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78-613: Shah Jeewna (or Jewna, Jiwana, Jewana) is a town of Jhang District in the Punjab , Pakistan . it is located on the Jhang - Lalian road at 31°31'13N 72°20'21E 34 km from Jhang . Shah Jeewna was named after Syed Mehboob Alam Naqvi-ul Bukhari Al-Maroof Shah Jewna a famous pir and missionary also descendant of Jalaluddin Surkh-Posh Bukhari . His father Syed Sadaruddin Shah Kabeer Naqvi

156-534: A dense area of it once existed near Shorkot. Like the ukanh, jands growing in the Bars generally prefer moist, low-lying areas. The sohajna, or horseradish tree ( Moringa pterygosperma ), is found throughout the district, but is especially common in the Jhang tehsil. It gets pruned regularly every year, and its fruit is preserved and used in chutneys as well as to make pickles. The jal ( Salvadora oleoides ), also called

234-534: A dorsal ridge, covered with efflorescent saltpetre , between the fertile low-lying alluvial lands of the two rivers." This area has exceptionally sour soil and it extends as far south as Kadirpur Bakhsha. The Utar between the Jhelum and the Kirana Bar, in the area around Kot Isa Shah , is arguably the most fertile part of the district. Agriculture flourishes here, and there are plenty of trees for some distance away from

312-457: A drop in temperature, and the lack of muggy weather makes Jhang District more pleasant during this period than some other areas. Any pause in the rains, though, and the heat becomes intense again. The next major change usually happens in August, when the nights and mornings get cooler. When the cold weather begins depends on the amount of rainfall during August and September: if there is no rain, then

390-536: A fragrant smell and is coloured dark brownish-red. Cows will eat it, but only when desperate, because it is not very nutritious. Khawi grass is used to make khas-khas . Like khawi, panhi grass grows in hollows and depressions, but it sticks to better soils and does not grow in kallar . It somewhat resembles the buta in shape, although it is straight and stiff instead of drooping like the buta. Its roots are long and tough, and they are used to make rope as well as to make weavers ' brushes. Wolves are found in both

468-515: A large bazaar for Afghan traders, and the city prospered from trade via the Gomal Pass . An eight foot mud wall with nine gates was built around the city during this time as well, some of which such as the Kaneran Wala and Sakki survive until today. All existing buildings date from no earlier than the 19th century. D. I. Khan remained under Sadozai rule from the nearby town of Mankera until it

546-473: A much narrower channel. Since it is a fairly narrow river, islands are uncommon. The Jhelum floods a smaller area than the Chenab, but its deposits are much richer: more mud and less sand. A deposit of Jhelum silt can yield a good rice crop in its first year, unlike the Chenab. The zone on the banks of the Jhelum is "fertile, well wooded, densely cultivated, and supports a larger population than any other portion of

624-407: A police station in the nearby town of Kulachi , killing 10 police officers. The Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan claimed the responsibility of these attacks. In 2014, the wide-scale Operation Zarb-e-Azb was launched against militants throughout Pakistan, which resulted in a greatly improved security environment by 2016, although on January 4, 2017 15 people including five policemen were killed when

702-476: A regiment of Native cavalry, and three regiments of Native infantry. Detachments from these regiments helped to garrison the outposts of Drazinda, Jandola, and Jatta. The "Civil Lines" neighborhood was built to the south. The town possessed a civil hospital; its chief educational institutions were two aided Anglo-vernacular high schools, one maintained by the Church Missionary Society and the other by

780-414: A relatively narrow band of Hithar lowlands, there is a wide floodplain with many channels that carry floodwaters inland. There is a narrow band of rich sailab land along the riverbank. Beyond this, higher ground and patches of sandy sar -covered wasteland become common. Wells for irrigation also become more common farther away from the river. In February or March the view of this cis-Chenab portion of

858-514: A remote control planted bomb exploded on Bannu Road. On 17 February 2017, another five people, including four police officers, were killed after unidentified suspects opened fire on a police van near Mission Mor. As part of the 2015 China-Pakistan Economic Corridor , it was announced that D. I. Khan would be the terminus of the Hakla–Dera Ismail Khan Motorway — a four-lane controlled access motorway, 280 km in length, that

