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85-621: The Shanhai Yudi Quantu is known to have been highly influenced by the Jesuit missions in China , starting with the work of Matteo Ricci . Matteo Ricci himself had two of his own maps entitled Shanhai Yudi Quantu : one engraved by Wu Zhongming ( 吳中明 , Wú Zhōngmíng ) and dated 1600 and another engraved by Guo Zizhang ( 郭子章 , Gūo Zĭzhāng ) and dated 1604. The Asian continent is marked phonetically 亞細亞 ( Modern Pinyin Yàxìyà , Middle Chinese Aseja ). This

170-400: A Dutch East India Company expedition in 1616 learned more about the geography. The latter expedition named Cape Horn at Hornos Island . On his first voyage with HMS  Beagle in 1830, Robert FitzRoy picked up four native Fuegians , including " Jemmy Button " ( Orundellico ) and Yokcushlu , and brought them to England. The three who survived the voyage were taken to London to meet

255-596: A German Jesuit missionary to China, organized successful missionary work and became the trusted counselor of the Shunzhi Emperor of the Qing Dynasty . He was created a mandarin and held an important post in connection with the mathematical school, contributing to astronomical studies and the development of the Chinese calendar. Thanks to Schall, the motions of both the sun and moon began to be calculated with sinusoids in

340-594: A Romanian explorer, was one of the most successful entrepreneurs in the region. Granted rights by the Argentine government to exploit any gold deposits he found in Tierra del Fuego, Popper has been identified as a central figure in the Selk'nam genocide . Following contact with Europeans, the native Selk'nam and Yaghan populations were greatly reduced by unequal conflict and persecution by settlers, by infectious diseases to which

425-647: A Chinese man visiting Britain. The king was so delighted by this visit that he had his portrait made hung in his own bedroom. Later, another Chinese Jesuit Arcadio Huang would also visit France, and was an early pioneer in the teaching of the Chinese language in France, in 1715. The Jesuits introduced to China Western science and mathematics which was undergoing its own revolution. "Jesuits were accepted in late Ming court circles as foreign literati, regarded as impressive especially for their knowledge of astronomy, calendar-making, mathematics, hydraulics, and geography." In 1627,

510-522: A co-founder of the Society of Jesus, when he decided to start missionary work in China. However, Xavier failed to find a way to enter the Chinese mainland, and died in 1552 on Shangchuan island off the coast of Guangdong , the only place in China where Europeans were allowed to stay at the time, albeit only for seasonal trade. A few years after Xavier's death, the Portuguese were allowed to establish Macau ,

595-636: A crucial role in disseminating accurate information about China in Europe. A part of the French Jesuit mission in China lingered on for several years after the suppression of the Society of Jesus until it was taken over by a group of Lazarists in 1785. Prior to the Jesuits, there had already been Chinese pilgrims who had made the journey westward, with two notable examples being Rabban bar Sauma and his younger companion, who became Patriarch Mar Yaballaha III , in

680-500: A glacier-carved depression in a pull-apart basin that has developed along the Magallanes-Fagnano Fault zone. Podzols and inceptisols occur beneath Nothofagus betuloides forests in Tierra del Fuego. The Tierra del Fuego region has a subpolar oceanic climate ( Köppen climate classification Cfc ) with short, cool summers and long, wet, moderately mild winters: the precipitation averages 3,000 mm (118 in)

765-406: A main island, Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego , often simply called Tierra del Fuego or Isla Grande, with an area of 48,100 km (18,572 sq mi), and a group of smaller islands. Of the main island the westernmost 29,484.7 km (11,384 sq mi , 61.43%) belongs to Chile, and 18,507.3 km (7,146 sq mi , 38.57%) belongs to Argentina. The archipelago is divided by an east–west channel,

850-496: A people both intelligent and learned. " The Spaniard Diego de Pantoja and the Italian Sabatino de Ursis were some of these talented men who joined Ricci in his venture. The Jesuits saw China as equally sophisticated and generally treated China as equals with Europeans in both theory and practice. This Jesuit perspective influenced Leibniz in his cosmopolitan view of China as an equal civilisation with whom scientific exchanges

935-453: A plains region ( Spanish : Región de las Planicies Orientales ) plus a sub-Andean zone in-between the last two zones ( Spanish : Región Sub-Andina Oriental ). The geology of the archipelago is influenced by the effects of the Andean orogeny and the repeated Pleistocene glaciations . The geology of the island can be divided into large east–west-oriented units. The southwestern islands of

