Misplaced Pages

#929070

53-400: The knot has several features which allow a rope to be shortened: A sheepshank knot may be constructed as follows: ... An alternative method for quickly constructing a sheepshank is as follows: The result is a flattened loop which is held at each end by a half hitch . If the sides of the flattened loop are pulled away from each other, the flattened loop ends pull out of the half hitches and

106-401: A broadened body, increased waist curve, thinned belly, and improved internal bracing. The modern classical guitar replaced an older form for the accompaniment of song and dance called flamenco , and a modified version, known as the flamenco guitar , was created. The fingerstyle is used fervently on the modern classical guitar. The thumb traditionally plucks the bass – or root note – whereas

159-412: A different bracing (fan-bracing) from that used in earlier guitars (they had ladder-bracing); and a different voicing was used by the luthier. There is a historical parallel between musical styles (baroque, classical, romantic, flamenco, jazz) and the style of "sound aesthetic" of the musical instruments used, for example: Robert de Visée played a baroque guitar with a very different sound aesthetic from

212-452: A double-course guitar. The authenticity of guitars allegedly produced before the 1790s is often in question. This also corresponds to when Moretti's 6-string method appeared, in 1792. The modern classical guitar was developed in the 19th century by Antonio de Torres Jurado , Ignacio Fleta , Hermann Hauser Sr. , and Robert Bouchet. The Spanish luthier and player Antonio de Torres gave the modern classical guitar its definitive form, with

265-495: A four-course instrument illustrated on its title page – was published in partnership with Michel Fedenzat, and among other music, they published six books of tablature by lutenist Albert de Rippe (who was very likely Guillaume's teacher). The written history of the classical guitar can be traced back to the early 16th century with the development of the vihuela in Spain. While the lute was then becoming popular in other parts of Europe,

318-532: A high sound and is rather large to hold. Few have survived and most of what is known today come from diagrams and paintings. The earliest extant six-string guitar is believed to have been built in 1779 by Gaetano Vinaccia (1759 – after 1831) in Naples , Italy ; however, the date on the label is a little ambiguous. The Vinaccia family of luthiers is known for developing the mandolin . This guitar has been examined and does not show tell-tale signs of modifications from

371-431: A kamikaze knot, a sheepshank is first constructed. While holding sufficient tension on the sheepshank so it will not slip out, the middle rope is sliced. This allows climbers rappelling down cliff faces to keep most of the rope used for the rappel, by tying the knot at the top, and shaking the rope when they reach the bottom. The shaking disconnects the knot at the top, allowing the longer section of rope to fall, meaning only

424-462: A load in the direction of pull. A timber hitch is tied on the far end of the load to bind it securely and a half hitch made at the forward end to serve as a guide for the rope. In this instance, the half hitch combined with a timber hitch is known as a killick hitch or kelleg hitch. The knot is attractive to the eye and so is used decoratively for French whipping which is also known as half hitch whipping . This knot -related article

477-460: A small amount of rope is retained by the anchor at the top of the cliff. Thin or slippery rope is unsuitable for such a knot, as it can easily slip, and the knot should not be performed unless desperately needed. This variant of the sheepshank knot appeared in an episode of the TV show Man vs. Wild . Although certainly not invented by him, Bear Grylls uses a modification of this knot by cutting one of

530-418: A valuable component of a wide variety of useful and reliable hitches , bends , and knots . The half hitch is tied with one end of a rope which is passed around an object and secured to its own standing part with a single hitch . Securing an additional single hitch to the rope's standing part produces the related knot two half-hitches . Alternatively, a half hitch may be made secure on its own by placing

583-542: A variety of databases documenting modern guitar works such as Sheer Pluck and others. The evolution of the classical guitar and its repertoire spans more than four centuries. It has a history that was shaped by contributions from earlier instruments, such as the lute, the vihuela, and the baroque guitar. The last guitarist to follow in Segovia's footsteps was Julian Bream and Julian Bream will be 73 years old on July 15th 2006. Miguel Llobet, Andrés Segovia and Julian Bream are

