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65-497: Shizuki Tadao ( 志筑 忠雄 , born 1760, Nagasaki - died August 22, 1806, Nagasaki) was a Japanese astronomer and translator of European scientific works into Japanese. Shizuki was adopted as a child into a family of translators from Dutch to Japanese, and in 1776 Shizuki began working in the family profession; however, in 1777 he stopped working in the family's tsuji tradition and began translating and writing commentaries on works of natural philosophy independently. He began using
130-503: A diverse port city, and Portuguese products imported through Nagasaki (such as tobacco, bread, textiles and a Portuguese sponge-cake called castellas ) were assimilated into popular Japanese culture. Tempura derived from a popular Portuguese recipe originally known as peixinhos da horta , and takes its name from the Portuguese word, 'tempero,' seasoning, and refers to the tempora quadragesima, forty days of Lent during which eating meat
195-520: A number of daimyōs . The most notable among them was Ōmura Sumitada . In 1569, Ōmura granted a permit for the establishment of a port with the purpose of harboring Portuguese ships in Nagasaki, which was set up in 1571, under the supervision of the Jesuit missionary Gaspar Vilela and Portuguese Captain-Major Tristão Vaz de Veiga , with Ōmura's personal assistance. The little harbor village quickly grew into
260-482: A number of people, principally school children, were evacuated to rural areas for safety, consequently reducing the population in the city at the time of the atomic attack. On the day of the nuclear strike (August 9, 1945) the population in Nagasaki was estimated to be 263,000, which consisted of 240,000 Japanese residents, 10,000 Korean residents, 2,500 conscripted Korean workers, 9,000 Japanese soldiers, 600 conscripted Chinese workers, and 400 Allied POWs . That day,
325-512: A plan to pass administrative control over to the Society of Jesus rather than see the Catholic city taken over by a non-Catholic daimyō . Thus, for a brief period after 1580, the city of Nagasaki was a Jesuit colony, under their administrative and military control. It became a refuge for Christians escaping maltreatment in other regions of Japan. In 1587, however, Toyotomi Hideyoshi 's campaign to unify
390-463: A plutonium bomb. The first combat use of a nuclear weapon was the " Little Boy " bomb, which was dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. The first plutonium bomb was tested in central New Mexico , United States, on July 16, 1945. The Fat Man bomb was more powerful than the one dropped over Hiroshima, but because of Nagasaki's more uneven terrain, there was less damage. The city
455-544: A raid of August 1, 1945, was the most effective, with a few of the bombs hitting the shipyards and dock areas in the southwest portion of the city, several hitting the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works, and six bombs landing at the Nagasaki Medical School and Hospital, with three direct hits on buildings there. While the damage from these few bombs was relatively small, it created considerable concern in Nagasaki and
520-524: A single day, whilst the driest month has been September 1967, with 1.8 millimetres (0.07 in). Precipitation occurs year-round, though winter is the driest season; rainfall peaks sharply in June and July. August is the warmest month of the year. On January 24, 2016, a snowfall of 17 centimetres (6.7 in) was recorded. The nearest airport is Nagasaki Airport in the nearby city of Ōmura . The Kyushu Railway Company (JR Kyushu) provides rail transportation on
585-415: A small plain near the end of the bay. Two rivers divided by a mountain spur form the two main valleys in which the city lies. The heavily built-up area of the city is confined by the terrain to less than 4 square miles (10 km ). Nagasaki has the typical humid subtropical climate of Kyūshū and Honshū, characterized by mild winters and long, hot, and humid summers. Apart from Kanazawa and Shizuoka it
650-454: Is 405.86 km (156.70 sq mi). The first contact with Portuguese explorers occurred in 1543. An early visitor was supposedly Fernão Mendes Pinto , who came from Sagres on a Portuguese ship which landed nearby in Tanegashima . Soon after, Portuguese ships started sailing to Japan as regular trade freighters , thus increasing the contact and trade relations between Japan and
715-639: Is the capital and the largest city of the Nagasaki Prefecture on the island of Kyushu in Japan . Founded by the Portuguese, the port of Nagasaki became the sole port used for trade with the Portuguese and Dutch during the 16th through 19th centuries. The Hidden Christian Sites in the Nagasaki Region have been recognized and included in the UNESCO World Heritage List . Part of Nagasaki