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1020-541: A semi-permanent settlement on the mainland which was about 100 km closer to the Pearl River Delta than Shangchuan Island. A number of Jesuits visited the place (as well as the main Chinese port in the region, Guangzhou ) on occasion, and in 1563 the Order permanently established its settlement in the small Portuguese colony. However, the early Macau Jesuits did not learn Chinese, and their missionary work could reach only

1105-635: A terser and clearer edition of his Japanese grammar from Macao in 1620. The French Jesuit Joseph-Marie Amiot wrote a Manchu dictionary Dictionnaire tatare-mantchou-français (Paris, 1789), a work of great value, the language having been previously quite unknown in Europe . He also wrote a 15-volume Memoirs regarding the history, sciences, and art of the Chinese , published in Paris in 1776–1791 ( Mémoires concernant l'histoire, les sciences et les arts des Chinois , 15 volumes, Paris, 1776–1791). His Vie de Confucius ,

1190-471: A year in the far west, but precipitation decreases rapidly towards the eastern side. Temperatures are steady throughout the year: in Ushuaia they hardly surpass 9 °C (48 °F) in summers and average 0 °C (32 °F) in winters. Snowfall can occur in summer. The cold and wet summers help preserve the ancient glaciers . The southernmost islands possess a sub-antarctic climate typical of tundra that makes

1275-437: Is a prominent area to watch rare, endemic dolphins, and the less-studied pygmy right whales . Pinnipeds inhabiting the areas include South American sea lions ( Otaria flavescens ), South American fur seals ( Arctophoca australis ), the carnivorous and seal-eating leopard seals ( Hydrurga leptonyx ), and gigantic southern elephant seals ( Mirounga leonine )  – the largest extant marine mammal that

1360-421: Is also home to the lizard with the world's southernmost distribution, Liolaemus magellanicus . North American beavers , introduced during the 1940s, have proliferated and caused considerable damage to the island forests. The governments have established a wide-reaching program to trap and kill beavers in Tierra del Fuego. Like the mainland of Chile and Argentina to the north, this archipelago boasts some of

1445-520: Is an archipelago off the southernmost tip of the South American mainland , across the Strait of Magellan . The archipelago consists of the main island, Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego , with an area of 48,100 km (18,572 sq mi), and a group of many islands, including Cape Horn and Diego Ramírez Islands . Tierra del Fuego is divided between Argentina , which controls the eastern part of

1530-654: Is known about this continent – "Few have reached these southern regions. Things are not explored yet" ( 此南方地人至者少, 未審其物 ) – but also includes more placenames in it than in Africa, America, or Europe: A large number of maps were derived from the Shanhai Yudi Quantu , many of them are found today in Japanese and Korean archives, but their history is generally difficult to reconstruct. Jesuit missions in China The history of

1615-507: Is known to underlie some of the oil wells in northern Tierra del Fuego. The Magallanes–Fagnano Fault , a sinistral strike slip fault crosses the southern part of the main island from west to east. It is an active fault , located inside and parallel to the Fuegian fold and thrust belt , and marks the boundary between a southern belt of Paleozoic meta sediments and a northern Mesozoic belt of sedimentary sequences. Fagnano Lake occupies

1700-459: Is marked phonetically as 墨瓦臘泥加 ( Modern Pinyin Mèiwǎlàníjiā , Middle Chinese Mokngwalapneka ). This transliterates the name " Magallanica ", a name given to the prospective continent at the time in honor of Ferdinand Magellan , who had crossed past Tierra del Fuego and shown the southern continent (hypothesized since Ptolemy ) to be separate from South America. The map notes how little

1785-520: Is not a cetacean . The following table lists islands over 1 km . Area figures are from the USGS unless otherwise specified. Today, the main economic activities of the archipelago are fishing, extraction of natural gas and oil , sheep farming , and ecotourism . Tourism is gaining increasing importance as it attracts numerous upmarket visitors. Much of the tourism is based on "southernmost" claims: for example, both Ushuaia and Puerto Williams claim to be

