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21-412: Its features include good scalability , clean fault containment, error detection and failover . The ServerNet architecture specification defines a connection between nodes, either processor or high performance I/O nodes such as storage devices. Tandem Computers developed the original ServerNet architecture and protocols for use in its own proprietary computer systems starting in 1992, and released

42-418: A dynamical system , multistability is the property of having multiple stable equilibrium points in the vector space spanned by the states in the system. By mathematical necessity, there must also be unstable equilibrium points between the stable points. Points that are stable in some dimensions and unstable in others are termed unstable, as is the case with the first three Lagrangian points . Bistability

63-452: A high contention indicates sequential processing that could be parallelized, while having a high coherency suggests excessive dependencies among processes, prompting you to minimize interactions. Also, with help of USL, you can, in advance, calculate the maximum effective capacity of your system: scaling up your system beyond that point is a waste. High performance computing has two common notions of scalability: Multistability In

84-641: A new computer to a distributed software application. An example might involve scaling out from one web server to three. High-performance computing applications, such as seismic analysis and biotechnology , scale workloads horizontally to support tasks that once would have required expensive supercomputers . Other workloads, such as large social networks, exceed the capacity of the largest supercomputer and can only be handled by scalable systems. Exploiting this scalability requires software for efficient resource management and maintenance. Scaling vertically (up/down) means adding resources to (or removing resources from)

105-453: A single node, typically involving the addition of CPUs, memory or storage to a single computer. Benefits to scale-up include avoiding increases management complexity, more sophisticated programming to allocate tasks among resources and handle issues such as throughput, latency, synchronization across nodes. Moreover some applications do not scale horizontally . Network function virtualization defines these terms differently: scaling out/in

126-408: A single warehouse for sorting, the system would not be as scalable, because one warehouse can handle only a limited number of packages. In computing, scalability is a characteristic of computers, networks, algorithms , networking protocols , programs and applications. An example is a search engine , which must support increasing numbers of users, and the number of topics it indexes . Webscale

147-427: Is a computer architectural approach that brings the capabilities of large-scale cloud computing companies into enterprise data centers. In distributed systems , there are several definitions according to the authors, some considering the concepts of scalability a sub-part of elasticity , others as being distinct. According to Marc Brooker: "a system is scalable in the range where marginal cost of additional workload

168-667: Is a vital consideration for businesses aiming to meet customer expectations, remain competitive, and achieve sustainable growth. Factors influencing scalability include the flexibility of the production process, the adaptability of the workforce, and the integration of advanced technologies. By implementing scalable solutions, companies can optimize resource utilization, reduce costs, and streamline their operations. Scalability in industrial engineering and manufacturing enables businesses to respond to fluctuating market conditions, capitalize on emerging opportunities, and thrive in an ever-evolving global landscape. The Incident Command System (ICS)

189-633: Is nearly constant." Serverless technologies fit this definition but you need to consider total cost of ownership not just the infra cost. In mathematics, scalability mostly refers to closure under scalar multiplication . In industrial engineering and manufacturing, scalability refers to the capacity of a process, system, or organization to handle a growing workload, adapt to increasing demands, and maintain operational efficiency. A scalable system can effectively manage increased production volumes, new product lines, or expanding markets without compromising quality or performance. In this context, scalability

210-531: Is often advised to focus system design on hardware scalability rather than on capacity. It is typically cheaper to add a new node to a system in order to achieve improved performance than to partake in performance tuning to improve the capacity that each node can handle. But this approach can have diminishing returns (as discussed in performance engineering ). For example: suppose 70% of a program can be sped up if parallelized and run on multiple CPUs instead of one. If α {\displaystyle \alpha }

231-738: Is suitable when availability and responsiveness are rated higher than consistency, which is true for many web file-hosting services or web caches ( if you want the latest version, wait some seconds for it to propagate ). For all classical transaction-oriented applications, this design should be avoided. Many open-source and even commercial scale-out storage clusters, especially those built on top of standard PC hardware and networks, provide eventual consistency only, such as some NoSQL databases like CouchDB and others mentioned above. Write operations invalidate other copies, but often don't wait for their acknowledgements. Read operations typically don't check every redundant copy prior to answering, potentially missing

