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32-579: Sespe Hot Springs ( Chumash : S'eqp'e' ) are a system of thermal springs and seeps that form a hot spring creek in the mountains near the Sespe Condor Sanctuary near Ojai, California . The hot springs were used for centuries by local indigenous people for their warmth and healing properties. The hot springs and hot creek are located in a remote desert mountainous area in Los Padres National Forest . The hot mineral water emerges from

64-468: A Spanish chart in his possession. Franciscan missionaries baptized a large number in 1822 and most were removed to their Mission Santa Barbara and Mission San Buenaventura by the late 1820s. George Nidever hunted sea otters for their pelts in the late 1830s and 1840s, under a license granted by the Mexican government to William Dana. Governor Manuel Micheltorena made a Mexican land grant of

96-526: A bank above Sespe Creek, a source on the steep slope, and from seeps in the stream bed gravel. In 1915 the water temperature was measured at 191 °F (88 °C) from one of the springs on the high slope above the creek. The springs on the bank emerge from crushed shale and decomposed granite. In 2008 the spring water was measured at 194 °F (90 °C). Chumashan languages The Chumashan languages may be, along with Yukian and perhaps languages of southern Baja California such as Waikuri , one of

128-512: A field research station on Santa Rosa Island. The mission of the CSUCI Santa Rosa Island Research Station (SRIRS) is "to encourage and advance the interdisciplinary knowledge and stewardship of our natural and cultural resources through long-term research, inquiry-based education, and public outreach. (...) (and) to react energetically, adeptly, and successfully to our changing natural and human landscapes." A variety of

160-544: A lease and drilled six unsuccessful wells, plugging and abandoning the last one in 1975. In 1980, Santa Rosa Island was included within Channel Islands National Park over the objections of Vail & Vickers, which then successfully lobbied to have the legislation stipulate that purchase of their land would be the highest priority of the Channel Islands National Park. Vail & Vickers sold

192-520: A number of trips to the island year round, and camping reservations can be made through Channel Islands National Park offices in Ventura, California . A year-round charter flight service is available from Camarillo Airport for hikers and campers to Santa Rosa Island. In November 2012 the National Park Service (NPS) issued a permit to California State University, Channel Islands (CSUCI) to operate

224-616: A provision into the annual defense policy bill that would allow disabled veterans to continue hunting elk on the island past 2011, without the consent of Vail & Vickers or the National Park Service. The provision stayed in the bill and was signed into law by President George W. Bush . This legislation was repealed by the next Congress as part of the FY 2007 Omnibus appropriations bill , also signed into law by President George W. Bush. Recreational activities on Santa Rosa Island include kayaking, camping and hiking. A private boat charter company offers

256-411: A symmetrical six-vowel system. The distinctive high central vowel is written various ways, including <ɨ> "barred I," <ə> "schwa" and <ï> "I umlaut." Contemporary users of the languages favor /ɨ/ or /ə/ . Striking features of this system include The Central Chumash languages have a complex inventory of consonants. All of the consonants except / h / can be glottalized; all of

288-558: Is recent (within a couple thousand years). There is internal evidence that Obispeño replaced a Hokan language and that Island Chumash mixed with a language very different from Chumashan; the islands were not in contact with the mainland until the introduction of plank canoes in the first millennium AD. Although some say the Chumashan languages are now extinct or dormant, language revitalization programs are underway with four of these Chumashan languages. These languages are well-documented in

320-746: The San Andreas Fault . The hot springs are accessible on foot or by horseback only. There are three rugged trails leading to the springs. The springs can be reached via the Sespe River Trail (16.8 miles each way); the Johnson Ridge Trail (9.5 miles each way); and the Alder Creek Trail (7.5 miles each way). Willett Hot Springs are also located in the Sespe Wilderness area. The hot mineral water flows from at least four spring clusters on

352-464: The Torrey pine ( Pinus torreyana var. insularis ) grows on the island. The population of this endangered species is estimated at approximately 1000 trees. The island oak ( Quercus tomentella ) is native to the island. Flightless geese, giant mice and pygmy mammoths are extinct, while the island fox , spotted skunk , and munchkin dudleya ( Dudleya gnoma ) (one of the six endemic plant species on