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1870-468: Is shown in two pieces – Major ( 大爪哇 , Dà Zhǎowā ) and Minor ( 小爪哇 , Xiǎo Zhǎowā ) – far into the "Southwest" ( 西南海 ) and "Southern" ( 南海 ) Seas near the Antarctic. Europe is marked phonetically as 歐羅巴 ( Modern Pinyin Ōuluóbā , Middle Chinese Oulapa ). Europe is surrounded by the "Greater Western Ocean" ( 大西洋 , Dà Xī Yáng , a body of water formerly located east of Rome and conflated with

1955-597: Is the area of the map where most information can be found, and has been subdivided here by regions: Numerous areas and islands are named in this part of the world: The seas beside East Asia are the South China Sea ( 大明海 , lit. "Great Ming Sea") and the "Lesser Eastern Ocean" ( 小東洋 , Xiǎo Dōng Yáng ). To the north is the "Ice Sea" ( 冰海 , Bīng Hǎi ). Two seas are shown: the Bay of Bengal ( 旁葛臘海 , Pánggélà Hǎi ) and "Lesser Western Ocean" ( 小西洋 , Xiǎo Xī Yáng ). Java

2040-606: The Beagle Channel , immediately south of the main island. The largest islands south of the Beagle Channel are Hoste and Navarino . The western part of the main island, and almost all the other islands, belong to Chile. They are part of the Magallanes y Antártica Chilena Region , the capital and chief town of which is Punta Arenas , situated on the mainland across the strait. The largest Chilean towns are Porvenir , capital of

2125-534: The Imprimerie de la Mission Catholique (Sienhsien) , established in 1874. In the early 18th century, a dispute within the Catholic Church arose over whether Chinese folk religion rituals and offerings to the emperor constituted paganism or idolatry . This tension led to what became known as the "Rites Controversy," a bitter struggle that broke out after Ricci's death and lasted for over a hundred years. At first

2210-692: The Indian Ocean but now appropriately placed in the Atlantic ), the Mediterranean ( 地中海 , Dìzhōng Hǎi ), and the Black Sea ( 太海 , Tài Hǎi , lit. "Great Sea"). North America is marked as " 北亞墨利加 " ( Modern Pinyin Běi Yàmèilìjiā , Middle Chinese Pok Amoklika ). The only location is marked phonetically and is unknown: Another two unknown locations are on an island to America's northeast, possibly

2295-958: The Ming dynasty and the rise of the Manchu -led Qing dynasty brought some difficult years for the Jesuits in China. While some Jesuit fathers managed to impress Qing commanders with a display of western science or ecclesiastical finery and to be politely invited to join the new order (as did Johann Adam Schall von Bell in Beijing in 1644, or Martino Martini in Wenzhou ca. 1645–46), others endured imprisonment and privations, as did Lodovico Buglio and Gabriel de Magalhães in Sichuan in 1647–48 (see Catholic Church in Sichuan ), or Alvaro Semedo in Canton in 1649. Later, Johann Grueber

2380-623: The Nantang (Southern) Church and in 1655 the Dongtang (Eastern) Church. In 1703 they established the Beitang (Northern) Church near Zhongnanhai (opposite the former Beijing Library), on land given to the Jesuits by the Kangxi Emperor of the Qing Dynasty in 1694, following his recovery from illness thanks to medical expertise of Fathers Jean-François Gerbillon and Joachim Bouvet . Latin spoken by

2465-770: The Red Sea , called the "Western Red Sea" ( 西紅海 , Xī Hóng Hǎi ) to distinguish it from the Gulf of California ); the western Indian Ocean , called the "Arabian Sea" ( 亞蠟皮海 , Modern Pinyin Yàlàpí Hǎi , Middle Chinese Alapbie Hoy ); the Gulf of Guinea , called the "Libyan Sea" ( 利未亞海 , Lìwèiyà Hǎi ); and the Atlantic Ocean (again marked as " Oceano " 河摺亞諾滄 , Hézhéyànuò Cāng ). The still-uncertain Terra Australis – today Australia , Antarctica , New Zealand , and other islands –

2550-927: The Yongzheng Emperor expelled all missionaries who failed to support the Jesuit position. Among the last Jesuits to work at the Chinese court were Louis Antoine de Poirot (1735–1813) and Giuseppe Panzi (1734-before 1812) who worked for the Qianlong Emperor as painters and translators. From the 19th century, the role of the Jesuits in China was largely taken over by the Paris Foreign Missions Society . Tierra del Fuego Tierra del Fuego ( / t i ˈ ɛər ə d ɛ l ˈ f w eɪ ɡ oʊ / , Spanish: [ˈtjera ðel ˈfweɣo] ; Spanish for " Land of Fire ", rarely also Fireland in English)