SECTION 10

#1732873419930

636-473: A variety of tones, but this finger-picking style also makes the instrument harder to learn than a standard acoustic guitar's strumming technique. In guitar scores the five fingers of the right-hand (which pluck the strings) are designated by the first letter of their Spanish names namely p = thumb ( pulgar ), i = index finger ( índice ), m = middle finger ( mayor ), a = ring finger ( anular ), c = little finger or pinky ( meñique/chiquito ) The four fingers of

689-460: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Classical guitar The classical guitar , also known as Spanish guitar , is a member of the guitar family used in classical music and other styles. An acoustic wooden string instrument with strings made of gut or nylon , it is a precursor of the modern steel-string acoustic and electric guitars , both of which use metal strings . Classical guitars derive from instruments such as

742-421: Is a sheepshank knot with a Handcuff knot in the middle. This configuration with the half-hitches formed close to the central knot is used in rope rescue and is called a Fireman's chair knot . [REDACTED] This version of the sheepshank is tied by using slipknots instead of half-hitches. It is one of the safest sheepshank variations. The kamikaze knot is a slight variant of the sheepshank. To perform

795-421: Is impossible to play a historically informed de Visee or Corbetta (baroque guitarist-composers) on a modern classical guitar. The reason is that the baroque guitar used courses, which are two strings close together (in unison), that are plucked together. This gives baroque guitars an unmistakable sound characteristic and tonal texture that is an integral part of an interpretation. Additionally, the sound aesthetic of

848-400: Is my constant companion in all my travels". He also said, on another occasion: "I do not like this instrument, but regard it simply as a way of helping me to think." The guitarist and composer Francisco Tárrega (November 21, 1852 – December 15, 1909) was one of the great guitar virtuosos and teachers and is considered the father of modern classical guitar playing. As a professor of guitar at

901-614: Is today mainly associated with the modern classical guitar design, there is an increasing interest in early guitars; and understanding the link between historical repertoire and the particular period guitar that was originally used to perform this repertoire. The musicologist and author Graham Wade writes: Nowadays it is customary to play this repertoire on reproductions of instruments authentically modelled on concepts of musicological research with appropriate adjustments to techniques and overall interpretation. Thus over recent decades we have become accustomed to specialist artists with expertise in

954-422: Is used to keep a long rope from the belfry deck when not in use. The catshank is a variant of the sheepshank, clinched by two overhand knots with the bights passed through the twists (one end of the rope must be available to tie the overhands). The dogshank , or sheepshank pouch knot , is a variant of the sheepshank where the eyes formed at each end have the ends of the rope passed through them to prevents

1007-685: The Contraguitar ). This was localized in Germany and Austria and became unfashionable again. On the other hand, Segovia was playing concerts around the world, popularizing modern classical guitar—and, in the 1920s, Spanish romantic-modern style with guitar works by Moreno Torroba, de Falla, etc. The 19th-century classical guitarist Francisco Tárrega first popularized the Torres design as a classical solo instrument. However, some maintain that Segovia's influence led to its domination over other designs. Factories around

1060-511: The lute , the vihuela , the gittern (the name being a derivative of the Greek " kithara "), which evolved into the Renaissance guitar and into the 17th and 18th-century baroque guitar . Today's modern classical guitar was established by the late designs of the 19th-century Spanish luthier , Antonio Torres Jurado . For a right-handed player, the traditional classical guitar has 12 frets clear of

1113-456: The tanbur and setar are distantly related to the European guitar, as they all derive ultimately from the same ancient origins, but by very different historical routes and influences. Gitterns called "guitars" were already in use since the 13th century, but their construction and tuning were different from modern guitars. The time where the most changes were made to the guitar was in the 1500s to

SECTION 20

#1732873419930

1166-543: The 1800s. Alonso de Mudarra 's book Tres Libros de Música , published in Spain in 1546, contains the earliest known written pieces for a four-course guitarra. This four-course "guitar" was popular in France, Spain, and Italy. In France this instrument gained popularity among aristocrats. A considerable volume of music was published in Paris from the 1550s to the 1570s: Simon Gorlier 's Le Troysième Livre... mis en tablature de Guiterne

