Misplaced Pages

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105-452: Compared to its predecessor, the action is considerably smoother, with less emphasis on difficulty and more on speed. In addition to the ability to run from place to place, the player character comes equipped with a new array of moves and techniques, including a mid-air dashkick, the ability to jump-scale walls and a powerful running slash that renders him temporarily invincible to projectiles. Besides his regular assortment of moves and attacks,

210-405: A cadre to train other insurgents, those who rise high enough may become agents of influence . Often grouped together with propaganda as agitprop , agitation is the use of agitators to stir up discontent both real and imagined with the regime and to propose a course of action to right these perceived wrongs. The traditional targets of agitators have been the shop floor , students' unions and

315-437: A napalm -like mixture, with some motor oil added, and usually a source of ignition such as a burning cloth wick held in place by the bottle's stopper. The wick is usually soaked in alcohol or kerosene , rather than gasoline. Improvised and homemade mortars, howitzers and rocket launchers have been used by insurgent groups to attack fortified military installations or to terrorize civilians. They are usually constructed by in

420-473: A roadside bomb , is a homemade bomb constructed and deployed in ways other than in conventional military action. It may be constructed of conventional military explosives, such as an artillery round, attached to a detonating mechanism. IEDs may be used in terrorist actions or in unconventional warfare by guerrillas or commando forces in a theater of operations . In the second Iraq War , IEDs were used extensively against US-led Coalition forces and by

525-400: A 45-degree angle. This was loaded with a blank cartridge formed by removing the shot from a standard shot shell, followed by a wooden rod with a Molotov cocktail attached to the front. This formed an improvised mortar capable of firing the incendiary device accurately out to a range of 100 meters. Flare guns have also been converted to firearms. This may be accomplished by replacing

630-420: A dangerous backblast . In Afghanistan, Mujahideen guerrilla fighters used RPG-7s to destroy Soviet vehicles. To assure a kill, two to four RPG shooters would be assigned to each vehicle. Each armored-vehicle hunter-killer team could have had as many as 15 RPGs per unit. In areas where vehicles were confined to a single path (a mountain road, swamps, snow, urban areas), RPG teams trapped convoys by destroying

735-517: A day). In response, the Rhodesians co-operated with the South Africans to develop a range of mine-protected vehicles. They began by replacing air in tyres with water which absorbed some of the blast and reduced the heat of the explosion. Initially, they protected the bodies with steel deflector plates, sandbags and mine conveyor belting. Later, purpose-built vehicles with V-shaped blast hulls dispersed

840-433: A machined concave metal disc (often copper) facing the target, pointed inward. The force of the shaped charge turns the disc into a high velocity slug, capable of penetrating the armor of most enemy vehicles. Commonly positions for IEDs include on utility poles , road signs or trees , buried underground or in piles of garbage, disguised as rocks or bricks, and even inside dead animals. Typically they explode underneath or to

945-624: A military campaign was in the Genpei War , when Minamoto no Kuro Yoshitsune chose warriors to serve as shinobi (ninja) during a battle. This manuscript goes on to say that during the Kenmu era, Kusunoki Masashige frequently used ninjutsu . According to footnotes in this manuscript, the Genpei War lasted from 1180 to 1185, and the Kenmu Restoration occurred between 1333 and 1336. Ninjutsu proper

1050-576: A minimum number of working parts, is simple to operate even by inexperienced personnel, and is economical to manufacture. Some purpose-designed insurgency weapons were designed for a dual use–that is for use by both insurgents and conventional soldiers. The Welrod pistol was a simple, bolt-action pistol developed by the SOE for use in World War II . It was designed for supplying to foreign British-aligned insurgents and for use by covert British forces. The pistol

1155-509: A number of British helicopters, two of which were successfully shot down in 1994; a British Army Westland Lynx multipurpose helicopter, and an RAF Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma transport helicopter. Several other types of improvised mortars were created by the PIRA during the Troubles, including the "Mark 16” or "Projected Recoilless Improvised Grenade", which was used more like a rocket launcher and fired

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1260-477: A potent threat to armored vehicles, especially in situations such as urban warfare or jungle warfare , where they are favored by guerrillas. They are most effective when used in restricted terrain as the availability of cover and concealment can make it difficult for the intended target to spot the RPG operator. Note that this concealment is often preferably outdoors, because firing an RPG within an enclosed area may create

1365-557: A projectile made of a tin can filled with 600g of Semtex , the "Mark 12” or "Improvised Propelled Grenade" which fired a 40 ounce (1.1 kg) warhead horizontally at security forces bases and vehicles, and the "Mark 10”, which fired a 44–220 pound (20–100 kg) warhead, one of which was responsible for the first intentional killing of a British soldier in a mortar attack. Because of the weight of these mortars, they often had to be transported on vehicles such as tractors and vans. Improvised artillery has been used extensively by various factions of

1470-789: A report by the Homeland Security Market Research in the US, the number of IEDs used in Afghanistan had increased by 400 percent since 2007 and the number of troops killed by them by 400 percent, and those wounded by 700 percent. It has been reported that IEDs are the number one cause of death among NATO troops in Afghanistan. Beginning in July 2003, the Iraqi insurgency used IEDs to target invading coalition vehicles. Many of these IEDs were made from military explosives looted from munitions bunkers following

