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36-574: The legend of the Seven Sleepers of Ephesus was first presented by Jacob of Serugh around 500 AD and later popularized by Gregory of Tours . Its Western version was part of the widely distributed Golden Legend hagiography collection compiled by Jacobus de Voragine about 1260. The cult became common during the Crusades of the High and Late Middle Ages, and June 27 was declared a commemoration day in most of

72-478: A "confessor", a title reserved for those who were persecuted but not killed for their faith. Jacob believed that Paul's refusal to sign the text was correct. After a military leader named Patricius invaded Edessa to, Jacob then composed his Letter 35 to the military leader of the city, Bessas . Bessas is praised for his faith which has helped to exalt the city. Jacob recognizes the suffering Bessas had endured for his faith as well and compares him with Abgar of Edessa ,

108-404: A brawl started. The Suruç hospital camera were damaged. This events happened days after Erdogan was filmed encouraging identification and intimidation of opposition voters on sites. In the local elections on 31 March 2019 Hatice Çevik was elected as Mayor. Kenan Aktaş was appointed Kaymakam , as representative of the state. On the 15 November 2019 Çevik was detained, and the next day she

144-739: A great reputation. His works were so popular that of any author from late antiquity , only the writings of Augustine of Hippo and John Chrysostom survive in a greater number of manuscripts than Jacob's. His work earned him many nicknames, including "Flute of the Holy Spirit" (which also belonged to his predecessor Ephrem the Syrian ), and "Lyre of the Believing Church" (in Antiochene Syriac Christianity ). Both Chalcedonian and non-Chalcedonian traditions of Christianity now take him as

180-1173: A high North Atlantic oscillation between the Icelandic Low and the Azores High implies a long-standing influx of wet air masses into Central Europe. Similar weather lore exists referring to Saint John's Day on 24 June, Saint Medardus' Day on 8 June (especially in the Czech Republic and Hungary , but also in France ), Saints Gervasius and Protasius on 19 June, the Feast of the Visitation on 2 July (pre-1969 calendar), Seven Brothers' Day on 10 July, and St Swithun's Day on 15 July. Jacob of Serugh Jacob of Serugh ( Syriac : ܝܥܩܘܒ ܣܪܘܓܝܐ , romanized :  Yaʿquḇ Sruḡāyâ , Classical Syriac pronunciation: [ˌjaˤˈquβ sᵊˌruɣˈɒˌjɒ] ; Latin : Iacobus Sarugiensis ; c. 452–521), also called Jacob of Sarug or Mar Jacob ( Syriac : ܡܪ ܝܝܥܩܘܒ , romanized :  Mār Yaʿquḇ ),

216-426: A publication now in the public domain :  McLean, Norman (1911). " Jacob of Sĕrūgh ". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 114–115. Suru%C3%A7 Suruç ( pronounced [ˈsuɾutʃ] ; Kurdish : Pirsûs ; Syriac : ܣܪܘܓ Sruḡ ) is a municipality and district of Şanlıurfa Province , Turkey . Its area

252-575: A saint. Jacob was born around the middle of the fifth century in the village of Kurtam ( ܟܘܪܬܘܡ ) on the Euphrates in the ancient region of Serugh, which stood as the eastern part of the province of Commagene (corresponding to the modern districts of Suruç and Birecik ). He was educated in the famous School of Edessa and became chorepiscopus back in the Serugh area, serving rural churches of Haura ( ܚܘܪܐ , Ḥaurâ ). His tenure of this office extended over

288-608: A time of great trouble to the Christian population of Mesopotamia , due to the fierce war carried on by the Sasanian emperor Kavadh I within the Roman borders. In 519 and at the age of 67, Jacob was elected bishop of the main city of the area, called in Syriac Baṭnān d-Sruḡ ( ܒܛܢܢ ܕܣܪܘܓ ). As Jacob was born in the same year as the controversial Council of Chalcedon , he lived through

324-559: Is 744 km , and its population is 100,961 (2022). It is on a plain near the Syrian border 46 kilometres (29 mi) southwest of the city of Urfa . Suruç is situated in a fertile district that is well-suited to growing fruits and grapevines. It is centrally located between the Euphrates on the west and Urfa and Harran on the east; it is about a day's journey from both cities (using pre-industrial transportation). This traffic brought it some degree of commercial prosperity as well. This

360-842: Is Roger-Youssef Akhrass and Imad Syryany, eds., 160 Unpublished Homilies of Jacob of Serugh (Damascus 2017), 1:xiv – xxiii. Jacob's homilies are found in a substantial number of surviving manuscripts. The earliest are from the sixth and seventh centuries, and massive manuscripts have also been recovered produced in the eleventh-thirteenth centuries containing up to two hundred of Jacob's homilies. A distinct transmission of manuscripts of Jacob's writings also permeated monastic circles. Manuscripts of Jacob's homilies are also found in multiple languages beyond Syriac to which they were translated, including Coptic , Georgian , Armenian , Arabic , and Ethiopic . The number of Jacob's works translated into Arabic number over one hundred, and there are over two hundred Armenian manuscripts of them that date from