1219-508: The Spaniards did not take to it well because of its association with the Moors. Instead, the lute-like vihuela appeared with two more strings that gave it more range and complexity. In its most developed form, the vihuela was a guitar-like instrument with six double strings made of gut, tuned like a modern classical guitar with the exception of the third string, which was tuned half a step lower. It has

1272-492: The acoustically lower (d-A-E in standard tuning) strings. A guitar family tree may be identified. The flamenco guitar derives from the modern classical, but has differences in material, construction and sound. The classical guitar has a long history and one is able to distinguish various: Both instrument and repertoire can be viewed from a combination of various perspectives: Historical (chronological period of time) Geographical Cultural While "classical guitar"

1325-493: The art of vihuela (a 16th-century type of guitar popular in Spain), lute, Baroque guitar, 19th-century guitar, etc. Different types of guitars have different sound aesthetics, e.g. different colour-spectrum characteristics (the way the sound energy is spread in the fundamental frequency and the overtones ), different response, etc. These differences are due to differences in construction; for example, modern classical guitars usually use

1378-435: The baroque guitar (with its strong overtone presence) is very different from modern classical type guitars, as is shown below. Today's use of Torres and post-Torres type guitars for repertoire of all periods is sometimes critically viewed: Torres and post-Torres style modern guitars (with their fan-bracing and design) have a thick and strong tone, very suitable for modern-era repertoire. However, they are considered to emphasize

1431-476: The beginning of the 20th century, the older forms eventually fell away. Some attribute this to the popularity of Segovia , considering him "the catalyst for change toward the Spanish design and the so-called 'modern' school in the 1920s and beyond." The styles of music performed on ladder-braced guitars were becoming unfashionable—and, e.g., in Germany, more musicians were turning towards folk music (Schrammel-music and

1484-436: The body (see Dreadnought ) and is commonly held with a strap around the neck and shoulder. The phrase "classical guitar" may refer to either of two concepts other than the instrument itself: The term modern classical guitar sometimes distinguishes the classical guitar from older forms of guitar, which are in their broadest sense also called classical , or more specifically, early guitars . Examples of early guitars include

1537-435: The body and is properly held up by the left leg, so that the hand that plucks or strums the strings does so near the back of the sound hole (this is called the classical position). However, the right-hand may move closer to the fretboard to achieve different tonal qualities. The player typically holds the left leg higher by the use of a foot rest . The modern steel string guitar, on the other hand, usually has 14 frets clear of

1590-408: The conservatories of Madrid and Barcelona, he defined many elements of the modern classical technique and elevated the importance of the guitar in the classical music tradition. At the beginning of the 1920s, Andrés Segovia popularized the guitar with tours and early phonograph recordings. Segovia collaborated with the composers Federico Moreno Torroba and Joaquín Turina with the aim of extending

1643-406: The final crossing opposite to the turn around the working end. This locks the end in place, and holds fast as long as the hitch is loaded by a steady pull. A half hitch in this configuration is sometimes used to tie strings to the bridge of a classical guitar . Another instance where a half hitch stands on its own without additional embellishment is when added to a timber hitch to help stabilize

Sheepshank - Misplaced Pages Continue

1696-400: The fingers ring the melody and its accompanying parts. Often classical guitar technique involves the use of the nails of the right hand to pluck the notes. Noted players were: Francisco Tárrega , Emilio Pujol , Andrés Segovia , Julian Bream , Agustín Barrios , and John Williams (guitarist) . The modern classical guitar is usually played in a seated position, with the instrument resting on

1749-434: The fingertip but also with the outer, fingernail side. This was also used in a technique of the vihuela called dedillo which has recently begun to be introduced on the classical guitar. Some modern guitarists, such as Štěpán Rak and Kazuhito Yamashita , use the little finger independently, compensating for the little finger's shortness by maintaining an extremely long fingernail. Rak and Yamashita have also generalized

