding convention, while others wanted to deal with racial and religious intolerance in a single instrument. The eventual compromise, forced by the Arab nations' political opposition to treating religious intolerance at the same time as racial intolerance plus other nations' opinion that religious intolerance was less urgent, was for two resolutions, one calling for a declaration and draft convention aimed at eliminating racial discrimination,
325-482: A community building project. Tea Time encourages Norwegian Muslims to invite their neighbours to their homes for tea to break down prejudices through the discussion of life experiences and asking questions to better understand one another. The Centre concluded the contact between the Muslim population and the 'native' Norwegian was on a downward slope and Tea Time would help create unity. The Norwegian government has helped fund
390-495: A consequence the maintenance of unequal or separate rights for different racial groups after the objectives for which they were taken have been achieved". Article 5 expands upon the general obligation of Article 2 and creates a specific obligation to guarantee the right of everyone to equality before the law regardless of "race, colour, or national or ethnic origin". It further lists specific rights this equality must apply to: equal treatment by courts and tribunals, security of
455-610: A dispute resolution mechanism between parties. A party that believes another party is not implementing the Convention may complain to the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. The Committee will pass on the complaint, and if it is not resolved between the two parties, may establish an ad hoc Conciliation Commission to investigate and make recommendations on the matter. This procedure has been first invoked in 2018, by Qatar against Saudi Arabia and UAE and by Palestine against Israel. Article 22 further allows any dispute over
520-450: A group distinguished by race, colour, descent, or national or ethnic origin. The question of whether an individual belongs to a particular racial group is to be decided, in the absence of justification to the contrary, by self-identification. Article 1 of the Convention does not prohibit discrimination based on nationality , citizenship or naturalization but prohibits discrimination "against any particular nationality". Article 2 of
585-505: A report on 'the legislative, judicial, administrative or other measures which they have adopted and which give effect to the provisions of this Convention.' Through the NGO Alternative Report, each non-governmental organization contributed their expertise and research to recommend an implementation of various humanitarian policies from grounds of determination, legal aid, unaccompanied asylum seeking minors and other asylum seekers to
650-611: A result has fallen by 40%. In the 2015 Red Cross Report, the Norwegian Centre Against Racism and other humanitarian organizations, with the Norwegian Red Cross , submitted a joint appeal to the Norwegian government to give migrants access to healthcare. The appeal claims that the lack of healthcare to migrants is inconsistent with human rights principals. The NGO Alternative Report is a supplemental commentary by
715-696: A sort of no-rights zone." On 13 August 2019, the Committee considered the first report submitted by the Palestinian Authority. A number of experts questioned the delegation regarding antisemitism , particularly in textbooks. Silvio José Albuquerque e Silva (Brazil) also raised evidence of discrimination against Roma and other minorities, the status of women, and oppression of the LGBT community. The Committee's report of 30 August 2019 reflected these concerns. On 23 April 2018 Palestine filed an inter-state complaint against Israel for breaches of its obligations under
SECTION 10
#1733085922963780-474: Is a United Nations convention . A third-generation human rights instrument, the Convention commits its members to the elimination of racial discrimination and the promotion of understanding among all races. The Convention also requires its parties to criminalize hate speech and criminalize membership in racist organizations. The Convention also includes an individual complaints mechanism, effectively making it enforceable against its parties. This has led to
845-612: Is monitored by the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD). In December 1960, following incidents of antisemitism in several parts of the world, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution condemning "all manifestations and practices of racial, religious and national hatred" as violations of the United Nations Charter and Universal Declaration of Human Rights and calling on
910-413: Is to achieve a socially just society through the fight against racism and discrimination. The Centre works toward its objective through the documentation and prevention of racism, racism awareness, and the mobilization of the minority population in Norway. The Norwegian Centre Against Racism consists of a political management structure and three main departments: On August 19, 2000, the ' Bootboys ',
975-458: The European Council of Religious Leaders . During his tenure as the general secretary of the islamic council of Norway he was involved participating in and in discussing the role of religious dialogue in Norway, and has worked with issues of freedom of religion. He, together with Olav Fykse Tveit , General Secretary Church of Norway Council on Ecumenical and International Relations, cosigned
1040-544: The European Union . In 2015, Permanent Staff of the Professional Policy Department were as follows: 59°54′50″N 10°45′04″E / 59.913994°N 10.751212°E / 59.913994; 10.751212 International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination ( ICERD )