1575-556: A sequence of pulsed radio codes to arm and detonate them that were harder to jam. Starting six months before the invasion of Afghanistan by the USSR on 27 December 1979, the Afghan mujahideen were supplied by the CIA, among others, with large quantities of many different types of anti-tank mines . The insurgents often removed the explosives from several anti-tank mines and combined the explosives in

1680-639: A serial number. These were made in Yugoslavia for delivery to Egypt prior to the Suez Crisis of 1956. Yugoslavia was technically a neutral country, and by sanitizing the rifles sold to the Egyptians, it hoped to distance itself from the conflict between Egypt and Israel . Only a few hundred of the few thousand made were delivered to Egypt, the rest remaining in storage in Yugoslavia until recently rediscovered. They are currently being sold to civilian collectors. In

1785-567: A tin cooking-oil can in order to ensure that a target vehicle would be destroyed. By combining the explosives from several mines and placing them in tin cans, the insurgents made them more powerful, but sometimes also easier to detect by Soviet sappers using mine detectors . After an IED was detonated, the insurgents often used direct-fire weapons such as machine guns and rocket-propelled grenades to initiate an ambush. Afghan insurgents also made IEDs from Soviet unexploded ordnance, such as 250-500 kg (500-1000) aerial bombs. The devices were triggered by

1890-479: A variety of different ways, for example, from heavy steel piping mounted on a steel frame. These weapons may fire factory-made or improvised rounds, and can contain many different explosive fillers and firing mechanisms. " Barrack buster " is the colloquial name given to several improvised mortars developed in the 1990s by the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) during The Troubles . There

1995-457: A variety of materials such as 155mm artillery shells, 82mm mortar shells, unexploded ordnance and industrial explosives. These devices were usually command-detonated using an electrical command wire and hidden in sewer lines, piles of trash, destroyed vehicles, or placed directly on or under the surface or shoulder of a road, as well in trees or hillsides. Sometimes, insurgents combined antitank with antipersonnel devices, with one charge to target

2100-500: A variety of methods, including remote control, pressure plates (some designed to detonate only after several vehicles drove over them), tripwires, pressure-release plates held down by roadblocks, and electrical cables that triggered only when the metal tracks of a tank or BMP drove over them; these devices were hidden under roads and mountain passes and inside water wells, abandoned caves and buildings. The Soviets responded by issuing soldiers with flak jackets , reinforcing and sandbagging

2205-522: A vehicle, the other to target infantry dismounting from the vehicle. For propaganda purposes, IED teams often had a cameraman whose job was to record IED attacks and post it online. Since the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan , the Taliban and its supporters have used IEDs against NATO and Afghan military and civilian vehicles. This has become the most common method of attack against NATO forces, with IED attacks increasing consistently year on year; according to

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2310-528: Is a 16-gauge , four-barrelled shotgun , similar to a scaled-up four-shot double-action derringer . It was an implementation of the Hillberg Insurgency Weapon design. Robert Hillberg , the designer, envisioned a weapon that was cheap to manufacture, easy to use, and provided a significant chance of being effective in the hands of someone who had never handled a firearm before. Pistols and submachine guns were eliminated from consideration due to

2415-428: Is a generic name used for a variety of improvised incendiary weapons . Due to the relative ease of production, they are frequently used by amateur protesters and non-professionally equipped fighters in urban guerrilla warfares . They are primarily intended to set targets ablaze rather than instantly destroy them. A Molotov cocktail is a breakable glass bottle containing a flammable substance such as gasoline/petrol or

2520-553: Is also used when possible, and barrels (one of the few firearm parts that require fine tolerances and high strength) may be rifled (like the Sten) or left smoothbore (like the FP-45). The CIA Deer gun of the 1960s was similar to the Liberator, but used an aluminum casting for the body of the pistol, and was chambered in 9×19 mm Parabellum , one of the all-time most common handgun cartridges in

2625-456: Is disputed. Some schools claim to be the only legitimate heir of the art, but ninjutsu is not centralized like modernized martial arts such as judo or karate . Togakure-ryū claims to be the oldest recorded form of ninjutsu and to have survived past the 16th century. Spying in Japan dates as far back as Prince Shōtoku (572–622). According to Shōninki , the first open usage of ninjutsu during

2730-880: Is often difficult. Those that can legally be traded on the civilian market, like the Liberator pistol , will often command high prices; although millions of the pistols were made, few survived the war. These examples are all arms that were either used as insurgency weapons or designed for such use. Purpose-built weapons were designed from the start to be used primarily for insurgent use, and are fairly crude, very inexpensive, and simple to operate; many were packaged with instructions targeted to speakers of certain languages, or pictorial instructions usable by illiterate users or speakers of any language. Dual-use weapons are those that were designed with special allowances for use by insurgent troops. Sanitized weapons are any arms that have been manufactured or altered to remove markings that indicate