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936-403: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Jhang District Jhang District ( Punjabi and Urdu : ضلع جھنگ ) is a district of Faisalabad division in the Punjab province, Pakistan. Jhang city is the capital and administrative seat of the district. Jhang District has a triangle-like shape, with its apex at the narrow southwestern corner and its base on

1014-514: Is a smaller grass, inferior in quality. Its seeds are shaped like a woodlouse . The best grass of all is dhaman , which grows more in the north and less in the south. It will not grow on kallar soil. It is "a thick, juicy, pale green grass" that gets very tall with enough rain. It supposedly makes buffalo milk slightly intoxicating if they graze on it. Another good grass is pilan , which makes sweet hay and grows mixed with chhimbar and kheo . Kheo sprouts exceptionally quickly after rains; it

1092-472: Is a true lynx . Jackals historically were found along the Chenab "in great numbers", but not so much in the Bars. Two different kinds of foxes also live in the district: one is a light yellowish-brown colour, and it blends in with the ground after a drought; the other one is darker in colour. Wild pigs and hares also live in Jhang District. Birds found in the district include the houbara , which

1170-494: Is also not useful to humans. Jawanh, or the camelthorn , is mostly found in the waste and fallow lands that get flooded by the rivers; it is a weed that causes problems for agriculture. The leh, or thistle , is another weed that grows in old sailab lands. Two more problematic weeds are the harmal and the bhukil, which are found throughout the Kachhi areas under well-based agriculture. The harmal mostly grows on fallow lands, while

1248-510: Is called the obara here and is especially common throughout the district during the colder months; the coulon , or kunj , which comes here during the cold season and is most common in Hithar areas; and geese , which migrate here later than the coulon and are most common along the banks of the Jhelum and the lower Chenab. The sandgrouse is common throughout the district in November and December, and

1326-469: Is connected to Bannu via the highway, which further connects it to the provincial capital of Peshawar via Kohat and Darra Adam Khel . Another road connects D. I. Khan to Mianwali through Chashma Barrage , and another connects the city to Zhob . The third major road connects it to Bhakkar in Punjab , situated on the eastern bank of the Indus River . A bridge on the Indus River was constructed in

1404-459: Is cultivated land, but since its roots need to get down to water for it to thrive, it is most abundant in the Hithar lowlands along the rivers. Particularly in the southern Hithar, just about every well has a bunch of shishams growing around it, and many of them can get quite big. The shisham can be found either growing straight or drooping. The ber ( Ziziphus jujuba ) is a hardy tree, and it will grow just about anywhere, although it does best in

1482-415: Is enjoyed both by people and by animals. It usually ripens around the beginning of June, and it gets gathered, dried, and stored. Livestock that eat the pilu fruit are supposed to produce sweeter milk, and more of it. The karir bush ( Capparis aphylla ) grows alongside the jal throughout the district. Like the jal, it is especially common in the Kachhi and Bar regions. Sheep and goats readily graze off

1560-400: Is higher quality than murak , which also has this trait. Aleti , dedhak , and kilanj are three prostrate grasses that grow in Jhang District; all three of them are very hardy and do well during droughts. Sheep and goats eat them on the ground, while people dig them up and feed them to cattle. Khawi grass grows in hollows where water collects, and tends to favour kallar soil. It has

1638-681: Is named after the Kirana Hills , is part of the Chaj Doab between the Chenab and Jhelum rivers. Like the Sandal Bar, the Kirana Bar is generally separated from the Utar by a distinct ridge, called the Nakka . The flora is also similar between the two regions. However, the Kirana Bar has more fertile land than the Sandal Bar, and light rain showers can leave the Kirana Bar "carpeted with grass". The soil gets worse to

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1716-402: Is tall and high quality and requires a good deal of rain to thrive. Garham somewhat resembles lunak in appearance, but is taller and stronger. It does not grow in kallar soil, but instead usually grows under bushes that have been fertilised by dung . It is not as good as lunak. Kurya is an uncommon grass, but it is high quality and makes especially good grazing for horses. Khar madhuna