1105-614: The International Court of Justice only with the consent of all involved parties. Antigua and Barbuda , the Bahamas , Barbados , Guyana , Jamaica , Nepal , Papua New Guinea , Thailand and United States interpret the Convention as not implying any obligations beyond the limits of their existing constitutions. Austria , Belgium , France, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Malta , Monaco , Switzerland and Tonga all interpret Article 4 as not permitting or requiring measures that threaten
1170-490: The 2011 Norway attacks; the Norwegian Centre Against Racism documented an increase in attacks against visible minorities on the day as the terrorist was perpetuated as a person from Muslim descent. The report addressed the issue to further analyze of the relationship between Breivik, racism, Islamophobia, and Norway; to focus on right-wing extremism rather than resorting to race. Negotiating Gender and Diversity in an Emergent European Public Sphere, written by Birte Siim, examines
1235-632: The Christian-Muslim joint declaration on religious freedom and freedom to choose ones religion They also signed on a joint Statement on Violence in the Family and in Close Relationships. Sultan has been an active voice talking against extremism and condemning terror and promoting tolerance and dialogue. He has also participated in discussion in the wake of a rapewave in Oslo in 2011. Sultan has been active in
1300-500: The Committee found that resolutions by several villages in Slovakia forbidding the residence of Roma were discriminatory and restricted freedom of movement and residence, and recommended the Slovak government take steps to end such practices. In L.R. v. Slovakia the Committee found that the Slovak government had failed to provide an effective remedy for discrimination suffered by Roma after
1365-504: The Committee refused to accept "any claim that the enactment of law making racial discrimination a criminal act in itself represents full compliance with the obligations of States parties under the Convention". Such laws "must also be effectively implemented by the competent national tribunals and other State institutions". While the Committee accepts the discretion of prosecutors on whether or not to lay charges, this discretion "should be applied in each case of alleged racial discrimination in
SECTION 20
#17330859229631430-456: The Committee. All parties are required to submit regular reports to the Committee outlining the legislative, judicial, policy and other measures they have taken to give effect to the Convention. The first report is due within a year of the Convention entering into effect for that state; thereafter reports are due every two years or whenever the Committee requests. The Committee examines each report and addresses its concerns and recommendations to
1495-756: The Constitution and laws of the United States], through the adoption of legislation or any other measures, to the extent that they are protected by the Constitution and laws of the United States." Monaco and Switzerland reserve the right to apply their own legal principles on the entry of foreigners into their labour markets. The United Kingdom does not regard the Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962 and Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1968 as constituting any form of racial discrimination. Tonga reserves
1560-610: The Convention condemns racial discrimination and obliges parties to "undertake to pursue by all appropriate means and without delay a policy of eliminating racial discrimination in all its forms". It also obliges parties to promote understanding among all races. To achieve this, the Convention requires that signatories: Parties are obliged "when the circumstances so warrant" to use positive discrimination policies for specific racial groups to guarantee "the full and equal enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms". However, these measures must be finite, and "shall in no case entail as
1625-439: The Convention defines "racial discrimination" as: ... any distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference based on race , colour, descent, or national or ethnic origin which has the purpose or effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition, enjoyment or exercise, on an equal footing, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural or any other field of public life. Distinctions made on
1690-664: The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women . Parties may at any time recognise the competence of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination to consider complaints from individuals or groups who claim their rights under the Convention have been violated. Such parties may establish local bodies to hear complaints before they are passed on. Complainants must have exhausted all domestic remedies, and anonymous complaints and complaints that refer to events that occurred before
1755-588: The Convention reaffirms dignity and equality before the law citing Charter of United Nations and Universal Declaration of Human Rights and condemns colonialism citing Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples , Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination and also cites ILO Convention on Employment and Occupation (C111) and Convention against Discrimination in Education against discrimination. Article 1 of
1820-453: The Convention. The Committee has responded to this persistent failure to report by reviewing the late parties anyway – a strategy that has produced some success in gaining compliance with reporting requirements. This lack of reporting is seen by some as a significant failure of the Convention. However the reporting system has also been praised as providing "a permanent stimulus inducing individual States to enact anti-racist legislation or amend