2835-557: Is threatening the world once more. The evil crime syndicate - thought to have been vanquished two years earlier - has returned, headed by a man known only as the Shadow Master. Joe Musashi has felt their presence, and descends from the lonely mountaintops of Japan to face his nemesis once more. Shinobi III was originally set to be released in 1992. Several gaming magazines (including GamePro , Mean Machines SEGA and Computer & Video Games ) gave previews and even reviews of

2940-802: Is used when an insurgent has a bomb strapped to them or in their car, which provides a low-tech way for insurgents to get explosives close to critical enemy targets. A fairly recent class of firearms, purpose-designed insurgency weapons first appeared during World War II , in the form of such arms as the FP-45 Liberator and the Sten submachine gun . Designed to be inexpensive, since they were to be airdropped or smuggled behind enemy lines, insurgency weapons were designed for use by guerrilla and insurgent groups. Most insurgency weapons are of simple design, typically made of sheet steel stampings , which are then folded into shape and welded. Tubular steel in standard sizes

3045-558: The 2003 invasion , such as landmines stripped of their explosives, 155-millimetre artillery shells rigged with blasting caps and modified aviation bombs of 500 lb or more, detonated by systems such as pull-wires and mechanical detonators , cell-phones, garage-door openers, cables , radio control (RC), and infrared lasers among others. To counter increasing armor protection, the insurgents have also developed IEDs that make use of explosively formed projectiles (EFPs); these are essentially cylindrical shaped charges usually constructed with

3150-709: The Allies and weapons inherited from their countries' previous militaries. Methods of acquiring weapons included purchasing them on the black market from Axis soldiers or their allies or stealing from German supply depots or transports. Special efforts were also made to capture weapons from the Axis, such as raids were conducted on trains and vehicles carrying equipment to the front, as well as on guardhouses and gendarmerie posts, that proved highly successful. Sometimes weapons were taken from individual Axis soldiers accosted in streets or were brought over by defecting Axis collaborators . During

3255-804: The Błyskawica (Lightning) submachine gun produced in underground workshops by the Polish resistance movement . One weapon that is part of the conventional military arsenal but which has been taken up to great effect by insurgents, is the RPG . Two examples of an improvised weapon used by insurgents would be the improvised explosive devices used in Iraq and the Molotov cocktails (glass bottles filled with gasoline) used against vehicles and tanks. Two tactics used by many insurgents are assassinations and suicide bomb attacks. The latter tactic

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3360-695: The FM 24/29 , Reibel , Vickers and Hotchkiss M1914 , M1922 and M1929 machine guns. Japanese and French weapons continued to see service with the Liberation Army of South Vietnam of the Viet Cong during the Vietnam War , with regular units using them during the early stages of the war, before they were passed down to militia units. They also used U.S-made weapons captured from the South Vietnamese Army of

3465-634: The First (1994–1996) and Second Chechen Wars (1999–2009), Chechen rebels used RPGs to attack Russian tanks from basements and high rooftops. This tactic was effective because tank main guns could not be depressed or raised far enough to return fire, in addition, armor on the very top and bottom of tanks was usually the weakest. Russian forces had to rely on artillery suppression, good crew gunners and infantry screens to prevent such attacks. Tank columns were eventually protected by attached self-propelled anti-aircraft guns ( ZSU-23-4 Shilka , 9K22 Tunguska ) used in

3570-543: The First Indochina War , Vietnam War , South African Border War and conflicts in Iraq , Syria and Yemen by insurgents as a method of area denial, psychological warfare and attrition . During the Portuguese Colonial War , mines and other booby traps were one of the principal weapons used by African nationalist insurgents against Portuguese mechanized forces to great effect, who typically patrolled

3675-683: The North Vietnamese army , replacing World War II -era French and Soviet-produced bolt-action rifles and submachine guns and supplanting weapons captured from U.S and South Vietnamese forces. Insurgencies have long made use of weapons stolen, captured or otherwise procured from enemy forces due to the ease of procuring them and their ammunition, something that is very important to an insurgency which will be poorly equipped and will need whatever weaponry it can get. Such weapons are typically acquired by either looting them from enemy soldiers that they have defeated, by having infiltrators and sympathisers in

3780-575: The Syrian opposition during the Syrian civil war as a way of making up for deficits in the quantity of military-grade artillery. These "Hell Cannons", as they are known, have been used by various anti-government and Jihadist groups and can fire both improvised and factory-made rounds. The first of these weapons were made in 2012 by the Islamist Ahrar al-Shamal Brigade in the Idlib Governorate around

3885-574: The TT pistol , Mosin–Nagant bolt-action rifle, PPSh-41 submachine gun, RPD and SG-43 Goryunov medium machine guns and DShK heavy machine gun, and Cold War -era weapons such as the AK-74 assault rifle, RPK light machine gun, PK general-purpose machine gun, SVD-63 Dragunov sniper rifle and RPG-2 and RPG-7 rocket launchers. The first large-scale usage by an insurgency of the Kalashnikov series weapons

3990-666: The Vietnam War (by the Vietnam People's Army and Viet Cong ), Soviet invasion of Afghanistan by the Mujahideen and against South Africans in Angola and Namibia (formerly South West Africa ) by SWAPO guerrillas during what the South Africans called the South African Border War . Twenty years later, they are still being used widely in recent conflict areas such as Chechnya , Iraq , and Sri Lanka . The RPG still remains