2635-574: The missions of the Jesuits in China is part of the history of relations between China and the Western world . The missionary efforts and other work of the Society of Jesus , or Jesuits, between the 16th and 17th century played a significant role in continuing the transmission of knowledge, science, and culture between China and the West, and influenced Christian culture in Chinese society today. The first attempt by

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2720-462: The "Sea of Peru" ( 白露海 , Bólù Hǎi ) to the west, and the "Greater Eastern Ocean" ( 大東洋 , Dà Dōng Yáng ). Following classical geography , the continent of Africa is marked phonetically as " Libya " ( 利未亞 , Lìwèiyà ). Africa is surrounded by several seas. From the north, clockwise: the Mediterranean ; the "Lesser Western Ocean" ( 小西洋 , Xiǎo Xī Yáng ) in the Persian Gulf and Arabian Sea ;

2805-453: The "southernmost city in the world". On the Argentine side of Tierra del Fuego, the government has promoted the establishment of several electronic companies via tax exemptions, particularly in the city of Río Grande . Energy production is a crucial economic activity. On the Argentine side of Tierra del Fuego during the period 2005–2010, petroleum and natural gas extraction contributed 20% of

2890-482: The 13th century. While few 17th-century Jesuits returned from China to Europe, it was not uncommon for those who did to be accompanied by young Chinese Christians. Alexandre de Rhodes brought Emmanuel Zheng Manuo to Rome in 1651. Emmanuel studied in Europe and later became the first Chinese Jesuit priest. Andreas Zheng (郑安德勒; Wade-Giles : Cheng An-te-lo) was sent to Rome by the Yongli court along with Michał Boym in

2975-463: The 1645 Shíxiàn calendar (時憲書, Book of the Conformity of Time). His position enabled him to procure from the emperor permission for the Jesuits to build churches and to preach throughout the country. The Shunzhi Emperor, however, died in 1661, and Schall's circumstances at once changed. He was imprisoned and condemned to death by slow slicing . After an earthquake and the dowager's objection, the sentence

3060-509: The 1940s Chile and Argentina lodged their Antarctic claims. In the 1950s, the Chilean military founded Puerto Williams . In the 1960s and 1970s, sovereignty claims by Argentina over Picton, Lennox, and Nueva Islands in Tierra del Fuego led the two countries to the brink of war. In 1986, the Argentine congress decided that the Argentine part of Tierra del Fuego should be a new province. This happened in 26 April 1990. The archipelago consists of

3145-544: The Chilean Province of Tierra del Fuego , located on the main island, and, on Navarino Island, Puerto Williams , which is the capital of the Antártica Chilena Province . Puerto Toro lies a few kilometers south of Puerto Williams. Arguably, it is the southernmost village in the world. The mostly uninhabited islands north and west of the main island are part of Magallanes Province . The eastern part of

3230-640: The China Mission, entrusted with the task of recruiting more Jesuit priests to come to China, ensuring continued support for the Mission from the Church's central authorities, and creating favorable publicity for the Mission and its policies by publishing both scholarly and popular literature about China and Jesuits. One time the Chongzhen Emperor was nearly converted to Christianity and broke his idols. The fall of

3315-476: The Chinese imperial court, and carrying on significant inter-cultural and philosophical dialogue with Chinese scholars, particularly with representatives of Confucianism . At the time of their peak influence, members of the Jesuit delegation were considered some of the emperor's most valued and trusted advisors, holding prestigious posts in the imperial government. Many Chinese, including former Confucian scholars, adopted Christianity and became priests and members of

3400-586: The Chinese translation of Euclid 's Elements , published books in Chinese on Western hydraulics, and by predicting an eclipse which Chinese astronomers had not anticipated, opened the door to the reworking of the Chinese calendar using Western calculation techniques. This influence spread to Korea as well, with João Rodrigues providing the Korean mandarin Jeong Duwon astronomical, mathematical, and religious works in

3485-602: The Church of the East since the 7th century (see Christianity among the Mongols ). However, the overthrow of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty by the Ming dynasty in 1368 resulted in a strong assimilatory pressure on China's Muslim, Jewish, and Christian communities, and non- Han influences were forced out of China. By the 16th century, there is no reliable information about any practicing Christians remaining in China. Fairly soon after