1885-659: The Convention. The Convention text forbids reservations "incompatible with the object and purpose of this Convention" or that would inhibit the operation of any body established by it. A reservation is considered incompatible or inhibitive if two-thirds of parties object to it. Afghanistan , Bahrain , China , Cuba , Egypt , Equatorial Guinea , India , Indonesia , Iraq , Israel , Kuwait , Lebanon , Libya , Madagascar , Morocco , Mozambique , Nepal , Saudi Arabia , Syria , Thailand , Turkey , Vietnam , and Yemen do not consider themselves bound by Article 22. Some interpret this article as allowing disputes to be referred to
1950-546: The General Assembly in 1961, but it was passed the next year. During the early debate on this resolution, African nations led by the Central African Republic , Chad , Dahomey , Guinea , Côte d'Ivoire , Mali , Mauritania , and Upper Volta pushed for more concrete action on the issue, in the form of an international convention against racial discrimination. Some nations preferred a declaration rather than
2015-605: The Islamic Council of Norway, Sultan is an often used commentator and analyst in Norwegian media with regards to questions that deal with multiculturalism and islam in Norway , and religious dialogue. Sultan is a member of the life stance policy commission, working on creating a comprehensive life stance policy. Sultan is a member of the Green Party of Norway and stood for the Norwegian municipal elections in Oslo in 2011 . Sultan
Shoaib Sultan - Misplaced Pages Continue
2080-660: The Jews', in addition to other anti-semitic statements. In response to the appeal of the Sjolie Case, the Norwegian Centre Against Racism and the Norwegian Jewish organizations took an effort to prevent a similar situation from occurring again despite the case being acquitted by the Borgarting Court of Appeals . Tore Tvedt received a forty five day sentence for his statements. The Norwegian Centre Against Racism organized Tea Time as
2145-516: The Norwegian Centre Against Racism and eighteen other Norwegian non-governmental organizations; in response to Norway's twenty-first and twenty-second Periodic Report submitted under the ninth article of the International Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. The States Parties of the Convention committed to anti racist principles in many aspects of society, the ninth article requires agreeing States Parties to submit
2210-476: The Soviet Union wanted to "prohibit and disband racist, fascist and any other organization practicing or inciting racial discrimination". The Nordic countries proposed a compromise in which a clause of "due regard" to the rights Universal Declaration of Human Rights was added to be taken into account when crimininalizing hate speech. The draft Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
2275-504: The United Nations Economic and Social Council. 6. National, religious, geographic, linguistic and cultural groups do not necessarily coincide with racial groups; and the cultural traits of such groups have no demonstrated genetic connection with racial traits. The clear conclusion in the report is that Race and Ethnicity can be correlated, but must not get mixed up. The inclusion of descent specifically covers discrimination on
2340-408: The basis of caste and other forms of inherited status. Discrimination need not be strictly based on race or ethnicity for the Convention to apply. Rather, whether a particular action or policy discriminates is judged by its effects. In seeking to determine whether an action has an effect contrary to the Convention, it will look to see whether that action has an unjustifiable disparate impact upon
2405-405: The basis of citizenship (that is, between citizens and non-citizens) are specifically excluded from the definition, as are positive discrimination policies and other measures taken to redress imbalances and promote equality. This definition does not distinguish between discrimination based on ethnicity and discrimination based on race , despite the following statement by anthropologists in
2470-508: The cancellation of a housing project on ethnic grounds. In Durmic v. Serbia and Montenegro the Committee found a systemic failure by the Serbian government to investigate and prosecute discrimination against Roma in access to public places. In several cases, notably L.K. v. Netherlands and Gelle v. Denmark , the Committee has criticized parties for their failure to adequately prosecute acts of racial discrimination or incitement. In both cases,
2535-514: The cells were improved, however the organization criticized the prison's lack of mental health professionals to address the mental state of prisoners in order to prevent instances such as self-mutilation and suicide. Another case the Centre addressed within the Report was the twenty-first recommendation of hate speech and hate crimes. July 2011, Anders Behring Breivik , a far-right Norwegian terrorist committed
2600-483: The country concerned joined Convention are not permitted. The Committee can request information from and make recommendations to a party. The individual complaints mechanism came into operation in 1982, after it had been accepted by ten states-parties. As of 2010, 58 states had recognised the competence of the Committee, and 54 cases have been dealt with by the Committee. A number of parties have made reservations and interpretative declarations to their application of