4095-464: The Warrenpoint Ambush . IRA bombs became highly sophisticated, featuring anti-handling devices such as a mercury tilt switch or microswitches . These devices would detonate the bomb if it was moved in any way. Typically, the safety-arming device used was a clockwork Memopark timer , which armed the bomb up to 60 minutes after it was placed by completing an electrical circuit supplying power to

4200-679: The iPhone in 2011, for the Nintendo 3DS eShop in 2013, and on the Nintendo Switch Online + Expansion Pack in 2021. The game also appears on the Sega Genesis Classics (released as Sega Mega Drive Classics in PAL regions) for Windows, Linux, macOS, PlayStation 4, Xbox One and Nintendo Switch Shinobi III: Return of the Ninja Master received critical acclaim. MegaTech magazine praised

4305-399: The ninja . Ninjutsu was a separate discipline in some traditional Japanese schools , which integrated study of more conventional martial arts ( taijutsu ) along with shurikenjutsu , kenjutsu , sōjutsu , bōjutsu and others. While there is an international martial arts organization representing several modern styles of ninjutsu , the historical lineage of these styles

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4410-527: The shugo governors of their lands, in which the local samurai of both regions operated as de facto independent confederacies – the Kōka and Iga ikki – and formed an alliance together which persisted until the conquest of Kōka by Oda Nobunaga in 1574 and the conquest of Iga in 1581. Throughout history, the shinobi were assassins , scouts, and spies who were hired mostly by territorial lords known as daimyō . Despite being able to assassinate in stealth,

4515-399: The (often plastic) barrel of the flare gun with a metal pipe strong enough to chamber a shotgun shell , or by inserting a smaller bore barrel into the existing barrel (such as with a caliber conversion sleeve ) to chamber a firearm cartridge, such as a .22 Long Rifle . The Yugoslavian Zastava M48 BO (for bez oznake , 'without markings') rifle was manufactured with no markings save for

4620-628: The Deer Gun were pictorial, with text in Vietnamese. Although various submachine guns were manufactured in Northern Ireland with "Round Sections" (Round shaped receivers) and "Square Sections" (Square shaped receivers), the Avenger submachine gun which was used by Loyalist Paramilitaries was considered one of the best designs for its type. The bolts were telescoping with a forward recoil/return spring with in

4725-786: The FSA's 16th Division that fires factory-made rounds, a compressed air cannon made by Ahrar al-Sham , the "Hellfire Cannon" and a number of multi-barrelled cannons such as the 4-barrelled "Quad Hell Cannon" and the 7-barrelled "Bureji" which is named after a Palestinian refugee camp in Gaza . Insurgent organizations may recruit members of the government's civil and security forces to their cause or to have their own members join them. In addition to being able to provide intelligence and possibly provide direct and indirect aid, doing so allows insurgent members to gain military training and skills which they would not otherwise be able to access, these members may then serve as

4830-713: The Pacific used captured Japanese weapons such as the Nambu pistol and Arisaka bolt-action rifle. During the First Indochina War , the Indochinese Viet Minh used weapons abandoned by or captured from the Japanese during WWII, but also made use of weapons captured from the French and their French Indochina administration, such as the MAS-36 and MAS-49 rifles, MAT-49 submachine gun and

4935-406: The RPG became a favorite weapon of the insurgent forces fighting U.S. troops. Since most of the readily available RPG-7 rounds cannot penetrate M1 Abrams tank armor from almost any angle, it is primarily effective against soft-skinned or lightly armored vehicles, and infantry. Even if the RPG hit does not completely disable the tank or kill the crew, it can still damage external equipment, lowering

5040-524: The RPGs they had access to were unlikely to result in the destruction of the tank. Using RPGs as improvised anti-aircraft batteries has proved successful in Somalia, Afghanistan and Chechnya. Helicopters are typically ambushed as they land, take off or hover. In Afghanistan , the Mujahideen often modified RPGs for use against Soviet helicopters by adding a curved pipe to the rear of the launcher tube, which diverted

5145-457: The Republic of Vietnam , such as M1911 pistols, Thompson and M3 submachine guns, M1 Garand rifles, M1 and M2 carbines and M1918 BAR and M1919 Browning machine guns, which they either captured in ambushes or raids or purchased off of the black market, the latter case being made possible by corrupt ARVN military officers illegally selling munitions for profit. Later in the war following

5250-590: The Sega Genesis, stating: "The only drawback? The last level was freaking impossible!" Retro Gamer included it among their top ten Mega Drive games. In 2023, both Nintendo Life and GameSpot ranked the game among top 15 Mega Drive/Genesis games. Ninjutsu Ninjutsu ( 忍術 ) , sometimes used interchangeably with the modern term ninpō ( 忍法 ) , is the martial art strategy and tactics of unconventional warfare , guerrilla warfare , insurgency tactics and espionage purportedly practised by

5355-558: The U.S intervention, more modern U.S weapons such as M14 and M16 rifles, M60 and M2 Browning machine guns and M79 grenade launchers were captured from U.S forces and the increasingly modernised ARVN. The Błyskawica (Lightning) was a simple submachine gun produced by the Armia Krajowa , or Home Army, a Polish resistance movement fighting the Germans in occupied Poland . It was produced in underground workshops. Its main feature