1802-547: The fundamental too heavily (at the expense of overtone partials) for earlier repertoire (Classical/Romantic: Carulli, Sor, Giuliani, Mertz, ...; Baroque: de Visee, ...; etc.). "Andrés Segovia presented the Spanish guitar as a versatile model for all playing styles" to the extent, that still today, "many guitarists have tunnel-vision of the world of the guitar, coming from the modern Segovia tradition". While fan-braced modern classical Torres and post-Torres style instruments coexisted with traditional ladder-braced guitars at

1855-416: The guitar had numerous composers and performers including: Hector Berlioz studied the guitar as a teenager; Franz Schubert owned at least two and wrote for the instrument; and Ludwig van Beethoven , after hearing Giuliani play, commented the instrument was "a miniature orchestra in itself". Niccolò Paganini was also a guitar virtuoso and composer. He once wrote: "I love the guitar for its harmony; it

1908-434: The guitar repertoire with new music. Segovia's tour of South America revitalized public interest in the guitar and helped the guitar music of Manuel Ponce and Heitor Villa-Lobos reach a wider audience. The composers Alexandre Tansman and Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco were commissioned by Segovia to write new pieces for the guitar. Luiz Bonfá popularized Brazilian musical styles such as the newly created Bossa Nova, which

1961-437: The guitars used by Mauro Giuliani and Luigi Legnani – they used 19th-century guitars. These guitars in turn sound different from the Torres models used by Segovia that are suited for interpretations of romantic-modern works such as Moreno Torroba . When considering the guitar from a historical perspective, the musical instrument used is as important as the musical language and style of the particular period. As an example: It

2014-426: The knot falls apart, but if the free ends are pulled taut then the knot remains secure. Sheepshank knots are typically used for securing loads to trucks or trailers , and in sailing applications. The sheepshank was developed before the use of modern "slippery" synthetic ropes . Constructed from such ropes, under load, it can fail. It is strongly advised that an alternative knot be used. The man-o'war sheepshank

2067-399: The knot from spilling. At least one end of the rope must be available to tie or untie this knot. It is mostly useful for the hammock-like space it creates. The dogshank can be thought of as two opposite bowlines where Half hitch The half hitch is a simple hitch knot , where the working end of a line is brought over and under the standing part . Insecure on its own, it is

2120-431: The left hand (which fret the strings) are designated 1 = index, 2 = major, 3 = ring finger, 4 = little finger. 0 designates an open string—a string not stopped by a finger and whose full length thus vibrates when plucked. It is rare to use the left hand thumb in performance, the neck of a classical guitar being too wide for comfort, and normal technique keeps the thumb behind the neck. However Johann Kaspar Mertz, for example,

2173-412: The left lap – and the left foot placed on a footstool. Alternatively – if a footstool is not used – a guitar support can be placed between the guitar and the left lap (the support usually attaches to the instrument's side with suction cups ). (There are of course exceptions, with some performers choosing to hold the instrument another way.) Right-handed players use the fingers of the right hand to pluck

Sheepshank - Misplaced Pages Continue

2226-493: The lengths of rope in the knot, while rappelling down an edge during the Ireland episode of Man Vs Wild in order to retrieve his rope at the bottom by severing the middle leg of the sheepshank knot before his descent. He refers to it as a "Kamikaze" knot. A simpler variant of the sheepshank wherein a half-hitch is only tied around only one end produces a bell-ringer's knot (ABoK #1147). It will immediately spill under tension, and

2279-465: The little finger semi-independently in the Flamenco four-finger rasgueado , that rapid strumming of the string by the fingers in reverse order employing the back of the fingernail—a familiar characteristic of Flamenco. Flamenco technique, in the performance of the rasgueado also uses the upstroke of the four fingers and the downstroke of the thumb: the string is hit not only with the inner, fleshy side of

2332-403: The pictorial arts) is a very individual and personal matter. The origins of the modern guitar are not known with certainty. Some believe it is indigenous to Europe, while others think it is an imported instrument. Guitar-like instruments appear in ancient carvings and statues recovered from Egyptian, Sumerian, and Babylonian civilizations. This means that contemporary Iranian instruments such as