2665-422: The courts or other institutions for any act of racial discrimination. This includes a right to a legal remedy and damages for injury suffered due to discrimination. Article 3 condemns apartheid and racial segregation and obliges parties to "prevent, prohibit and eradicate" these practices in territories under their jurisdiction. This article has since been strengthened by the recognition of apartheid as
Shoaib Sultan - Misplaced Pages Continue
2730-512: The debate about right-wing extremism and the contra-jihad movement since before his position with the Norwegian Centre against Racism, especially after the 2011 Norway attacks , and has written articles on the topic in Norwegian and foreign press. He writes regular columns for Klassekampen and Aftenposten , and is a prolific writer publishing articles, opinions and analysis in a number of different newspapers and journals. Despite having left
2795-402: The development of a limited jurisprudence on the interpretation and implementation of the Convention. The convention was adopted and opened for signature by the United Nations General Assembly on 21 December 1965, and entered into force on 4 January 1969. As of July 2020, it has 88 countries as signatories and 182 countries as parties (including accessions and successions). The Convention
2860-622: The elimination of all racial discrimination in Norway's approach to the Convention's principles. The Norwegian Centre Against Racism addressed the issue of cells for solitary confinement. According to the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture stated the solitary confinement cells in prisons such as Trandum are 'unsuitable for detention of any kind.' In 2015, the Norwegian Centre Against Racism Trandum in which
2925-460: The ethno-cultural diversity through the feminist perspective. The author studies various 'about us' pages on non governmental organization websites to understand the organizations' scope on humanitarian issues. In reference to the Norwegian Centre Against Racism, Siim states the Centre has a limited indications of gender equality . The Centre prioritizes gender and ethnicity as relative issues; in addition, dignifies gender equality to be an issue for
2990-525: The events and the Queen Sonja and Princess Mette-Marit of Norway have attended a Tea Time event as a solidarity pact with the project and its importance towards the unity of the Norwegian population. The results according to the Islamic Information Portal dictates that Tea Time has opened up 200 homes and within the first month, 300 events occurred. Negative attitudes towards Muslims in Norway as
3055-432: The existing one when necessary." The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination is a body of human rights experts tasked with monitoring the implementation of the Convention. It consists of 18 independent human rights experts, elected for four-year terms, with half the members elected every two years. Members are elected by secret ballot of the parties, with each party allowed to nominate one of its nationals to
3120-509: The fields of finance and management from the same university. Report on rightwing extremism in Norway Høyreekstremisme i Norge ] ( rapport fra Antirasistisk Senter, 2012) Norwegian Centre Against Racism The Norwegian Centre Against Racism or Anti-Racism Centre ( NCAR ; Norwegian: Antirasistisk Senter ) is a non-governmental organization based in Oslo, Norway established in 1983. The organization’s main objective
3185-765: The first measure, the Convention has gained near-universal acceptance by the international community, with fewer than twenty (mostly small) states yet to become parties. Most major states have also accepted the Convention's individual complaints mechanism, signaling a strong desire to be bound by the Convention's provisions. The Convention has faced persistent problems with reporting since its inception, with parties frequently failing to report fully, or even at all. As of 2008, twenty parties had failed to report for more than ten years, and thirty parties had failed to report for more than five. One party, Sierra Leone , had failed to report since 1976, while two more – Liberia and Saint Lucia had never met their reporting requirements under
3250-531: The freedoms of speech, association or assembly. The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination regards this article as a mandatory obligation of parties to the Convention, and has repeatedly criticized parties for failing to abide by it. It regards the obligation as consistent with the freedoms of opinion and expression affirmed in the UNDHR and ICCPR and notes that the latter specifically outlaws inciting racial discrimination, hatred and violence. It views
3315-545: The freedoms of speech, opinion, association, and assembly. Antigua and Barbuda , the Bahamas , Barbados , Fiji , Nepal , Papua New Guinea , Thailand and United Kingdom interpret the Convention as creating an obligation to enact measures against hate speech and hate crimes only when a need arises. The United States of America "does not accept any obligation under this Convention, in particular under articles 4 and 7, to restrict those [extensive protections of individual freedom of speech, expression and association contained in
SECTION 50
#17330859229633380-443: The governments of all states to "take all necessary measures to prevent all manifestations of racial, religious and national hatred". The Economic and Social Council followed this up by drafting a resolution on "manifestations of racial prejudice and national and religious intolerance", calling on governments to educate the public against intolerance and rescind discriminatory laws. Lack of time prevented this from being considered by