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#1732869471922780-603: Is the wettest sizeable city in Japan. In the summer, the combination of persistent heat and high humidity results in unpleasant conditions, with wet-bulb temperatures sometimes reaching 26 °C (79 °F). In the winter, however, Nagasaki is drier and sunnier than Gotō to the west, and temperatures are slightly milder than further inland in Kyūshū. Since records began in 1878, the wettest month has been July 1982, with 1,178 millimetres (46 in) including 555 millimetres (21.9 in) in
845-511: The Boeing B-29 Superfortress Bockscar , commanded by Major Charles Sweeney , departed from Tinian 's North Field just before dawn, this time carrying a plutonium bomb , code named " Fat Man ". The primary target for the bomb was Kokura , with the secondary target being Nagasaki, if the primary target was too cloudy to make a visual sighting. When the plane reached Kokura at 9:44 a.m. (10:44 am. Tinian Time),
910-519: The Meiji period , Nagasaki became a center of heavy industry . Its main industry was ship-building , with the dockyards under control of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries becoming one of the prime contractors for the Imperial Japanese Navy , and with Nagasaki harbor used as an anchorage under the control of nearby Sasebo Naval District . During World War II , at the time of the nuclear attack, Nagasaki
975-609: The Nagasaki bugyō . With the Meiji Restoration , Japan opened its doors once again to foreign trade and diplomatic relations. Nagasaki became a treaty port in 1859 and modernization began in earnest in 1868. Nagasaki was officially proclaimed a city on April 1, 1889. With Christianity legalized and the Kakure Kirishitan coming out of hiding, Nagasaki regained its earlier role as a center for Roman Catholicism in Japan. During
1040-581: The Nishi Kyushu Shinkansen and Nagasaki Main Line , whose terminal is at Nagasaki Station . In addition, the Nagasaki Electric Tramway operates five routes in the city. The Nagasaki Expressway serves vehicular traffic with interchanges at Nagasaki and Susukizuka. In addition, six national highways crisscross the city: Route 34 , 202 , 206 , 251 , 324 , and 499 . On August 9, 1945,
1105-816: The Treaty of Gyehae was concluded between the Joseon and Sō Sadamori of Tsushima in 1443 and the Sō clan was given trade privileges, wokou's activities along the Korean Peninsula calmed down. Some of the coastal forts built for defense against wokou can still be found in Zhejiang and Fujian . Among them are the well-restored Pucheng Fortress (in Cangnan County , Zhejiang) and Chongwu Fortress (in Chongwu , Huai'an County , Fujian ), as well as
1170-483: The 1223–1392 period but mentions the "fake Japanese" only three times. The current prevailing theory is that of Shōsuke Murai, who demonstrated in 1988 that the early wokou came from multiple ethnic groups rather than one singular nation. Murai writes that the wokou were "marginal men" living in politically unstable areas without national allegiances, akin to the Zomia thesis. Supporters of this theory point out that one of
1235-465: The 35,000 deaths were 150 Japanese soldiers, 6,200 out of the 7,500 employees of the Mitsubishi Munitions plant, and 24,000 others (including 2,000 Koreans ). The industrial damage in Nagasaki was high, leaving 68–80% of the non-dock industrial production destroyed. It was the second and, to date, the last use of a nuclear weapon in combat , and also the second detonation of
1300-604: The Chinese and Koreans. The first recorded use of the term wokou (倭寇) is on the Gwanggaeto Stele , erected in modern Ji'an, Jilin , China to celebrate the exploits of Gwanggaeto the Great of Goguryeo ( r. 391–413 ). The stele states that "wokou" ("Japanese robbers") crossed the sea and were defeated by him in 404. The term wokou is a combination of the Chinese terms Wō (倭), referring to either dwarfs or pejoratively to
1365-490: The Goryeo dynasty and was likely relating rumor or legend as opposed to solid documented evidence. Moreover, the thrust of Yi's speech concentrates on how national security was deteriorating and how it required special attention; it is possible he made use of unreliable information to support his point. Yi's assertion is therefore not highly valued as a source for wokou by other researchers. Goryeosa records 529 wokou raids during
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#17328694719221430-549: The Japanese pirates frequently collaborated with Chinese groups. Chinese explorers even led expeditions. However, the primary fighters were Japanese pirates. Japan served as a base for the Japanese pirates, and the Japanese provided all of the military expertise and equipment to the Japanese pirates. In attempts to centralize political control, the Ming dynasty enacted trade bans with the consensus being that "unrestricted trade would lead to chaos". With maritime trade outlawed, China's navy