1794-480: Is the area where cattle graze. Closest to the border with the Bar, the distance to water is far, and the fertility of this area varies heavily depending on rainfall. Farmers try to bring rainwater down from the Bar uplands. Towards the southern end of the district, good grassland becomes less common, and trees become mostly absent except in some depressions where water collects when it rains. The Chenab itself widens out in

1872-450: Is the most preferred, and lani the least. Lana comes in two varieties, called gora and mithar . Khar is used to make sajji . Phog is mostly found in the Thal and in sandy parts of the Bars. It is rarely eaten by cattle, and it has no human use. Buin and khip are similarly useless to humans, and animals do not eat them. Ak is sometimes eaten by goats and deer if they get desperate, and it

1950-598: Is to begin at the M1 near Islamabad and serve as part of the Western Alignment of the economic corridor. On 3 November 2023, a bomb blast occurred in Dera Ismail Khan , in which a number of people were killed and injured. Dera Ismail Khan has a hot desert climate ( Köppen BWh ), bordering on a hot steppe climate (Koppen: BSh), with sweltering summers and warm winters. Rain mainly falls in two distinct periods: in

2028-402: Is very high quality and traditionally was used for practically every purpose, especially making wooden wheels . The bark, meanwhile, is traditionally used in tanning as well as to make spirits . The Kabuli kikar ( Acacia cupressiformis ) is also common in Jhang District, but it is less valued for human use. The shisham ( Dalbergia sissu ), also called the tahli, is found wherever there

2106-477: The Dera Ismail Khan Cantonment was established in 1894. By 1881 the city's population was 22,164. The military cantonment area, which lies southeast of the town, had an area of 44 square miles (110 km ), excluding the portion known as Fort Akalgarh on the northwest side. The Dera Ismail Brigade had its winter headquarters at Dera Ismail Khan, and the garrison consisted of a mountain battery,

2184-507: The Kachhi , which refers to "a country that is contained within some strongly marked boundary, here the Thal." The name is unrelated to the Urdu word kachcha meaning "unripe" or "unformed". The Kachhi only really exists south of the village of Sherowana — north of here, the Jhelum flows right next to the Thal. South of Sherowana, though, the Kachhi is about 9 miles wide and does not get inundated by

2262-513: The Kirana Bar , between the rivers, and the Thal , which is to the west of the Jhelum. These are high plateaus which slope down to the river valleys on either side. Finally, between the Hithar lowlands and the Bar and Thal uplands, there is an intermediate zone called the Utar. Each of these zones — Hithar, Utar, and the uplands — represent a different period of geological formation, with the uplands being

2340-667: The Muslim League and the Pakistan Movement . After the Partition of India and independence of Pakistan in 1947, the minority Hindus and Sikhs migrated to India, while the Muslim migrants from India settled in Dera Ismail Khan. In India, Model Town, Vijay Nagar and Derawal Nagar colony in Delhi absorbed many Hindu former residents of D. I. Khan. Following an influx of refugees following

2418-483: The quail is common in spring and autumn. The most common snakes in the district include the karet and the cobra . The Bars especially are home to a large variety, including many venomous ones. This district comprises four sub-districts (or Tehsils ): (km²) (2023) (ppl/km²) (2023) Dera Ismail Khan It is 300 kilometres (190 mi) south of the provincial capital Peshawar , and 230 kilometres (140 mi) northwest of Multan , Punjab . In

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2496-598: The 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan , D. I. Khan's population tripled. During the November 2008 Dera Ismail Khan bombing , Shia religious leader Allama Nazir Hussain Shah was shot dead in a sectarian killing with Shah Iqbal Hussain. During his funeral prayers, a suicide bomber blew himself up, killing nine people and injuring 39. In the January 2009 bombings , 52 people were injured while 16 were killed as three explosions took place in

2574-408: The Bars, the ukanh is a common sight wherever water collects or the soil is moister than usual. Its wood is hard and used for various purposes. The jand ( Acacia leucophelea ) is usually encountered as a stunted bush or shrub, but in more conducive conditions it can grow into a large tree. The presence of jand shrubs is a sign of good underlying soil. Jand jangal is uncommon in the Hithar, also