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252-693: Is the ability to scale by adding/removing resource instances (e.g., virtual machine), whereas scaling up/down is the ability to scale by changing allocated resources (e.g., memory/CPU/storage capacity). Scalability for databases requires that the database system be able to perform additional work given greater hardware resources, such as additional servers, processors, memory and storage. Workloads have continued to grow and demands on databases have followed suit. Algorithmic innovations include row-level locking and table and index partitioning. Architectural innovations include shared-nothing and shared-everything architectures for managing multi-server configurations. In

273-413: Is the fraction of a calculation that is sequential, and 1 − α {\displaystyle 1-\alpha } is the fraction that can be parallelized, the maximum speedup that can be achieved by using P processors is given according to Amdahl's Law : Substituting the value for this example, using 4 processors gives Doubling the computing power to 8 processors gives Doubling

294-469: Is the property of a system to handle a growing amount of work. One definition for software systems specifies that this may be done by adding resources to the system. In an economic context, a scalable business model implies that a company can increase sales given increased resources. For example, a package delivery system is scalable because more packages can be delivered by adding more delivery vehicles. However, if all packages had to first pass through

315-633: Is the special case with two stable equilibrium points. It is the simplest form of multistability, and can occur in systems with only one state variable, as it only takes a one-dimensional space to separate two points. Near an unstable equilibrium, any system will be sensitive to noise, initial conditions and system parameters, which can cause it to develop in one of multiple divergent directions. In economics and social sciences, path dependence gives rise to divergent directions of development. Some path dependent processes are adequately described by multistability, by being initially sensitive to input, before reaching

336-714: Is used by emergency response agencies in the United States. ICS can scale resource coordination from a single-engine roadside brushfire to an interstate wildfire. The first resource on scene establishes command, with authority to order resources and delegate responsibility (managing five to seven officers, who will again delegate to up to seven, and on as the incident grows). As an incident expands, more senior officers assume command. Scalability can be measured over multiple dimensions, such as: Resources fall into two broad categories: horizontal and vertical. Scaling horizontally (out/in) means adding or removing nodes, such as adding

357-1465: The ServerNet architecture. This computing article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Scalability Collective intelligence Collective action Self-organized criticality Herd mentality Phase transition Agent-based modelling Synchronization Ant colony optimization Particle swarm optimization Swarm behaviour Social network analysis Small-world networks Centrality Motifs Graph theory Scaling Robustness Systems biology Dynamic networks Evolutionary computation Genetic algorithms Genetic programming Artificial life Machine learning Evolutionary developmental biology Artificial intelligence Evolutionary robotics Reaction–diffusion systems Partial differential equations Dissipative structures Percolation Cellular automata Spatial ecology Self-replication Conversation theory Entropy Feedback Goal-oriented Homeostasis Information theory Operationalization Second-order cybernetics Self-reference System dynamics Systems science Systems thinking Sensemaking Variety Ordinary differential equations Phase space Attractors Population dynamics Chaos Multistability Bifurcation Rational choice theory Bounded rationality Scalability

378-441: The context of scale-out data storage , scalability is defined as the maximum storage cluster size which guarantees full data consistency, meaning there is only ever one valid version of stored data in the whole cluster, independently from the number of redundant physical data copies. Clusters which provide "lazy" redundancy by updating copies in an asynchronous fashion are called 'eventually consistent' . This type of scale-out design

399-635: The first ServerNet systems in 1995. Early attempts to license the technology and interface chips to other companies failed, due in part to a disconnect between the culture of selling complete hardware / software / middleware computer systems and that needed for selling and supporting chips and licensing technology. A follow-on development effort ported the Virtual Interface Architecture to ServerNet with PCI interface boards connecting personal computers. Infiniband directly inherited many ServerNet features. As of 2017, systems still ship based on

420-415: The preceding write operation. The large amount of metadata signal traffic would require specialized hardware and short distances to be handled with acceptable performance (i.e., act like a non-clustered storage device or database). Whenever strong data consistency is expected, look for these indicators: Indicators for eventually consistent designs (not suitable for transactional applications!) are: It

441-615: The processing power has only sped up the process by roughly one-fifth. If the whole problem was parallelizable, the speed would also double. Therefore, throwing in more hardware is not necessarily the optimal approach. In distributed systems , you can use Universal Scalability Law (USL) to model and to optimize scalability of your system. USL is coined by Neil J. Gunther and quantifies scalability based on parameters such as contention and coherency. Contention refers to delay due to waiting or queueing for shared resources. Coherence refers to delay for data to become consistent. For example, having

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