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5460-565: The U.S.-supplied Stinger surface-to-air missiles became available to them, the Afghans abandoned RPG attacks as the smart missiles proved especially efficient in the destruction of unarmed Soviet transport helicopters, such as Mil Mi-17 . In Somalia , both of the UH-60 Black Hawk helicopters lost by U.S. forces during the Battle of Mogadishu in 1993 were downed by RPG-7s. The Molotov cocktail

5565-600: The Warsaw Uprising, the Polish Armia Krajowa (AK, Home Army) even managed to capture several German armored vehicles, most notably a Jagdpanzer 38 Hetzer light tank destroyer renamed "Chwat" and an Sd.Kfz. 251 armoured personnel carrier renamed "Grey Wolf". Captured German weapons used by European resistance groups included the Karabiner 98k bolt-action rifle and MP 40 submachine gun, while resistance groups in

5670-455: The anti-handling device. Depending on the particular design, an independent electrical circuit supplied power to a conventional timer set for the intended time delay, e.g. 40 minutes. However, some electronic delays developed by IRA technicians could be set to accurately detonate a bomb weeks after it was hidden. After the British developed jammers, IRA technicians also developed devices that required

5775-415: The areas of fighting that covered vast sparsely populated areas of southern Angola and northern Namibia , it was easy for small groups to infiltrate and lay their mines on roads before escaping again often undetected. The anti-tank mines were most often placed on public roads used by civilian and military vehicles and had a great psychological effect. Mines were often laid in complex arrangements. One tactic

5880-414: The backblast, allowing the RPG to be fired upward at aircraft from a prone position. This made the operator less visible prior to firing and decreased the risk of injury from hot exhaust gases. The Mujahideen also utilized the 4.5-second timer on RPG rounds to make the weapon function as part of a flak battery, using multiple launchers to increase hit probabilities. At the time, Soviet helicopters countered

5985-410: The barrel and plug the end of the casing, completely sealing off any explosive gases in the casing. This, combined with the inherently low-velocity round resulted in a truly silent pistol. The nature of the gun and ammunition led to it being wildly inaccurate outside of point-blank range. To add further confusion and throw possible suspicion away from the assassin, the barrel rifling was designed to affect

6090-624: The blast, and deaths in such vehicles became unusual events. These developments subsequently led to the South African Hippo, Casspir , Mamba and Nyala wheeled light troop carriers. Land mines were commonly deployed by insurgents during the South African Border War , leading directly to the development of the first dedicated mine-protected armoured vehicles in South Africa. Namibian insurgents used anti-tank mines to throw South African military convoys into disarray before attacking them. In

6195-504: The bullet in such a way that ballistics experts would not only conclude that the round was fired from an AK-47, but that the round was fired from several hundred feet away. Due to the politically devastating nature inherent in this design, the S4M was kept highly secret. Information on the pistol was not known by western governments until well after the end of the Cold War . The Winchester Liberator

6300-632: The city of Binnish before the manufacturing was moved to Aleppo by the Free Syrian Army 's 16th Division which also appropriated the design. The knowledge spread to other groups in Syria, including the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant . Variants of these cannons have also been developed by rebel forces, including the "Thunder Cannon" made from the body of a 100mm tank gun round, the "Mortar Cannon" made by

6405-491: The conflict, bombs could be detonated by radio control; simple servos from radio-controlled aircraft were used to close the electrical circuit and supply power to the detonator. Roadside bombs were also extensively used; they were typically placed in a drain or culvert along a rural road and detonated by remote control when British security forces vehicles were passing. The IRA also used secondary devices to attack British reinforcements sent in after an initial blast as occurred in

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6510-648: The ditch, where the anti-personnel mines would cause further casualties. If the insurgents planned to confront the Portuguese openly, one or two heavy machine guns would be sited to sweep the ditch and other likely areas of cover. Mines used included the PMN (Black Widow) , TM-46 , and POMZ , amphibious mines such as the PDM , and numerous home-made antipersonnel wood box mines and other nonmetallic explosive devices. The impact of mining operations, in addition to causing casualties, undermined

6615-453: The end of 2007 they had become responsible for approximately 63% of Coalition deaths in Iraq. They were also used in Afghanistan by insurgent groups, and caused over 66% of the Coalition casualties in the 2001–2021 Afghanistan War . Throughout The Troubles , the Provisional IRA made extensive use of remote control IEDs against the British security forces. Initially, bombs were detonated either by timer or by simple command wire, but later in

6720-494: The end of his line of ninjutsu , stating that the art has no practical place in the modern age. Insurgency weapons and tactics Insurgency weapons and tactics ( IWAT ) are weapons and tactics, most often involving firearms or explosive devices, intended for use by insurgents to engage in guerrilla warfare against an occupier, or for use by rebels against an established government. One type of insurgency weapon are "homemade" firearms made by non-professionals, such as