2652-468: The Bharatri Sabha, and an Anglo-vernacular middle school maintained by the municipality. According to the 1901 census, the population of Dera Ismail Khan was 31,737, of whom 18,662 were Muslims, 11,486 Hindus, and 1,420 Sikhs. Of the total, 3,450 lived in the cantonment. The predominantly Muslim population (which accounted for more than 80 % of the local population of Dera Ismail Khan) supported

2730-574: The British. The city was on the edge of the Tribal Areas — lands that were frequently in rebellion against British Indian Empire. The town did not rise up in revolt against British Indian Empire during the 1857 Sepoy Mutiny . In 1861, D. I. Khan was made into the Divisional Capital of the new Dera Ismail Khan Division : analogous to a British county. The municipality was constituted in 1867, while

2808-501: The Chenab are usually very sandy, and they usually require successive deposits of silt in order to become good for agriculture. This tendency has led to a saying, "it takes gold and gives copper." The upper Chenab has "enormous powers of erosion" but it works slowly, and its flooding is fairly regular. Compared to the Chenab , the Jhelum contains a much smaller volume of water, and it flows in

2886-427: The Jhelum's floods. A distinct feature of the Kachhi is the absence of grass. The soil is clayey, and water does not penetrate it but instead drains off into depressions. The salts left behind prevent the growth of plants, and the surface is barren as a result. The Kachhi does, however, support a "stunted forest" of jal bushes close to the Thal, and karir closer to the river. The upper Chenab, before receiving

2964-452: The Sandal Bar and the Kirana Bar, and historically they were fairly common. Hyenas live here but have never been common. Two types of wild cats live in the district, and both of them are called the bar-billa . One type is distinguished by its long tail and is actually descended from domesticated cats that became feral . It grows larger than domesticated cats, and can run especially fast. The other type, distringuished by its short tail,

3042-444: The Sandal Bar and the district as a whole, the soil gradually gets worse towards the south. In general, the area closest to the river bank is the most fertile, with almost continuous areas of cultivation. There are lots of wells for irrigation, each one surrounded by a cluster of trees (most commonly kikar and shisham ). Going further east, the wells become less frequent and they are interspersed by patches of wasteland. Beyond this

3120-519: The alluvial plains are typically Baloch or Jat . Dera Ismail Khan region was part of Multan Subah of Mughal Empire, though D. I Khan never attained a station of great power or importance before the British period. D. I. Khan grew prosperous as a trading centre for Powindah nomads, during Nader Shah's invasion of the Mughal Empire. D. I. Khan was ruled by nine generations of Baloch leaders descended directly from Ismail Khan. The last, Nusrat Khan,

3198-459: The bahn ( Populus euphratica , locally called the ubhan ), which is found on some river islands, particularly just above the Domel. One of the most significant plants found in Jhang District is the buta ( Tripidium bengalense , syn. Saccharum munja ), which is extremely common in the Chenab valley but not so much along the Jhelum. It gets more common the further south you go. Different parts of

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3276-427: The bhukil grows in light sandy soil alongside crops, and it "chokes" the crops and kills them. Grasses are important in Jhang District because they form pasturage for livestock. The most common grass in the district is the chhimbar , which thrives in all types of soil. It grows densely, and with good rainfall it can get very tall. Lamb is a feathery grass that grows in kallar . Lunak also grows in kallar ; it

3354-402: The boundary of the Utar zone is the alluvial plain flooded by the river each year. This area is heavily cultivated, mostly for Rabi crops — generally only higher, lighter soils are used to grow autumn crops. The soil in this zone ranges from stiff clay to sand, but usually tends to be a light loam , "easily worked and retentive of moisture." Below Shorkot , the Utar recedes, and instead of

3432-585: The city. In May 2009 , three explosions caused the deaths of five people while nine were injured. On 14 June 2009, eight people were killed while 27 injured in an explosion in Pir Market near a bus stand. On 29 July 2009, two people were killed and four injured when a bomb planted in car detonated near the district court. On May 18, 2010 , a bomb planted on a motorcycle exploded near a police van killing 13 people while injuring 14. On 25 June 2011 , between 10 and 12 militants of Tehreek-i-Taliban Pakistan attacked

3510-428: The cooling happens more gradually and people stop using pankhas around early-mid October. With rain, the cold weather begins much more quickly. Like in the rest of Punjab, cold weather in Jhang District is characterised by crisp, fresh mornings; cool, bright days; and frosty nights. Rain generally does not fall during October and November, but it does at the end of December as well as during January and February. By