396-665: Is a native of Suruç who was driven out by the Christians. Crusader rule in Suruç came to an end in January 1145, when the town was captured by Imad ad-Din Zangi . In the 1300s, Abu'l-Fida described the town as lying in ruins. In 1517 the area was brought into the Ottoman Empire by Selim I . In late Ottoman times, Suruç was the seat of a kaymakam . On 19 October 2014, journalist Serena Shim

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432-427: Is best known for the homilies he wrote in the late fifth and early sixth centuries. He wrote in prose , as well as in 12-syllable ( dodecasyllabic ) meter , which he invented, and he was known for his eloquence . According to Jacob of Edessa , he composed 763 works during his lifetime. Around 400 survive, and over 200 of those have been published. The longest is about 1,400 verses. By the time of his death, he had

468-517: The Assyrian genocide , Suruç (Serudj) had close to 2,000 Syriac residents. Today, Suruç is inhabited mostly by ethnic Kurds . Batnae was important enough in the Roman province of Osroene to become a suffragan bishopric of its capital Edessa's Metropolitan, yet was to fade. The most famous Bishop of the city was Jacob of Serugh , the great Syriac Christian hymnographer born around 451 at Kurtam on

504-545: The Catholic dioceses. Contrary to popular belief, the name of the day does not refer to the edible dormouse ( Glis glis ), a rodent known as Siebenschläfer in German for its seven-month hibernation . The story appears in the Qur'an (Surah Al-Kahf 18:26), where they are called "The people of the cave". The Islamic version includes more details such as the mention of a dog, who accompanied

540-555: The Christian community of Najran under the Jewish Himyarite king Dhu Nuwas , which had caused widespread reactions in the world of Syriac Christianity . Between 518 and 521, Jacob composed his Letter to the Himyarites to help extol them for their faith and their endurance. This text is also the only extant literary composition that was sent into pre-Islamic Arabia . Jacob is especially famous for his metrical homilies in

576-413: The Euphrates and educated at Edessa becoming a priest at Hawra in the Serugh district, as a wandering pastor of several villages. At the age of 67 he was made bishop of Batnan, where he died around 521. Jacob avoided the theological controversies of his age, and is claimed with equal eagerness by Chalcedonian and non-Chalcedonian Christians as one of their own. He wrote several Hymns, 760 homilies and

612-489: The Seljuk princes of Damascus and Aleppo enabled the early Artuqid prince Sökmen to establish a principality based at Suruç. This only lasted briefly, though — in 1101, the crusader Baldwin I of Jerusalem captured Suruç. For almost half a century, Suruç then formed part of the crusader County of Edessa . This is alluded to in the works of the contemporary poet al-Hariri : the hero of his maqāmāt , Abū Zayd al-Sarūjī,

648-523: The Song of Alexander , thought to have been written sometime between the last quarter of the sixth and the first half of the seventh century. Towards the end of his life, the fate of Miaphysite leaders such as himself took a turn for the worse with the accession of Justin I (r. 518–527) to the throne of the Byzantine Empire . In response to these affairs, Jacob composed two letters and they were composed in

684-606: The Syriac language . Later, Jacob of Edessa would also compose his own Hexaemeron . Jacob's literary activity was unceasing. According to Bar Hebraeus ( Chron. Eccles. i. 191) he employed 70 amanuenses and wrote in all 760 metrical homilies, besides expositions, letters and hymns of different sorts. Paul Bedjan 's edition of selected metrical homilies (Paris 1905–1908) containing 146 pieces all written throughout in dodecasyllabic metre, and those published deal mainly with biblical themes, though there are also poems on such subjects as

720-417: The dodecasyllabic verse of which, says Bar Hebraeus , he composed over eight hundred known to us. Only a selection of them have been published in modern translations, but an ongoing translation series is underway and being published by Gorgias Press . As of 2018, 20% of Jacob's corpus had been translated and 33% had been assigned to scholars for translation. The most recent compilation of the works of Jacob

756-519: The Great , Roman emperor who reigned from 306 to 337, brought the town under the control of the city of Edessa . One of the most famous residents of the district is its 6th-century Syriac bishop and poet- theologian Jacob of Serugh . The Catholic Church hold the bishopric as a titular see of that church, though they had little presence in the area, while the Syriac church holds a separate Bishopric in

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792-448: The Syriac translation of Evagrius. Another Bishop was Abraham of Batnae , a contemporary of Basil of Caesarea . The bishopric would be nominally restored in two different titular bishoprics , for different Catholic rite-specific particular churches. Established in the early 20th century, under repeatedly changed names: Bathna(-Jarug), Bathnan(Sarugh), Bathnae. Suppressed in 1933, restored under its present name in 1965. It has had

828-645: The deaths of Christian martyrs , the fall of the idols and the First Council of Nicaea . Of Jacob's prose works, which are not nearly so numerous, the most interesting are his letters, which throw light upon some of the events of his time and reveal his attachment to Miaphysitism , which was then struggling for supremacy in the Syriac churches, and particularly at Edessa, over the opposite teaching of Nestorius . Jacob gained sufficient repute as an author and composer of works that others began to compose works and pseudonymously attribute them to Jacob, one example being