6825-403: The end of the war, the German were in need of weapons and they produced both a version of the Sten, the MP 3008 , to arm the Volkssturm and near identical copies of the Sten down to makers marks to arm the Werwolf insurgency force. Due to the massive exportation of weaponry by the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc to communist governments and insurgencies in foreign countries, as well as

6930-447: The enemy forces steal munitions and secretly supply it to them, by gathering munitions abandoned by retreating, advancing or neglectful enemy soldiers, or by purchasing munitions sold by enemy soldiers on the black market . During World War II , firearms captured from the Axis powers were used extensively by resistance movements in Europe and the Pacific, due to their availability. These weapons were used alongside weapons supplied by

7035-446: The first and last vehicles in line, preventing movement of the other vehicles. This tactic was especially effective in cities. Convoys learned to avoid approaches with overhangs and to send infantrymen forward in hazardous areas to detect the RPG teams. Multiple shooters were also effective against heavy tanks with reactive armor : The first shot would be against the driver's viewing prisms. Following shots would be in pairs, one to set off

7140-448: The floors of their vehicles, and riding on top of vehicles instead of inside them, but casualties remained high, with 1,995 Soviet soldiers and 1,191 vehicles lost to mines and IEDs during the Soviet-Afghan War. During the First and Second Chechen Wars , the separatist Chechen Republic of Ichkeria made use of IEDs extensively against the Russian Armed Forces once they were forced to rely on guerrilla tactics, constructing them from

7245-412: The force's arsenal. The MP2 is a blowback-operated weapon that fires from an open bolt with an extremely high rate of fire. A more common weapon of Guatemalan origin is the SM-9 . Another example is the Métral submachine gun designed by Gerard Métral intended for manufacture during occupation and undercover circumstances. A unique example is the Soviet S4M pistol, designed to be used expressly for

7350-412: The game's new attacks and moves, but criticised that it was "not as hard as The Revenge of Shinobi ". Mega said that "beyond the tricky bosses, this is far too easy". An IGN review by Levi Buchanan called it "a legit Genesis great, one of the better action games for the 16-bit console of yesteryear", even if the iPhone version was deemed just "okay". Complex rated it the third best game on

7455-409: The game, showing pictures of levels, enemies, artwork and special moves which were not seen in the final version at all. Because of being dissatisfied with the result, Sega had put the game back into development to heavily improve it and delayed its release until 1993. When Shinobi III was finally released, many game features seen earlier were missing, with new ones taking their place. A beta-version of

7560-453: The governments making them, as in the designation of the FP-45 pistol. Other insurgency weapons may be sanitized versions of traditional infantry or defensive weapons. These may be purpose-made without markings, or they may be standard commercial or military arms that have been altered to remove the manufacturers markings. Due to the covert nature of insurgency weapons, documenting their history

7665-430: The ground role to suppress and destroy Chechen ambushes. Chechen fighters formed independent "cells" that worked together to destroy a specific Russian armored target. Each cell contained small arms and some form of RPG ( RPG-7 V or RPG-18 , for example). The small arms were used to button the tank up and keep any infantry occupied, while the RPG gunner struck at the tank. While doing so, other teams would attempt to fire at

7770-816: The mobility of Portuguese forces, while diverting troops and equipment from security and offensive operations to convoy protection and mine clearance missions. During the Rhodesian Bush War , the Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA) tried to paralyse the Rhodesian effort and economy by planting Soviet anti-tank mines on the roads. From 1972 to 1980 there were 2,504 vehicle detonations of land mines (mainly Soviet TM46s), killing 632 people and injuring 4,410. Mining of roads increased 33.7% from 1978 (894 mines or 2.44 mines were detonated or recovered per day) to 1979 (2,089 mines or 5.72 mines

7875-413: The mostly unpaved roads of their territories using motor vehicles and armored scout cars. To counter the mine threat, Portuguese engineers commenced the herculean task of tarring the rural road network. Mine detection was accomplished not only by electronic mine detectors, but also by employing trained soldiers ( picadors ) walking abreast with long probes to detect nonmetallic road mines. Guerrillas in all

7980-673: The original version of the game has been leaked and is now widely available as a ROM image . Shinobi III is included on the Sega Genesis Collection for the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable and Sonic's Ultimate Genesis Collection for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 . It was also released for the Wii 's Virtual Console service in 2007, for the PC on the download service Steam in 2010, on

8085-600: The passenger compartment. During the Iraqi , Syrian and Yemeni civil wars, landmines have been used for both defensive and guerrilla purposes. Anti-tank mines were also used extensively in Cambodia and along the Thai border, many planted by Pol Pot 's Khmer Rouge insurgency. Millions of these mines remain in the area, despite clearing efforts. It is estimated that they cause hundreds of deaths annually to civilians. Rocket-propelled grenades (RPGs) were used extensively during

8190-485: The player has the ability to perform four special ninjitsu techniques. Only one can be used in each level, unless the Shinobi finds additional ninjitsu bonuses throughout hidden spots in most levels. The four ninjitsu techniques involve engulfing lightning as a temporary shield, summon fire-dragons, boosting his vertical leap and self-sacrificing, the latter costing one life to destroy common enemies or damage bosses. Neo Zeed