3588-448: The cultivation is hidden from view, or only peeps out near a well or where a piece of sailáb cultivation larger than usual is found. Beyond the river rise dark against the horizon the trees growing round villages that fringe the further bank. The climate of Jhang District is the same as the climate for all of southern Punjab. At the start of June, the weather becomes intensely hot, and the kikar and ber trees lose all their leaves due to

3666-408: The district from an old mound or eminence has a peaceful beauty peculiar to itself. A sea of yellow grass rippling in the breeze, edged on the west by a silver ribbon of river, are the features that first strike the eye. Dotted over the surface are dark clumps of trees round the wells, and here and there a few groves of date palms. Towards the river long stretches of wheat are to be seen, while nearer in

3744-461: The district, the Sandal Bar "rises abruptly from the Utar, and the summit of the dividing ledge is from 10 to 30 feet above the plain below." This sudden rise gradually lessens further south, until eventually there is no clear distinction between the Bar and the Utar. The quality of the soil generally decreases towards the south, with Kallar plains more frequent, and the better types of grass such as dhaman also become rarer. The Kirana Bar, which

3822-432: The district." Immediately downstream from the Domel, the lower Chenab begins to flood a much larger area. Large islands (called bela s or bindi s) form much more frequently than they do upstream. There are many channels of the river that are dry during cold weather and fill up with water whenever the water level rises. A thick lai jangal grows along the riverbank, mixed with patches of cropland. Between this band and

3900-434: The district; it gets used to make rafters for houses. Other trees that are found in Jhang District include the siris ( Acacia speciosa ), which is rare but gives good shade; the bohar ( Ficus indica ), which is found throughout the district but especially thrives near the rivers; the pipal ( Ficus religiosa ), which is found throughout the district but less commonly than the bohar; the bakain ( Melia azaderach ); and

3978-412: The early 1980s, before which the approach to Bhakkar was made through a boat bridge . Another road connect it to district Tank which further leads towards Jandola -AngoorAdda areas of South South Waziristan district at North west and Pezu on eastern side. D. I. Khan is at the terminus of the Hakla–Dera Ismail Khan Motorway — a 280-km, four-lane controlled access motorway that is to extend from

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4056-472: The end of March, it gets noticeably warmer; April and May are both hot and dry. The most common tree in Jhang District is the kikar ( Acacia arabica ), especially in the Hithar zone along the Jhelum and Chenab rivers. It grows quickly, which is the main reason why it is generally preferred as a wood tree. It is vulnerable to frost when young, but less so when mature. The tree's pods and loppings from pruning are readily eaten by sheep and goats. Kikar wood

4134-436: The fertile soil of the Hithar. It is considered unlucky to cut down a ber, and its fruit is held in high regard. The fruit ripens around March, and it has an acidic taste. The ukanh ( Tamarix orientalis ), also called the farash or the khagal, is not common except in the Bars and the Kachhi. In the Kachhi, ukanh are usually gnarled and stunted except around wells, and they are usually not chosen to be planted by people. In

4212-467: The heat. A hot wind blows consistently from the south and southwest throughout the month of June; the wind becomes more variable with the onset of the monsoon . Until the last few days in June, the nights are somewhat cooler than the days, and from that point on both day and night are very hot. The monsoon rains generally start by mid-July, and then they fall constantly with few if any pauses. The rains bring

4290-406: The jal tree's roots, and camels like to eat its leaves during the first part of the hot season. The jal is well-regarded for giving good shade. Historically, cattle thieves in the Bars would frequently hide stolen animals under jal trees. The jal does not make good firewood — it produces "an enormous quantity of ash", it stinks when burned, and it doesn't give off much heat. The pilu fruit, though,

4368-447: The karir, and cows will do so as well when other food is hard to come by. It has a pinkish-white flower called the bata, as well as a berry called the dehla. The dehla is eaten when ripe, but not extensively, and it is nowhere near as esteemed as ber or pilu fruit. The unripe berries are pickled or made into a tonic for horses. Karir wood is less susceptible (but not immune) to infestation by white ants than other types of wood found in