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3570-633: The Confucian classics by several generations of Jesuits culminated with Fathers Philippe Couplet , Prospero Intorcetta , Christian Herdtrich , and François de Rougemont publishing Confucius Sinarum Philosophus ("Confucius, the Philosopher of the Chinese") in Paris in 1687. The book contained an annotated Latin translation of three of the Four Books and a biography of Confucius. It is thought that such works had considerable importance on European thinkers of

3655-574: The Jesuit Johann Schreck produced the first book to present Western mechanical knowledge to a Chinese audience, Diagrams and explanations of the wonderful machines of the Far West . This influence worked in both directions: [The Jesuits] made efforts to translate western mathematical and astronomical works into Chinese and aroused the interest of Chinese scholars in these sciences. They made very extensive astronomical observation and carried out

3740-523: The Jesuits to reach China was made in 1552 by St. Francis Xavier , Navarrese priest and missionary and founding member of the Society of Jesus. Xavier never reached the mainland, dying after only a year on the Chinese island of Shangchuan . Three decades later, in 1582, Jesuits once again initiated mission work in China, led by several figures including the Italian Matteo Ricci , introducing Western science, mathematics, astronomy, and visual arts to

3825-602: The Jesuits was used to mediate between the Qing and Russia. A Latin copy of the Treaty of Nerchinsk was written by Jesuits. Latin was one of the things which were taught by the Jesuits. A school was established by them for this purpose. A diplomatic delegation found a local who composed a letter in fluent Latin. The Jesuits were also very active in transmitting Chinese knowledge to Europe, such as translating Confucius 's works into European languages. Several historians have highlighted

3910-448: The Jesuits were making dangerous accommodations to Chinese sensibilities. In 1704 Rome decided against the ancient use of the words Shang Di (supreme emperor) and Tian (heaven) for God, and forbade the practice of sacrifices to Confucius and ancestors. Rome's decision was taken by the papal legate to the Kangxi Emperor , who rejected the decision and required missionaries to declare their adherence to "the rules of Matteo Ricci". In 1724,

3995-427: The Society of Jesus. According to research by David E. Mungello , from 1552 (i.e., the death of St. Francis Xavier) to 1800, a total of 920 Jesuits participated in the China mission, of whom 314 were Portuguese, and 130 were French. In 1844 China may have had 240,000 Roman Catholics, but this number grew rapidly, and in 1901 the figure reached 720,490. Many Jesuit priests, both Western-born and Chinese, are buried in

4080-441: The West by Jesuits. Polish Michal Boym authored the first published Chinese dictionaries for European languages, both of which were published posthumously: the first, a Chinese–Latin dictionary, was published in 1667, and the second, a Chinese–French dictionary, was published in 1670. The Portuguese Jesuit João Rodrigues , previously the personal translator of the Japanese leaders Hideyoshi Toyotomi and Tokugawa Ieyasu , published

4165-649: The archipelago, including Cape Horn , are part of the South Patagonian Batholith , while the Cordillera Darwin and the area around the Beagle Channel form the principal mountain range hosting the highest mountains. The Magallanes fold and thrust belt extends north of Almirantazgo Fjord and Fagnano Lake , and north of this lies the Magallanes foreland, an old sedimentary basin that hosts hydrocarbon reserves . Orthogneiss dated at 525 million years

4250-688: The cemetery located in what is now the School of the Beijing Municipal Committee. Contacts between Europe and the East already dated back hundreds of years, especially between the Papacy and the Mongol Empire in the 13th century. Numerous traders – most famously Marco Polo – had traveled between eastern and western Eurasia. Christianity was not new to the Mongols , as many had practiced Christianity of

4335-570: The court of the Yongli Emperor of the Southern Ming, and returned with the Pope's response that promised prayer, after some military assistance from Macau. There were many Christians in the court of the polygamist emperor. In 1685, the French king Louis XIV sent a mission of five Jesuit "mathematicians" to China in an attempt to break the Portuguese predominance: Jean de Fontaney (1643–1710), Joachim Bouvet (1656–1730), Jean-François Gerbillon (1654–1707), Louis Le Comte (1655–1728) and Claude de Visdelou (1656–1737). French Jesuits played