1495-678: The Japanese, and kòu ( 寇 ) " bandit ". The origin of the term wokou dates back to the 4th century, but among wokou's activities, which are divided into two academic periods, the pirates called "early wokou" were borne from the Mongol invasions of Japan . As a result of the war, the coastal defense capabilities of China and Korea were significantly reduced, and the people living in Tsushima , Iki , and Gotō Islands in Kyushu suffered extreme poverty . For these reasons, wokou gradually intensified their looting on
1560-527: The Joseon Dynasty" a Korean history book, on 20 June the Korean army captured 129 wokou ships, burned 1,939 houses, killed 114 people, captured 21 people, and rescued 131 Chinese who the wokou had captured. On 29 June, they burned 15 wokou ships and 68 houses, killed 9 people, and rescued 15 people, including Chinese and Koreans, who had been held captive, but more than 100 soldiers were killed by wokou. On 3 July,
1625-410: The Korean army withdrew to Geoje Island and finally withdrew completely after giving up the re-landing and occupation of Tsushima because of the loss of Korean army and worsening weather. In the record of 10 July, the number of soldiers killed by wokou was rectified to 180. On the other hand, according to historical documents recorded by the Sō clan, the death toll of the Korean army was 2,500. When
1690-507: The Spanish Franciscans were the vanguard of an Iberian invasion of Japan. In response, Hideyoshi ordered the crucifixions of twenty-six Catholics in Nagasaki on February 5 of the next year (i.e. the " Twenty-six Martyrs of Japan "). Portuguese traders were not ostracized, however, and so the city continued to thrive. In 1602, Augustinian missionaries also arrived in Japan, and when Tokugawa Ieyasu took power in 1603, Catholicism
1755-534: The archipelago altogether. They had previously been living on a specially constructed artificial island in Nagasaki harbour that served as a trading post , called Dejima . The Dutch were then moved from their base at Hirado onto the artificial island. The Great Fire of Nagasaki destroyed much of the city in 1663, including the Mazu shrine at the Kofuku Temple patronized by the Chinese sailors and merchants visiting
1820-491: The bomb on the city's Urakami Valley midway between the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works in the south, and the Mitsubishi-Urakami Ordnance Works in the north. The bomb exploded 53 seconds after its release, at 11:02 a.m. at an approximate altitude of 1,800 feet. Less than a second after the detonation, the north of the city was destroyed and more than 10% of the city's population were killed. Among
1885-472: The city was obscured by clouds and smoke, as the nearby city of Yahata had been firebombed on the previous day – the steel plant in Yahata had also instructed their workforce to intentionally set fire to containers of coal tar , to produce target-obscuring black smoke. Unable to make a bombing attack 'on visual' because of the clouds and smoke, and with limited fuel, the plane left the city at 10:30 a.m. for
1950-472: The city's industry. These connections with the Japanese war effort made Nagasaki a major target for strategic bombing by the Allies during the war. In the 12 months prior to the nuclear attack, Nagasaki had experienced five small-scale air attacks by an aggregate of 136 U.S. planes which dropped a total of 270 tons of high explosives , 53 tons of incendiaries , and 20 tons of fragmentation bombs . Of these,
2015-598: The coastlines of China and Korea from the 13th century to the 17th century. The wokou were made of various ethnicities of East Asian ancestry , which varied over time and raided the mainland from islands in the Sea of Japan and East China Sea . Wokou activity in Korea declined after the Treaty of Gyehae in 1443 but continued in Ming China and peaked during the Jiajing wokou raids in
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2080-508: The coasts of China and Korea. Chŏng Mong-ju was dispatched to Japan to deal with the problem. During his visit, Kyushu governor Imagawa Sadayo suppressed the wokou, returning their captured property and people to Korea. In 1405, Ashikaga Yoshimitsu sent 20 captured pirates to China, where they were boiled in a cauldron in Ningbo . According to Korean records, wokou were particularly rampant roughly from 1350. After almost annual invasions of
2145-514: The country arrived in Kyūshū. Concerned with the large Christian influence in Kyūshū, Hideyoshi ordered the expulsion of all missionaries , and placed the city under his direct control. However, the expulsion order went largely unenforced, and the fact remained that most of Nagasaki's population remained openly practicing Catholic . In 1596, the Spanish ship San Felipe was wrecked off the coast of Shikoku , and Hideyoshi learned from its pilot that