2385-523: The six-string early romantic guitar ( c.  1790 – 1880), and the earlier baroque guitars with five courses . The materials and the methods of classical guitar construction may vary, but the typical shape is either modern classical guitar or that historic classical guitar similar to the early romantic guitars of Spain, France and Italy. Classical guitar strings once made of gut are now made of materials such as nylon or fluoropolymers , typically with silver-plated copper fine wire wound about

2438-452: The sound. This has important consequences: Different tone/ timbre (of a single note) can be produced by plucking the string in different manners ( apoyando or tirando ) and in different positions (such as closer and further away from the guitar bridge). For example, plucking an open string will sound brighter than playing the same note(s) on a fretted position (which would have a warmer tone). The instrument's versatility means it can create

2491-471: The strings, with the thumb plucking from the top of a string downwards (downstroke) and the other fingers plucking from the bottom of the string upwards (upstroke). The little finger in classical technique as it evolved in the 20th century is used only to ride along with the ring finger without striking the strings and to thus physiologically facilitate the ring finger's motion. In contrast, Flamenco technique, and classical compositions evoking Flamenco, employ

2544-421: The three performer personalities of the 20th century. Do not understand me wrong, we have many guitarists today that are very excellent performers, but none with such a distinct personality in their tone and style as Llobet, Segovia and Bream. In all instrumental areas, not just the guitar, there is a lack of individualism with a strong tendency to conformity. This I find very unfortunate since art (music, theatre or

2597-490: The use of the upstroke of the four fingers and the downstroke of the thumb (the same technique as in the rasgueado of the Flamenco : as explained above the string is hit not only with the inner, fleshy side of the fingertip but also with the outer, fingernail side) both as a free stroke and as a rest stroke. As with other plucked instruments (such as the lute), the musician directly touches the strings (usually plucking) to produce

2650-594: The world began producing them in large numbers. Composers of the Renaissance period who wrote for four-course guitar include Alonso Mudarra , Miguel de Fuenllana , Adrian Le Roy , Grégoire Brayssing  [ fr ] , Guillaume de Morlaye , and Simon Gorlier  [ fr ] . Four-course guitar Some well known composers of the Baroque guitar were Gaspar Sanz , Robert de Visée , Francesco Corbetta and Santiago de Murcia . From approximately 1780 to 1850,

2703-531: Was published in 1551. In 1551 Adrian Le Roy also published his Premier Livre de Tablature de Guiterne, and in the same year he also published Briefve et facile instruction pour apprendre la tablature a bien accorder, conduire, et disposer la main sur la Guiterne. Robert Ballard, Grégoire Brayssing from Augsburg, and Guillaume Morlaye ( c.  1510 – c.  1558 ) significantly contributed to its repertoire. Morlaye's Le Premier Livre de Chansons, Gaillardes, Pavannes, Bransles, Almandes, Fantasies – which has

SECTION 50

#1732873419930

2756-630: Was still performing), John Schneider , Reinbert Evers , Maria Kämmerling , Siegfried Behrend , David Starobin , Mats Scheidegger , Magnus Andersson , etc. This type of repertoire is usually performed by guitarists who have particularly chosen to focus on the avant-garde in their performances. Within the contemporary music scene itself, there are also works which are generally regarded as extreme. These include works such as Brian Ferneyhough 's Kurze Schatten II , Sven-David Sandström 's away from and Rolf Riehm 's Toccata Orpheus etc. which are notorious for their extreme difficulty. There are also

2809-702: Was well received by audiences in the USA. The classical guitar repertoire also includes modern contemporary works – sometimes termed "New Music" – such as Elliott Carter 's Changes , Cristóbal Halffter 's Codex I , Luciano Berio 's Sequenza XI , Maurizio Pisati 's Sette Studi , Maurice Ohana 's Si Le Jour Paraît , Sylvano Bussotti 's Rara (eco sierologico) , Ernst Krenek 's Suite für Guitarre allein, Op. 164 , Franco Donatoni 's Algo: Due pezzi per chitarra , Paolo Coggiola's Variazioni Notturne , etc. Performers who are known for including modern repertoire include Jürgen Ruck, Elena Càsoli, Leo Brouwer (when he

#929070