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4420-465: The early 1630s, which he carried back to Seoul from Dengzhou and Beijing , prompting local controversy and discussion decades before the first foreign scholars were permitted to enter the country. Like the Chinese, the Koreans were most interested in practical technology with martial applications (such as Rodrigues's telescope ) and the possibility of improving the calendar , with its associated religious festivals . Johann Adam Schall (1591–1666),

4505-400: The establishment of the direct European maritime contact with China (1513) and the creation of the Society of Jesus (1540), at least some Chinese became involved with the Jesuit effort. As early as 1546, two Chinese boys enrolled in the Jesuits' St. Paul's College in Goa , the capital of Portuguese India. One of these two Christian Chinese, known as Antonio, accompanied St. Francis Xavier ,

4590-487: The finest trout fishing in the world. Sea-run brown trout often exceed 9 kg (20 lb), particularly in rivers such as the Rio Grande and the San Pablo, and in the Lago Fagnano . Waters adjacent to Tierra del Fuego are very rich in cetacean diversity. Sightings of southern right whales in Tierra del Fuego have increased in the 2000s, humpbacks , and some others such as blue whales , southern fins , southern seis , and southern minkes . Beagle Channel

4675-418: The first modern cartographic work in China. They also learned to appreciate the scientific achievements of this ancient culture and made them known in Europe. Through their correspondence European scientists first learned about the Chinese science and culture. Jan Mikołaj Smogulecki (1610–1656) is credited with introducing logarithms to China, while Sabatino de Ursis (1575–1620) worked with Matteo Ricci on

4760-456: The focal point of dissension was the Jesuit contention that the ceremonial rites of Confucianism and ancestor veneration were primarily social and political in nature and could be practiced by converts. Spanish Dominicans and Franciscans, however, charged that the practices were idolatrous, meaning that all acts of respect to the sage and one's ancestors were nothing less than the worship of demons. Eventually they persuaded Pope Clement XI that

4845-410: The growth of trees impossible. Some areas in the interior have a polar climate. Regions in the world with similar climates to southern Tierra del Fuego are: the Aleutian islands , Iceland , the Alaska Peninsula , the Faroe Islands , Macquarie Island , and the Heard and McDonald Islands . Only 30% of the islands have forests, which are classified as Magellanic subpolar . The northeastern portion of

4930-506: The heavy winds and cool summers in the Faroe Islands did not allow the growth of trees from other regions in the world. The imported trees are used ornamentally, as curtains against wind, and to fight erosion caused by storms and grazing in the Faroe Islands. Among the most notable animals in the archipelago are austral parakeets , gulls , guanacos , South American foxes , kingfishers , Andean condors , king penguins , owls , and firecrown hummingbirds . Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego

5015-401: The impact that Jesuit accounts of Chinese knowledge had on European scholarly debates in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Ricci in his De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas had already started to report on the thoughts of Confucius; he (and, earlier, Michele Ruggieri ) made attempts at translating the Four Books , the standard introduction into the Confucian canon. The work on

5100-412: The indigenous people had no immunity , and by mass transfer to the Salesian mission of Dawson Island. Despite the efforts of the missionaries, many natives died. Today, only a few Selk'nam remain . Some of the few remaining Yaghan have settled in Villa Ukika in Navarino Island ; others have scattered throughout Chile and Argentina. Following the signing of the Boundary Treaty of 1881 , Tierra del Fuego

5185-404: The inhabited southwest coast of Greenland: The Gulf of California is marked as the "Eastern Red Sea" ( 東紅海 , Dōng Hóng Hǎi ) and the "Ice Sea" continues across the north. South America is marked as " 南亞墨利加 " ( Modern Pinyin Nán Yàmèilìjiā , Middle Chinese Nom Amoklika ). Surrounding it are the Atlantic Ocean (marked as " Oceano " 河摺亞諾滄 , Hézhéyànuò Cāng ) to the northeast,

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5270-503: The king and queen and were, for a time, celebrities. They returned to Tierra del Fuego in the Beagle with FitzRoy and Charles Darwin , who made extensive notes about his visit to the islands. During the second half of the nineteenth century, Salesian Catholic missions were established in Río Grande and Dawson Island . Anglican missionaries, who had established missions on Keppel Island in 1855, established new missions in 1870 at Ushuaia . These missions continued to operate through