4446-817: The late winter and early spring from February to April, and in the monsoon in July and September. D. I Khan is situated at an altitude of 177 metres above sea level. Saraiki are main ethnic groups in Dera Ismail Khan District in simple majority. Total population of DI Khan District is 1,822,916 consists of Males 956,098 & females 866,667 as of 2023 Pakistani census . Languages of Dera Ismail Khan District ( 2023 Pakistani census ) There are 1,198,862 Saraiki , 582,703 Pashto , 31,152 Urdu , 4,765 Punjabi , 863 Sindhi , 791 Balochi , 490 Kashmiri , 2,738 Hindko , 5 Brahui , 18 Shina , 2 Balti , 3 Kalasha & 524 others of total 1,822,916 . The city

4524-466: The local language, the word ḍerā means "tent, encampment", and is commonly found in the name of towns in the Indus Valley such as Dera Ghazi Khan and Dera Bugti . It is named after Dodai mercenary Ismail Khan, son of Malik Sohrab Dodai , who founded the town. "Dera Ismail Khan" so it means "Camp of Ismail Khan." The region around Dera Ismail Khan has been inhabited for millennia, as evidenced by

4602-447: The most important is the munj, which gets made into rope . Kanh ( Saccharum spontaneum ) is only found in the moistest areas along the rivers. It makes the thickest jangal in the district, and it is especially liked by buffaloes for grazing as well as by wild pigs. It gets used to make pens, but not for thatching because it's too valuable. Lana, lani, and khar are all found in Jhang District, and they are all eaten by camels. Khar

4680-536: The most part, the Utar on the west side of the Chenab is the same as the Utar on the east. There is a similar band of well-based agriculture on this side. Further west, in the Shah Jiwana taluka, the landscape changes to become either partially covered by sparse sar grass or otherwise bare kallar plains. The lowest part of the triangle between the Jhelum and the Chenab is called the Vichanh, which "may be described as

4758-453: The name Chenab, and it leaves the district just to the east of the far southwestern corner of that triangle. The geography of the Jhang district can be divided into several regions, based on the course of its two major rivers. First is the Hithar, or lowland areas that get flooded annually by the rivers. Next, there are three distinct upland areas: the Sandal Bar , to the east of the Chenab,

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4836-566: The nearby site of Rehman Dheri — a pre-Harappan archaeological site dating back from 3300 BCE. In the seventh century, the city had a large population of Brahmins and Buddhists. D. I. Khan is located in the historical Derajat region, which was established in the 15th century, when Baloch people were invited to settle the region by Shah Husayn, of the Langah Sultanate of Multan . Baloch settlers were assimilated through the, later waves of Pashtun settlement, although villagers along

4914-419: The northeastern side. The district is traversed by two major rivers, the Jhelum and the Chenab . The Chenab, generally flowing towards the southwest, runs right down the middle of the district, practically dividing the district into two equal parts. The Jhelum enters Jhang District to the west of the Chenab and flows almost due south until it meets the Chenab at a place called Domel. The combined river takes

4992-464: The oldest, and they are all of alluvial origins. Historically, the upland zones were mostly inhabited by pastoralists who grazed their herds on the wide plains here. They lived in temporary habitations of thatched huts and moved around frequently. Under the British Raj , most of this land was held directly by the government. The easternmost upland area is the Sandal Bar. In the northern parts of

5070-415: The only greenery in sight. Grass does grow abundantly after a good rain, but good rains only happen rarely. The Utar zone is very important from a human perspective because it contains most of the district's settlements. The characteristics of this zone vary somewhat between several different areas: This area varies in width from 4 to 16 miles, with the average usually being about 8 miles wide. As with

5148-405: The plant go by different names: the leaves are called sar , the flower stems are called kana and tili , and the stem sheaths are called munj . In October and November, before the kana stems are cut, they crowd one's view, and the difference after they are cut is "astonishing". During the cold season, cattle almost exclusively eat these plants. Every part of the buta plant has human uses, but

5226-437: The river's course. In areas where the banks are fairly close together, the whole area between them is reliably flooded each year. In areas where the river has eroded more of the Utar and the banks are farther apart, however, the flood patterns are less predictable. In these places, in order to ensure that the water floods fields, people set up embankments across the nala s to raise the water level. The deposits left behind by