2210-459: The ethnic makeup and national origin of the pirates. Professor Takeo Tanaka of University of Tokyo proposed in 1966 that the early wokou were Koreans living on these outlying islands. In the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty , the compiled section for King Sejong relates that a vassal named Yi Sun-mong ( Korean : 이순몽 ; Hanja : 李順蒙 , 1386–1449) told his monarch "I hear that in
2275-608: The lack of a proper seaport in Kyūshū for the purpose of harboring foreign ships posed a major problem for both merchants and the Kyushu daimyōs (feudal lords) who expected to collect great advantages from the trade with the Portuguese. In the meantime, Spanish Jesuit missionary St. Francis Xavier arrived in Kagoshima , South Kyūshū, in 1549. After a somewhat fruitful two-year sojourn in Japan, he left for China in 1552 but died soon afterwards. His followers who remained behind converted
2340-453: The late Goryeo kingdom period, wokou roaming (our country) and the peasants could not withstand them. However only 1 or 2 (out of 10) were caused by (real) Japanese. Some of our peasants imitatively wore Japanese clothing, formed a group and caused trouble... in order to stop all evils, there is nothing more urgent than the Hopae ( personal identification system)". However, Yi did not live during
2405-467: The mid-16th century. Chinese reprisals and strong clamp-downs on pirates by Japanese authorities saw the wokou disappear by the 17th century. There are two distinct eras of wokou piracy. The early wokou mostly set up camp on the outlying islands of the Japanese archipelago in the Sea of Japan , as opposed to the 16th-century wokou who were mostly non- Japanese . The early wokou raided the Japanese as well as
2470-573: The most famous festival in Nagasaki, is held from October 7–9. The Prince Takamatsu Cup Nishinippon Round-Kyūshū Ekiden , the world's longest relay race , begins in Nagasaki each November. The city of Nagasaki maintains sister cities or friendship relations with other cities worldwide. Wokou Wokou ( Chinese : 倭寇 ; pinyin : Wōkòu ; Japanese : 倭寇 ; Hepburn : Wakō ; Korean : 왜구 ; Hanja : 倭寇 ; RR : Waegu ), which translates to "Japanese pirates", were pirates who raided
2535-791: The name Ryuen Nakano , Nakano being his birth family name. Shizuki apprenticed under Ryoei Motoki (who had translated and interpreted Copernicus 's works) in Nagasaki, which at that time was a rare hub for Japanese intellectuals to obtain and discuss Western ideas. Motoki and Shizuki collaborated on translations of Dutch scientific treatises, and helped introduce and popularize Newtonian mechanics to Japanese scholars, as well as ideas about planetary motion and calendrics ultimately derived from Copernicus and Johannes Kepler . Shizuki's commentaries draw heavily from John Keill 's, though Shizuki also generated his own ideas in his commentaries, and sought to reconcile Western philosophies of science with traditional Confucian metaphysical ideas. His best-known work
2600-461: The people", which meant taking on the wokou attacking the Ming east coast. At that time, he was 26 years old. On the eve of the following year, he was promoted to the full commissioner in Zhejiang because of his successes. The wokou even entered the Philippines before their extermination in the 17th century. Aparri in northern Luzon was established as a pirate city-state under the patronage of
2665-503: The piracy, making it difficult for central authorities to control. Two well-known Chinese military figures involved in combating the wokou were Qi Jiguang and Yu Dayou . Yu Dayou was a Ming dynasty general assigned to defend the coast against the wokou. In 1553, a young man named Qi Jiguang became the Assistant Regional Military Commissioner of the Ming dynasty. He was assigned to "punish the bandits and guard
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2730-411: The population was estimated to be 263,000. As of March 1, 2017, the city had population of 505,723 and a population density of 1,000 persons per km . Nagasaki is represented in the J. League of football with its local club, V-Varen Nagasaki . The Nagasaki Lantern Festival is celebrated annually over the first 15 days of Chinese New Year and is the largest of its kind in all of Japan. Kunchi ,
2795-564: The port. In 1720 the ban on Dutch books was lifted, causing hundreds of scholars to flood into Nagasaki to study European science and art. Consequently, Nagasaki became a major center of what was called rangaku , or "Dutch learning". During the Edo period , the Tokugawa shogunate governed the city, appointing a hatamoto , the Nagasaki bugyō , as its chief administrator. During this period, Nagasaki