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384-761: The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ending the Mexican–American War . Also in 1852, a claim was filed with the Public Land Commission , but the grant was not patented to Manuela Carrillo de Jones and Francisca Carrillo de Thompson until 1871, though a district court confirmed clear title in 1856. Then, the Thompson-Jones partnership started to come apart in 1857. By 1870, the More brothers, consisting of Thomas Wallace (T.W.), Alexander (A.P.), and Henry had bought out all of

416-451: The 1770s and 1830s: Roland Dixon and Alfred L. Kroeber suggested that the Chumashan languages might be related to the neighboring Salinan in a Iskoman grouping. Edward Sapir accepted this speculation and included Iskoman in his classification of Hokan . More recently it has been noted that Salinan and Chumashan shared only one word, which the Chumashan languages probably borrowed from Salinan (the word for 'white clam shell', which

448-574: The abundant marine mammals. It is unwise to swim or dive alone near seal colonies where white sharks may be present. The rare endemic lichen Caloplaca obamae , discovered in 2007 and described by Kerry Knudsen in 2009, commemorates United States President Barack Obama . Santa Rosa Island has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate ( Csb in the Köppen climate classification ). The remains of pygmy mammoths ( Mammuthus exilis ), which appear to have gone extinct about 13,000 years ago, have been excavated on

480-573: The coast of Santa Barbara, California in Santa Barbara County and is part of Channel Islands National Park . The Chumash , a Native American people lived on the Channel Islands at the time of European contact. The remains of a 13,000-year-old Arlington Springs Man , possibly the oldest human remains in the Americas, were discovered on the island in 1959. Santa Rosa Island is home to

512-472: The consonants except / h /, / x / and the liquids can be aspirated. Proto-Chumash reconstructions by Klar (1977): Santa Rosa Island, California Santa Rosa Island ( Spanish : Isla de Santa Rosa ; Cruzeño Chumash : Wi'ma ) is the second largest of the Channel Islands of California at 53,195 acres (215.27 km or 83.118 sq mi). Santa Rosa is located about 26 miles (42 km) off

544-399: The existing ground surface. They were carefully preserved, and were finally analyzed in 1987, when radiocarbon dating methods were improved, by scientists Don Morris and John Johnson. Back 13,000 years ago, the site of the discovery would have been an interior island location, several miles from where the coast then existed. The archaeologically sensitive areas of the island were listed as

576-456: The four northern Channel Islands, including Santa Rosa Island, were conjoined into Santa Rosae , a single island that was only five miles (8 km) off the coast. The ancestors of the Chumash people lived on Santa Rosa for many thousands of years, establishing numerous village sites along the coast and in the interior. Recent research has documented the presence of maritime Paleocoastal peoples on

608-548: The ground at 194 °F / 90 °C through a series of seeps that flows down a hillside, cooling as it enters several primitive, rock and boulder-lined soaking pools. The temperature of the water cools as it mixes with cool water from a creek. Several seeps along the creekside emerge at cooler temperatures than the main springs. At the site, there is also a primitive rock sauna, and a hot waterfall. The hot springs are located 20 miles northeast of Sespe Creek canyon, approximately 20 miles from Matilija Canyon and 15 miles south of

640-489: The interests, and A.P. and Henry became joint owners of the island. They transformed the island into a large sheep ranch, with headquarters at Bechers Bay. The More family sold the island to Walter L. Vail and John V. Vickers in 1902. The Vail and Vickers Company transformed the sheep ranch into a cattle fattening operation. The United States Army leased 46 acres for a radar post during WW II , and erected 16 buildings for 75 men, between Jan. and Aug. 1943. The site

672-478: The island at least 12,000 years ago. The Chumash called the driftwood that washed up on the sandy beaches by the channel currents wimal . The logs were used to build tomols (plank canoes). Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo 's crew visited the island after his death, and found three Chumash villages, containing a total of 40-50 people. They called their island Wima, but George Vancouver listed it as Santa Rosa on his 1792 chart. He reported that this name appeared on

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704-500: The island in 1986 for nearly $ 30 million. Subsequently, the National Park Service issued a series of five-year renewable special use permits. Threatened lawsuits in 1996 resulted in a settlement agreement, which included the end of all hunting and ranching operations, such that only one steer remained by 1998. Vail's 25 year use and occupancy agreement ended in December 2011. In 2006 U.S. Representative Duncan Hunter (R-CA) introduced