8295-401: The point of origin. IEDs are improvised explosive devices. The FP-45 Liberator was a single-shot .45 ACP derringer -type pistol, made by the U.S. during World War II . It was made from stamped steel with an unrifled barrel. The designation "FP" stood for "flare projector", which was apparently an attempt to disguise the use of its intended purpose by obscuring the nature of the project. It

8400-514: The present day plausible deniability allows the supply of arms by governments to insurgents without the need for over elaborate ruses. For example, the sheer number of AKM (an upgraded version of the AK-47 rifle) manufacturers and users in the world means that governments can supply these weapons to insurgents with plausible deniability as to exactly from where and from whom the guns were acquired. An improvised explosive device ( IED ), also known as

8505-510: The primary role was as spies and scouts. Shinobi are mainly noted for their use of stealth and deception. They would use this to avoid direct confrontation if possible, which enabled them to escape large groups of opposition. Many different schools ( ryū ) have taught their unique versions of ninjutsu . An example of this is the Togakure-ryū, which claims to have been developed after a defeated samurai warrior called Daisuke Togakure escaped to

8610-777: The production of Soviet-made weaponry by many militaries around the world, Soviet-made weapons and their copies are widely available, being present in most Third World countries throughout Asia , Africa and the Middle East . Of particular notability is the AK-47 assault rifle and its AKM variant which have seen service in almost every conflict since the Korean War in the militaries of Third World countries and insurgent groups due to its wide availability, simplicity, reliability, durability and ease of use, however they are just two of countless other types of Soviet World War II -era weapons, such as

8715-460: The purpose of assassination . It was a simple break-open, two-shot derringer, but the unique features came from its specialized ammunition, designed around a cut-down version of the 7.62mm rounds used in the Soviet AK-47. The casings of the round contained a piston-like plunger between the bullet and the powder that would move forward inside the casing when fired. The piston would push the round down

8820-419: The reactive armor, the second to penetrate the tank's armor. Favored weak spots were the top and rear of the turret. The Mujahideen sometimes used RPG-7s at extreme range, exploded by their 4.5-second self-destruct timer, which translates to roughly 950m flight distance, as a method of long distance approach denial for enemy infantry and reconnaissance. In the period following the 2003 invasion of Iraq ,

8925-448: The rear, a heavy coil spring that acts as a buffer increasing accuracy and recoil handling. The barrels were usually found lacking rifling but this can in some cases possibly increase ballistics at close quarters. It used Sten magazines and had the capabilities of adapting suppressors . During the 1970s–80s, International Ordnance Group of San Antonio, Texas released the MP2 machine pistol. It

9030-744: The region of Iga. He later came in contact with the warrior-monk Kain Doshi, who taught him a new way of viewing life and the means of survival ( ninjutsu ). Ninjutsu was developed as a collection of fundamental survivalist techniques in the warring state of feudal Japan . The ninja used their art to ensure their survival in a time of violent political turmoil. Ninjutsu included methods of gathering information and techniques of non-detection, avoidance, and misdirection. Ninjutsu involved training in disguise, escape , concealment, archery, and medicine. Skills relating to espionage and assassination were highly useful to warring factions in feudal Japan. At some point,

9135-800: The side of the vehicle, however, IEDs in elevated positions such as on road signs are able hit less protected areas. It has been estimated by the Washington Post that as much as 64% of U.S. deaths in Iraq occurred due to IEDs. IEDs have also been used extensively by other groups, such as Maoists in India, ISIL in Syria and across the world, and by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) in Sri Lanka . Land mines have been used extensively by insurgents throughout Cold War and post-Cold War conflicts such as

9240-522: The skills of espionage became known collectively as shinobi no jutsu , and the people who specialized in these tasks were called shinobi no mono . Today, the last authentic heir of ninjutsu is Jinichi Kawakami , the 21st head of the Koga Ban family, honorary director of the Ninja Museum of Igaryu , and professor at Mie University , specializing in the research of ninjutsu. In 2012, Kawakami chose to be

9345-645: The tank's effectiveness or forcing the crew to abandon and destroy it. Newer RPG-7 rounds are more capable, and in August 2006, an RPG-29 round penetrated the frontal ERA of a Challenger 2 tank during an engagement in al-Amarah , Iraq , and wounded several crew members. During the South African Border War , the Soviet RPGs used by SWAPO guerrillas and their Angolan supporters posed a serious threat to South Africa 's lightly armored APCs , which could be easily targeted as soon as they stopped to disembark troops. During

9450-529: The target in order to overwhelm the Russians' ability to effectively counter the attack. To further increase the chance of success, the teams took up positions at different elevations where possible. Firing from the third and higher floors allowed good shots at the weakest armor (the top). When the Russians began moving in tanks fitted with explosive reactive armor (ERA), the Chechens had to adapt their tactics, because

9555-494: The threat from RPGs at landing zones by first clearing them with anti-personnel saturation fire . The Soviets also varied the number of accompanying helicopters (two or three) in an effort to upset Afghan force estimations and preparation. In response, the Mujahideen prepared dug-in firing positions with top cover, and again, Soviet forces altered their tactics by using air-dropped thermobaric fuel-air bombs on such landing zones. As