3445-669: The idea of racial supremacism . It obliges parties, "with due regard to the principles embodied in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights", to adopt "immediate and positive measures" to eradicate these forms of incitement and discrimination. Specifically, it obliges parties to criminalize hate speech , hate crimes and the financing of racist activities, and to prohibit and criminalize membership in organizations that "promote and incite" racial discrimination. A number of parties have reservations on this article, and interpret it as not permitting or requiring measures that infringe on
3510-488: The interpretation and implementation of the Convention. As at September 2011, 48 complaints have been registered with the Committee; 17 of these have been deemed inadmissible, 16 have led to a finding of no violation, and in 11 cases a party has been found to have violated the Convention. Three cases were still pending. Several cases have dealt with the treatment of Romani people in Eastern Europe. In Koptova v. Slovakia
3575-571: The interpretation or application of the Convention to be referred to the International Court of Justice . This clause has been invoked three times, by Georgia against Russia, by Ukraine against Russia, by Qatar against UAE. Article 14 of the Convention establishes an individual complaints mechanism similar to that of the First Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights , Optional Protocol to
3640-504: The light of the guarantees laid down in the Convention" In The Jewish community of Oslo et al. v. Norway , the Committee found that the prohibition of hate speech was compatible with freedom of speech, and that the acquittal of a neo-Nazi leader by the Supreme Court of Norway on freedom of speech grounds was a violation of the Convention. In Hagan v. Australia , the Committee ruled that, while not originally intended to demean anyone,
3705-568: The name of the "E. S. 'Nigger' Brown Stand" (named in honour of 1920s rugby league player Edward Stanley Brown ) at a Toowoomba sports field was racially offensive and should be removed. Georgia won a judgment for a provisional measure of protection at the ICJ over the Russian Federation in the case of Russo-Georgian War . The impact of an international treaty can be measured in two ways: by its acceptance, and by its implementation. On
3770-572: The other doing the same for religious intolerance . Article 4, criminalizing incitement to racial discrimination, was also controversial in the drafting stage. In the first debate of the article, there were two drafts, one presented by the United States and one by the Soviet Union and Poland . The United States, supported by the United Kingdom, proposed that only incitement "resulting in or likely to result in violence" should be prohibited, whereas
3835-569: The person and freedom from violence, the civil and political rights affirmed in the ICCPR, the economic, social and cultural rights affirmed in the ICESCR, and the right of access to any place or service used by the general public, "such as transport hotels, restaurants, cafes, theatres and parks." This list is not exhaustive, and the obligation extends to all human rights. Article 6 obliges parties to provide "effective protection and remedies" through
3900-403: The provisions as necessary to prevent organised racial violence and the "political exploitation of ethnic difference." Article 7 obliges parties to adopt "immediate and effective measures", particularly in education, to combat racial prejudice and encourage understanding and tolerance between different racial, ethnic and national groups. Articles 11 through 13 of the Convention establish
3965-409: The right not to apply the Convention to any restriction on the alienation of land held by indigenous Tongans . Fiji has significant reservations around Article 5, and reserves the right not to implement those provisions if they are incompatible with existing law on voting rights, the alienation of land by indigenous Fijians . The individual complaints mechanism has led to a limited jurisprudence on
SECTION 60
#17330859229634030-485: The state party in the form of "concluding observations". On 10 August 2018, United Nations human rights experts expressed alarm over many credible reports that China had detained a million or more ethnic Uyghurs in Xinjiang . Gay McDougall , a member of the Committee, said that "In the name of combating religious extremism, China had turned Xinjiang into something resembling a massive internment camp, shrouded in secrecy,
4095-586: The verdict to the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) stated the verdict violated articles four and six of the ICERD Convention . The CERD Committee concluded that Sjolie's statements violated the articles and it should not be protected under Norwegian freedom of speech. In relation to the court case and the Centre's appeal, in 2006, Tore Tvedt in an interview with Verdens Gang stated he wished to 'cleanse out
4160-530: Was adopted by the General Assembly on 20 November 1963. The same day the General Assembly called for the Economic and Social Council and the Commission on Human Rights to make the drafting of a Convention on the subject an absolute priority. The draft was completed by mid-1964, but delays in the General Assembly meant that it could not be adopted that year. It was finally adopted on 21 December 1965. Preamble of
4225-602: Was the third candidate on the parties list after the two spokespersons Harald August Nissen and Hanna E. Marcussen . The Party secured one position, making Shoaib a deputy for the seat. The elections were seen as the breakthrough for the Green Party of Norway. Sultan went to high school at Nes high school in Årnes. He has a bachelor's degree in political science from Colorado State University in Colorado , United States . He also has an MBA (Master of Business Administration) with
#962037