736-523: The island of Santa Rosa to brothers José Antonio Carrillo and Carlos Antonio Carrillo in 1843. They gave the island to Carlos' daughters, Manuela Carrillo de Jones and Francisca Carrillo de Thompson. Their husbands, John Coffin Jones (1796–1861) and Alpheus Basil Thompson (1795–1869), entered into a partnership to manage the island. In 1852, the Channel Islands were ceded to the United States by Mexico in

768-401: The island) still live there. The island is home to one of only three known populations of Hoffman's rockcress . Its surrounding waters serve as an invaluable nursery for the sea life that feeds larger marine mammals and seabirds. Great white sharks, including some adults over 15 feet in length, are fairly common in the northern Channel Islands (especially San Miguel and Santa Rosa) and feed on

800-532: The island. Archaeologist Phil Orr of the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History was the founder of research on the prehistory of Santa Rosa Island. After conducting 25 years of field research here, he published the results of his work in 1968. In 1959, Orr discovered the remains of 13,000-year-old Arlington Springs Man , the oldest reliably dated human remains in the Americas, on the island. The remains were found in an arroyo 37 feet (11 m) below

832-521: The mainland in the early 19th century. John Peabody Harrington conducted fieldwork on all the above Chumashan languages, but obtained the least data on Island Chumash, Purisimeño, and Obispeño. There is no linguistic data on Cuyama, though ethnographic data suggests that it was likely Chumash (Interior Chumash). The languages are named after the local Franciscan Spanish missions in California where Chumashan speakers were relocated and aggregated between

864-642: The older names based on the local missions. Obispeño was the most divergent Chumashan language. The Central Chumash languages include Purisimeño, Ineseño, Barbareño and Ventureño. There was a dialect continuum across this area, but the form of the language spoken in the vicinity of each mission was distinct enough to qualify as a different language. There is very little documentation of Purisimeño. Ineseño, Barbareño and Ventureño each had several dialects, although documentation usually focused on just one. Island Chumash had different dialects on Santa Cruz Island and Santa Rosa Island , but all speakers were relocated to

896-409: The oldest language families established in California, before the arrival of speakers of Penutian , Uto-Aztecan , and perhaps even Hokan languages . Chumashan, Yukian, and southern Baja languages are spoken in areas with long-established populations of a distinct physical type. The population in the core Chumashan area has been stable for the past 10,000 years. However, the attested range of Chumashan

928-460: The rare Torrey Pine , a species of pine tree that exists only in two locations around the world. Public passenger access to the eastern portion of Santa Cruz Island is provided by Island Packers ferry service out of the Ventura Harbor . The terrain consists of rolling hills, deep canyons, and a coastal lagoon. Highest peak is Vail Peak, at 1,589 feet (484 m). During the last ice age ,

960-489: The unpublished fieldnotes of linguist John Peabody Harrington . Especially well documented are Barbareño , Ineseño , and Ventureño . The last native speaker of a Chumashan language was Barbareño speaker Mary Yee , who died in 1965. Six Chumashan languages are attested , all now extinct. However, most of them are in the process of revitalization, with language programs and classes. Contemporary Chumash people now prefer to refer to their languages by native names rather than

992-673: Was abandoned after the end of the war. The United States Air Force built a 200-man, early-warning radar site in 1952 during the Cold War . At the same time, the United States Navy built a communication station on 4.5 acres on Navy Hill, to track missiles launched from Point Mugu NAS . The Air Force cancelled its lease in 1963. Standard Oil Company obtained an exploration lease in 1932, but came up empty. Richfield Oil Company in 1938, and Superior Oil Company in 1947 were equally unsuccessful. In 1971 Mobil Oil Corporation obtained

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1024-407: Was used as currency). As a result, the inclusion of Chumashan into Hokan is now disfavored by most specialists, and the consensus is that Chumashan has no identified linguistic relatives. The Chumashan languages are well known for their consonant harmony (regressive sibilant harmony). Mithun presents a scholarly synopsis of Chumashan linguistic structures. The Central Chumash languages all have

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