5304-444: The river, atop a small plateau. Nawab Sadozai took into consideration the opinions of Diwan Lakhi Mal and Tej Bhan Nandwani for the city's reconstruction. Architects were brought in from Punjab, who designed a city where Hindus would live south of the city center and Muslims north of it. Four bazaars were laid in each of the cardinal directions, with all four converging in the town's central Chowgalla . The rebuilt city contained

5382-400: The river. To the east, farther away from the Jhelum, is an infertile zone with lots of kallar , and then comes the Kirana Bar. No clear high ridge separates this part of the Kirana Bar from the Utar. The kallar plains of the border area are interspersed by some patches of fertile soil, such as the one around the village of Bhairo . The Utar between the Thal and the Jhelum is also called

5460-422: The south, and the Utar becomes more narrow. Traces of river action are more common here, with more depressions and sand dunes. At the far southern end of the district is a distinct area formed by relatively recent river activity; the soil here is light and sandy, and the water table is very high and close to the surface. Areas here that are not under cultivated are covered by a dense growth of sar grass . For

5538-618: The underlying soil only pokes out in patches. The main colour of the soil here is a light reddish brown. Well -based agriculture is done in other parts of the Thal closer to the Indus , but due to the lack of access to water, there is little to no cultivation in the parts of the Thal included in Jhang district. For the most part, this part of the Thal is a wasteland, dominated by rolling sand hills that run parallel to each other. These are interspersed with occasional patches of good soil studded with pilu bushes, which along with some trees form just about

5616-407: The wan or pilu, is very common throughout the district, with the largest trees generally being found in the Kachhi and the Bars. It is known by all three names, but its fruit is exclusively called pilu. There are two kinds of jal tree: the kaura jal and the miththa jal. The kaura jal's leaves are much darker, longer, and wider than the mitha jal's leaves. Cobras especially like to hide under

5694-450: The waters of the Jhelum at the Domel, is "a broad shallow stream, with a sluggish current and a licentious course. Its deposits are sandy, but its flood is extensive, and from the loose texture of the soil on its banks, the moisture penetrates far inland." The upper Chenab is contained between two well-defined banks and it rarely spills over them except at certain known points. The width between these two banks varies significantly throughout

5772-459: The west of the Kirana Hills, towards the Jhelum river, and more kallar soil is found. Not much of the Thal is included in Jhang District, although the district boundary juts out further to include more of it south of the road connecting Jhang with Dera Ismail Khan . The Thal is an elevated plateau like the Bars, but with one major difference — it is almost completely covered in sand dunes, and

5850-455: Was General Henry Charles Van Cortland, who arrived in February 1848, before departing later that year to quell a revolt in nearby Multan . Following the defeat of rebels at Multan, Lieutenant Butler was made the next deputy commissioner of D. I. Khan and Bannu . Under his rule, city's infrastructure and colonial administration system were established in which top posts were exclusively occupied by

5928-673: Was annexed by Bhatti Jatsikh ruler Maharaja Nau Nihal Singh of the Sikh Empire in 1836. Diwan Lakhi Mal appointed city's Kardar ruler, though the Nawabs of the city from the Durrani order were allowed to maintain their title and some income. The city suffered under punitive taxes that lead to frequent complaints in the Sikh Darbar at Lahore, resulting in several changes of Kardar . D. I. Khan's first deputy commissioner under British Indian Empire

6006-472: Was polyester and advisor of King Sikandar Lodi. Shah Jewna migrated from Kannauj to Shah Jeewna (a town named after him), which was deserted until he settled there. Jewna's descendants still present in various places of India and Pakistan. 31°31′N 72°20′E  /  31.517°N 72.333°E  / 31.517; 72.333 This article about a location in Jhang District , Punjab, Pakistan

6084-517: Was removed from power after the city was captured by Ahmad Shah Durrani in 1750. In 1794, the city was granted to Nawab Muhammad Khan Sadozai by Shahzada Kamran Durrani . The original town was swept away by flooding on the Indus River in 1823. The present city was founded by Nawab Sher Muhammad Khan of the Saddozai clan in 1825, and now stands four miles (6  km) away from the permanent channel of

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