2860-560: The presence of Christianity. Some of the rubble was left as a memorial, such as a one-legged torii at Sannō Shrine and an arch near ground zero . New structures were also raised as memorials, such as the Atomic Bomb Museum . Nagasaki remains primarily a port city, supporting a rich shipbuilding industry. On January 4, 2005, the towns of Iōjima , Kōyagi , Nomozaki , Sanwa , Sotome and Takashima (all from Nishisonogi District ) were officially merged into Nagasaki along with
2925-490: The rebels adopted many Portuguese motifs and Christian icons . Consequently, in Tokugawa society the word "Shimabara" solidified the connection between Christianity and disloyalty, constantly used again and again in Tokugawa propaganda. The Shimabara Rebellion also convinced many policy-makers that foreign influences were more trouble than they were worth, leading to the national isolation policy . The Portuguese were expelled from
2990-497: The rest of the world, and particularly with mainland China , with whom Japan had previously severed its commercial and political ties, mainly due to a number of incidents involving wokou piracy in the South China Sea , with the Portuguese now serving as intermediaries between the two East Asian neighbors. Despite the mutual advantages derived from these trading contacts, which would soon be acknowledged by all parties involved,
3055-470: The roles of merchant and artist such as 18th century Yi Hai . It is believed that as much as one-third of the population of Nagasaki at this time may have been Chinese. The Chinese traders at Nagasaki were confined to a walled compound ( Tōjin yashiki ) which was located in the same vicinity as Dejima island; and the activities of the Chinese, though less strictly controlled than the Dutch, were closely monitored by
3120-541: The ruins of the Liu'ao Fortress in Liu'ao, Fujian . According to the History of Ming , 30% of the 16th-century wokou were Japanese, and 70% were ethnic Chinese. According to Censor Du Zhonglu, in a memorial dated 1553, the pirates were 10% barbarian people, 20% Ryukyuan people , and the rest from Fujian and Ningbo areas of China. According to Ray Huang , a Chinese-American historian,
3185-419: The secondary target. After 20 minutes, the plane arrived at 10:50 a.m. over Nagasaki, but the city was also concealed by clouds. Desperately short of fuel and after making a couple of bombing runs without obtaining any visual target, the crew was forced to use radar to drop the bomb. At the last minute, the opening of the clouds allowed them to make visual contact with a racetrack in Nagasaki, and they dropped
3250-463: The southern provinces of Jeolla and Gyeongsang , they migrated northwards to the Chungcheong and Gyeonggi areas. The History of Goryeo has a record of sea battles in 1380 whereby one hundred warships were sent to Jinpo to rout Japanese pirates there, releasing 334 captives. Wokou sorties decreased thereafter. The wokou were effectively expelled through the use of gunpowder technology, which
3315-531: The stake in Nagasaki. They became known as the Martyrs of Japan and were later venerated by several Popes . Catholicism's last gasp as an open religion and the last major military action in Japan until the Meiji Restoration was the Shimabara Rebellion of 1637. While there is no evidence that Europeans directly incited the rebellion, Shimabara Domain had been a Christian han for several decades, and
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#17328694719223380-472: The town of Kinkai the following year. Nagasaki and Nishisonogi Peninsulas are located within the city limits. The city is surrounded by the cities of Isahaya and Saikai , and the towns of Togitsu and Nagayo in Nishisonogi District . Nagasaki lies at the head of a long bay that forms the best natural harbor on the island of Kyūshū. The main commercial and residential area of the city lies on
3445-422: The wake of this incident strengthening coastal defenses, threatening death to intruding foreigners, and prompting the training of English and Russian translators. The Tōjinyashiki (唐人屋敷) or Chinese Factory in Nagasaki was also an important conduit for Chinese goods and information for the Japanese market. Various Chinese merchants and artists sailed between the Chinese mainland and Nagasaki. Some actually combined
3510-449: The wokou lacked, after Goryeo founded the Office of Gunpowder Weapons in 1377 (which was abolished twelve years later). In 1419, the Korean army landed in Tsushima and started the Ōei Invasion , the largest operation against the wokou. General Yi Jongmu 's fleet of 227 ships and 17,285 soldiers set off from Geoje Island toward Tsushima on 19 June 1419. According to "Veritable Records of
3575-465: The wokou. The area around Aparri was the site of the 1582 Cagayan battles between wokou and Spanish soldiers. The wokou were not limited to Aparri. The pirate-warlord Limahong attempted and failed to invade Manila and afterwards set up a temporary pirate state in Caboloan (Pangasinan) before the Spanish expelled him. The identity of the wokou is subject to some debate, with various theories about