5355-471: The late 1650s. Zheng and Boym stayed in Venice and Rome in 1652–55. Zheng worked with Boym on the transcription and translation of the Xi'an Stele , and returned to Asia with Boym, whom he buried when the Jesuit died near the Vietnam-China border. A few years later, another Chinese traveller who was called Matthaeus Sina in Latin (not positively identified, but possibly the person who traveled from China to Europe overland with Johann Grueber ) also worked on

5440-427: The main island and a few small islands in the Beagle Channel belong to Argentina. They are part of the Tierra del Fuego, Antarctic Territory and South Atlantic Islands Province , whose capital is Ushuaia , the largest city of the archipelago. The other important city in the region is Río Grande on the Atlantic coast. The Cordillera Darwin in the southwestern part of the main island contains many glaciers that reach

5525-435: The main island and a few small islands in the Beagle Channel, and Chile , which controls the remaining land area. The southernmost extent of the archipelago is just north of latitude 56°S . The earliest known human settlement in Tierra del Fuego dates to approximately 8,000 BC. Europeans first explored the islands during Ferdinand Magellan 's expedition of 1520. Tierra del Fuego and similar namings stem from sightings of

5610-417: The main island between 1883 and 1909. Numerous Argentines, Chileans, and Croatians settled on the main island, leading to increased conflicts with native Selk'nam . These late nineteenth century gold rushes led to the founding of numerous small settlements by immigrants, such as the Argentine settlements of Ushuaia and Río Grande and the Chilean settlements of Porvenir and Puerto Toro . Julius Popper ,

5695-439: The many bonfires that the natives built. Settlement by those of European descent and the displacement of the native populations did not begin until the second half of the nineteenth century, at the height of the Patagonian sheep farming boom and of the local gold rush . Today, petroleum extraction dominates economic activity in the north of Tierra del Fuego, while tourism, manufacturing, and Antarctic logistics are important in

5780-452: The nineteenth century. Missionary Thomas Bridges (1842–1898) learned the native language and compiled a 30,000-word Yaghan grammar and dictionary while he worked at Ushuaia. It was published in the 20th century and is considered an important ethnological work. An 1879 Chilean expedition led by Ramón Serrano Montaner reported large amounts of placer gold in the streams and river beds of Tierra del Fuego. This prompted massive immigration to

5865-441: The ocean. While Mount Darwin had previously been thought to be the tallest mountain in the archipelago, this distinction now belongs to the unofficially named Monte Shipton at 2,580 metres (8,460 feet). The topography of Tierra del Fuego can be divided into four regions: an outer archipelago region ( Spanish : Región Archipielágica ) to the south and west, a mountainous region in the south ( Spanish : Región Cordillerana ),

5950-467: The only forests in the world to have developed in a climate with such cold summers. Tree cover extends very close to the southernmost tip of South America. Winds are so strong that trees in wind-exposed areas grow into twisted shapes, inspiring people to call them "flag-trees". Tree vegetation extends to the southern tip of the region, Isla Hornos , although the Wollaston Islands are mostly covered by subantarctic tundra except in wind sheltered areas where

6035-402: The period, particularly those who were interested in the integration of the Confucian system of morality into Christianity . Since the mid-17th century, detailed Jesuit accounts of the Eight trigrams and the Yin/Yang principles appeared in Europe, quickly drawing the attention of European philosophers such as Leibniz . Chinese linguistics, sciences, and technologies were also reported to

6120-669: The region is made up of steppe and cool semi-desert. Six species of tree are found in Tierra del Fuego: canelo or winter's bark ( Drimys winteri ); Maytenus magellanica ; Pilgerodendron uviferum , the southernmost conifer in the world; and three kinds of southern beech : Nothofagus antarctica ; Nothofagus pumilio ; and the evergreen Nothofagus betuloides . Several kinds of fruit grow in open spaces in these forests, such as beach strawberry ( Fragaria chiloensis var. chiloensis forma chiloensis ) and calafate ( Berberis buxifolia ), which have long been gathered by both Native Americans and residents of European descent. They are

6205-484: The religious qualities of the Chinese: Ruggieri to the common people, in whom Buddhist and Taoist elements predominated, and Ricci to the educated classes, where Confucianism prevailed. Ricci, who arrived at the age of 30 and spent the rest of his life in China, wrote to the Jesuit houses in Europe and called for priests – men who would not only be " good ", but also " men of talent, since we are dealing here with