9660-461: The training required to use them effectively. The shotgun was chosen because it provided a high hit probability. Both Winchester and Colt built prototypes, although the Colt eight-shot design came late in the war and was adapted for the civilian law enforcement market. No known samples were ever produced for military use. More specifically, this invention relates to a four barrel break-open firearm which has

9765-429: The various revolutionary movements used a variety of mines, often combining anti-tank with anti-personnel mines to ambush Portuguese formations with devastating results. A common tactic was to plant large anti-vehicle mines in a roadway bordered by obvious cover, such as an irrigation ditch, then seed the ditch with anti-personnel mines. Detonation of the vehicle mine would cause Portuguese troops to deploy and seek cover in

9870-457: The vast distances of road network vulnerable to insurgent sappers every day made comprehensive detection and clearance efforts impractical. The only other viable option was the adoption of mine-protected vehicles which could remain mobile on the roads with little risk to their passengers even if a mine was detonated. South Africa is widely credited with inventing the v-hull , a vee-shaped hull for armoured vehicles which deflects mine blasts away from

9975-541: The world. There is no known explanation for the name "Deer Gun", but the Deer Gun was intended to be smuggled into Vietnam , attested by the instruction sheet printed in Vietnamese . It was produced by the American Machine & Foundry Co., but was a sanitized weapon, meaning it lacked any marking identifying manufacturer or user. Details of the manufacture of insurgency weapons are almost always deliberately obscured by

10080-469: Was a 9×19 mm Parabellum submachine gun manufactured by the United Kingdom in World War II . Although not designed as an insurgency weapon, it was designed at a time when Britain had a dire need for weapons and was designed to be easily produced in basic machine shops and use a readily available round, it was therefore the ideal weapon to be produced by resistance groups in occupied territories. Towards

10185-480: Was a single-shot 9×19 mm Parabellum pistol, made by the U.S. during the Vietnam War . It was packaged with three rounds of ammunition in the grip and packed with instructions in a plastic box. If air-dropped into water, the plastic box containing the pistol would float. Like the earlier FP-45 Liberator, it was designed primarily for assassination of enemy soldiers, with the intention that it would be replaced by an enemy soldier's left-over equipment. The instructions for

10290-411: Was designed with an integral sound suppressor , and was ideal for killing sentries and other covert work; the bolt-operated action meant that cocking the gun produced almost no noise, and the bulky but efficient suppressor eliminated nearly all of the muzzle blast. Welrod pistols included a magazine that doubled as a hand-grip, and were originally produced with no markings save a serial number. The Sten

10395-509: Was during the Vietnam War , when massive numbers of Soviet, Chinese and Eastern Bloc -produced AKs and RPKs, along with limited numbers of PKs and SVD-63s, were provided by communist countries to North Vietnam , which supplied them to the South Vietnamese Viet Cong , Laotian Pathet Lao and Cambodian Khmer Rouge . Due to the massive numbers of weapons that were supplied, they became the primary weapons of these groups and of

10500-562: Was intended as a more compact alternative to the British Sten gun (although in its components and overall design have nothing directly similar to the STEN), to be used in urban guerrilla actions, to be manufactured cheaply and/or in less-than-well-equipped workshops and distributed to "friendly" undercover forces. Much like the previously mentioned FP-45 "Liberator" pistol of World War 2, it could be discarded during an escape with no substantial loss for

10605-401: Was its simplicity, so that the weapon could be made even in small workshops, by inexperienced engineers. It used threaded pipes for simplicity. In some cases, guerrillas have used improvised, repurposed firearms. One example is described by Che Guevara in his book Guerrilla Warfare . Called the "M-16", it consists of a 16 gauge sawed-off shotgun provided with a bipod to hold the barrel at

10710-915: Was most likely developed during the Nanboku-cho period , used by samurai fighting on both sides of the conflict, and was further refined after the Onin War and throughout the Sengoku period , where many rising samurai warlords used ninja to gather intelligence and commit secret raids on their enemies. In the chaos following the Onin War, jizamurai from the Kōka and the Iga Province began to engage in guerilla warfare in order to protect their lands from bandits, rogue yamabushi , and larger samurai forces. The jizamurai that lived in Kōka and Iga were self-sufficient and did not answer to

10815-455: Was packed with ten rounds of ammunition and was intended to be used for assassinating enemy soldiers so that their weapons could then be captured and used by the insurgents. The instructions were pictorial, so that the gun could be distributed in any theatre of war, and used even by illiterate operators. The country in which the largest quantity was used was the Philippines . The CIA Deer gun

10920-470: Was several different versions of these mortars constructed by the PIRA, with the most commonly used being the Mark 15 320mm mortar, which fired a projectile constructed of a gas cylinder filled with 196-220 pounds (89-100 kg) of homemade explosives which was remarked as having the effect of a "flying car bomb ", and was used in several different attacks on British Army and RUC bases. It was also used in attacks on

11025-436: Was to lay multiple mines on top of each other to increase the blast effect. Another common tactic was to link together several mines placed within a few metres of each other, so that all would detonate when any one was triggered. To discourage detection and removal efforts, they also laid anti-personnel mines directly parallel to the anti-tank mines. This initially resulted in heavy South African military and police casualties, as

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