3640-642: Was Rekisho Shinsho , or New Treatise on Calendrical Phenomena , which he completed in 1802 and which was heavily indebted to Keill's works, several of which Shizuki had already translated by that time. Several of the Japanese terms that Shizuki used in translating Newtonian mechanical ideas, including those for gravity and centripetal force , were adopted into the Japanese scientific lexicon and remain in common use. Nagasaki Nagasaki ( Japanese : 長崎 , Hepburn : Nagasaki ) ( IPA: [naɡaꜜsaki] ; lit. "Long Cape") , officially known as Nagasaki City ( 長崎市 , Nagasaki-shi ),
3705-478: Was an important industrial city, containing both plants of the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works, the Akunoura Engine Works, Mitsubishi Arms Plant, Mitsubishi Electric Shipyards, Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works, Mitsubishi-Urakami Ordnance Works, several other small factories, and most of the ports storage and trans-shipment facilities, which employed about 90% of the city's labor force, and accounted for 90% of
3770-580: Was depicted in contemporary art and literature as a cosmopolitan port brimming with exotic curiosities from the Western world. In 1808, during the Napoleonic Wars , the Royal Navy frigate HMS Phaeton entered Nagasaki Harbor in search of Dutch trading ships. The local magistrate was unable to resist the crew’s demand for food, fuel, and water, later committing seppuku as a result. Laws were passed in
3835-550: Was designated a "shogunal city". The number of such cities rose from three to eleven under Tokugawa administration. Consensus among historians was once that Nagasaki was Japan's only window on the world during its time as a closed country in the Tokugawa era. However, nowadays it is generally accepted that this was not the case, since Japan interacted and traded with the Ryūkyū Kingdom , Korea and Russia through Satsuma , Tsushima and Matsumae respectively. Nevertheless, Nagasaki
3900-499: Was forbidden, another example of the enduring effects of this cultural exchange. The Portuguese also brought with them many goods from other Asian countries such as China. The value of Portuguese exports from Nagasaki during the 16th century were estimated to ascend to over 1,000,000 cruzados , reaching as many as 3,000,000 in 1637. Due to the instability during the Sengoku period , Sumitada and Jesuit leader Alexandro Valignano conceived
3965-564: Was home to a major Imperial Japanese Navy base during the First Sino-Japanese War and Russo-Japanese War . Near the end of World War II , the American atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki made Nagasaki the second city in the world to experience a nuclear attack. The city was rebuilt. As of February 1, 2024 , Nagasaki has an estimated population of 392,281 and a population density of 966 people per km . The total area
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#17328694719224030-570: Was officially banned and all missionaries ordered to leave. Most Catholic daimyo apostatized , and forced their subjects to do so, although a few would not renounce the religion and left the country for Macau , Luzon and Japantowns in Southeast Asia. A brutal campaign of persecution followed, with thousands of converts across Kyūshū and other parts of Japan killed, tortured, or forced to renounce their religion. Many Japanese and foreign Christians were executed by public crucifixion and burning at
4095-602: Was rebuilt after the war, albeit dramatically changed. The pace of reconstruction was slow. The first simple emergency dwellings were not provided until 1946. The focus of redevelopment was the replacement of war industries with foreign trade, shipbuilding and fishing. This was formally declared when the Nagasaki International Culture City Reconstruction Law was passed in May 1949. New temples were built, as well as new churches, owing to an increase in
4160-419: Was reduced, and as a result, they could not combat increased smuggling, which led to wokou control over the southeastern coast. Although wokou means "Japanese pirates", major wokou groups in the 16th century were led by Chinese traders whose livelihoods were halted by the Ming trade bans. Because of the extent of corruption in the Ming court, many Chinese officials had relations with the pirates and benefited from
4225-466: Was still tolerated. Many Catholic daimyōs had been critical allies at the Battle of Sekigahara , and the Tokugawa position was not strong enough to move against them. Once Osaka Castle had been taken and Toyotomi Hideyoshi 's offspring killed, though, the Tokugawa dominance was assured. In addition, the Dutch and English presence allowed trade without religious strings attached. Thus, in 1614, Catholicism
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