864-454: The difference to the Julian calendar amounted to ten days, July 7 would be the actual Seven Sleepers Day. Based on this date the prediction has a slightly increased probability of about 55–70%, if confined to the southern parts of Germany, where the rule seems to have originated. In contrast, the weather lore is not applicable to Northern Germany and its rather oceanic climate . Depending on

900-650: The following context. First, on March 28, 519, Justin adopted a pro-Chalcedonian text known as the Formula of Faith which had been written by Pope Hormisdas a few years beforehand, in 515. However, Paul of Edessa , the bishop of Edessa , refused to sign the text, which led Justin to lay siege to the city in November. Paul was exiled, but after forty days was allowed to be let back into the city in December. Immediately thereafter, Jacob wrote his Letter 32 to Paul. In it, he called Paul

936-443: The intense rifts that split Eastern Christianity , which led to most Syriac speakers being separated from Byzantine communion . Even though imperial persecution of anti-Chalcedonians became increasingly brutal towards the end of Jacob's life, he remained surprisingly quiet on such divisive theological and political issues. However, when pressed in correspondence by Paul, bishop of Edessa , he openly expressed dissatisfaction with

972-406: The man credited with introducing Christianity to Edessa. To some surprise, aside from praising these two, Jacob also praised the faith of Justin in his letter to Paul: for allowing Paul to return to the city, by comparing him to Abgar, by describing his crown which displays features of the cross of Jesus, and more. Another affair that Jacob became somewhat involved in was during the persecutions of

1008-469: The meandering flow of the polar jet stream in the Northern Hemisphere ( Rossby waves ) and the emergence of veering low-pressure and high-pressure ( anticyclone ) systems, the atmospheric conditions tend to stabilize in early July: either a high-pressure ridge takes hold over Scandinavia , which may coalesce with the subtropical Azores High to form a stable and warm macro weather situation; or

1044-458: The proceedings of Chalcedon. The primary genres Jacob composed his writings in, for which he is now best known for today, include those of sugyoto (dialogue poems with an acrostic), turgome (prose homilies for liturgical feasts), madroshe and mimre (narrative or verse poems without strophies). Jacob's homilies on the Genesis creation narrative was the first Hexaemeron to be composed in

1080-599: The town. Tell-Batnan was visited Emperor Julian on his march from Antioch to the Euphrates in 363. The town surrendered in 639 to Iyad ibn Ghanm during the Muslim conquest of the Levant . In the 900s it came under the Hamdanid dynasty . Later, it was captured by the Byzantines during a period when they were relatively strong in the region. In the late 1090s, a civil war between

1116-480: The twelfth to twentieth centuries. In modern-times, Behnam Sony has composed a five-volume translation of Jacob's writings into Arabic. In European languages , Jacob's writings have been widely translated into English , German , French , and Italian . From the eighteenth century onwards, new discoveries of manuscripts of Jacob's works have sparked no less than three debates over his Christology. [REDACTED]   This article incorporates text from

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1152-418: The youths into the cave and appears to keep watch. In this version the people slept for 300 years (according to Gregorian calendar) or 309 years according to the lunar calendar. The Seven Sleepers singularity is contested as quite inaccurate in practice. Objections have been raised that the weather lore associated with the day might have arisen before the 1582 Gregorian calendar reform , and as at this time

1188-497: Was also helped by its historical status as a post station between Raqqa and Sumaysat . The town itself was primarily agricultural, and Ibn Jubayr in the 12th century described seeing orchards and irrigation channels within the area of the town itself. In antiquity the Sumerians built a settlement in the area. The city was a centre of silk-making. They were succeeded by a number of other Mesopotamian civilisations. Constantine

1224-560: Was dismissed and Kenan Aktaş appointed as a trustee. There are 95 neighbourhoods in Suruç District: In his seyahatname , Evliya Çelebi mentioned that the plain of Suruj was initially inhabited by Arabs and Turkomans in mid-medieval era, while upon his visit in the 17th century, he observed that the plain was mainly inhabited by Kurds from the Dinayi, Barazi, Kuhbinik, and Jum tribes and Turkomans. According to Agha Petros , before

1260-566: Was killed in Suruç. On 20 July 2015, at approximately 12:50 GMT, a suicide bombing occurred. It killed 34 people and injured over 100 others outside the Amara Cultural Center. Ahead of the June 24th anticipated 2018 Turkish elections , four people were killed in Suruç while an AKP candidate toured the city's market. According to pro-Kurdish sources, AKP representative Ibrahim Halil Yıldız went to local shopkeeper Hacı Esvet Şenyaşar where

1296-531: Was one of the foremost poets and theologians of the Syriac Christian tradition, second only to Ephrem the Syrian and equal to Narsai . He lived most of his life as an ecclesiastical official in Suruç , in modern-day Turkey . He became a bishop (of Batnan ) near the end of his life in 519. He was a Miaphysite (a form of Non-Chalcedonian Christianity ), albeit moderate compared to his contemporaries. Jacob

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