6290-524: The same Church of the East inscription. The result of their work was published by Athanasius Kircher in 1667 in the China Illustrata , and was the first significant Chinese text ever published in Europe. Better known is the European trip of Shen Fo-tsung in 1684–1685, who was presented to king Louis XIV on September 15, 1684, and also met with king James II , becoming the first recorded instance of

6375-521: The south. The earliest human settlement occurred approximately 8,000 BC. The Yaghan were some of the earliest known humans to settle in Tierra del Fuego. Archeological sites with characteristics of their culture have been found at locations such as Navarino Island . The name Tierra del Fuego was given by the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan while sailing for the Spanish Crown in 1520; he

6460-745: The study of Chinese. Accordingly, in 1579 the Italian Michele Ruggieri (1543–1607) was sent to Macau, and in 1582 he was joined at his task by another Italian, Matteo Ricci (1552–1610). Early efforts were aided by donations made by elites, and especially wealthy widows from Europe as well Asia. Women such as Isabel Reigota in Macau, Mercia Roiz in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), and Candida Xu in China, all donated significant amounts towards establishing missions in China as well as to other Asian states from China. Both Ricci and Ruggieri were determined to adapt to

6545-504: The trees can survive. Forests from Tierra del Fuego have expanded beyond local importance. These forests have been a source of trees that have been transplanted abroad in places with similar climate, but which originally were devoid of trees, such as the Faroe Islands and nearby archipelagos. Most species were gathered from the coldest places in Tierra del Fuego, mainly sites with tundra borders. This effort resulted in positive changes, as

6630-528: The twelfth volume of that collection, was more complete and accurate than any predecessors. Rodrigues and other Jesuits also began compiling geographical information about the Chinese Empire. In the early years of the 18th century, Jesuit cartographers travelled throughout the country, performing astronomical observations to verify or determine the latitude and longitude relative to Beijing of various locations, then drew maps based on their findings. Their work

6715-487: The very small number of Chinese people in Macau who spoke Portuguese. A new regional manager ("Visitor") of the order, Alessandro Valignano , on his visit to Macau in 1578–1579 realized that Jesuits would not get far in China without a sound grounding in the language and culture of the country. He founded St. Paul Jesuit College (Macau) and requested the Order's superiors in Goa to send a suitably talented person to Macau to start

6800-410: Was desirable. Just as Ricci spent his life in China, others of his followers did the same. This level of commitment was necessitated by logistical reasons: Travel from Europe to China took many months, sometimes years; and learning the country's language and culture was even more time-consuming. When a Jesuit from China did travel back to Europe, he typically did it as a representative ("procurator") of

6885-504: Was divided between Argentina and Chile; previously, it had been claimed in its entirety by both countries. In 1945, a division of Chilean CORFO (Spanish acronym for Production Development Corporation), engaged in oil exploration , discovered oil in northern Tierra del Fuego. Extraction began in 1949 and, in 1950, the Chile state-owned ENAP (National Petroleum Company) . Until 1960, most oil extracted in Chile came from Tierra del Fuego. During

6970-527: Was in Beijing between 1656 and 1661. During the several years of war between the Qing and the Southern Ming dynasties, it was not uncommon for some Jesuits to find themselves on different sides of the front lines: while Adam Schall was an important counselor of the Qing Shunzhi Emperor in Beijing, Michał Boym travelled from the jungles of south-western China to Rome, carrying the plea of help from

7055-494: Was not carried out, but he died after his release owing to the privations he had endured. A collection of his manuscripts remains and was deposited in the Vatican Library . After he and Ferdinand Verbiest won the tests against Chinese and Islamic calendar scholars, the court adapted the western calendar only. The Jesuits also endeavoured to build churches and demonstrate Western architectural styles. In 1605, they established

7140-450: Was summarized in a four-volume Description géographique, historique, chronologique, politique et physique de l'empire de la Chine et de la Tartarie chinoise published by Jean-Baptiste Du Halde in Paris in 1735, and on a map compiled by Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville (published 1734). To disseminate information about devotional, educational and scientific subjects, several missions in China established printing presses: for example,

7225-490: Was the first European to visit these lands. He believed he was seeing the many fires ( fuego in Spanish) of the indigenous inhabitants, which were visible from the sea, and that the "Indians" were waiting in the forests to ambush his armada . In 1525, Francisco de Hoces was the first to speculate that Tierra del Fuego was one or more islands rather than part of what was then called Terra Australis . Francis Drake in 1578 and

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