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41-766: It included the Serb elite of Old Raška , Kosovo and Metohija , and Vardar Macedonia and Aegean Macedonia . It included many members of the Serbian Chetnik Organization . Immediately after the outbreak of the Young Turk Revolution , the Serbs decided to organize themselves in a different way. The First Serbian Conference in Skopje was attended by 26 of the most respected Serbs in the Ottoman Empire . A central committee

82-493: A Župan , was baptized in the church. In 1166, Stefan Nemanja acquired the throne of Serbia with the title of Grand Župan . He was married in the church (to Ana ); their two sons, Rastko (later known as Saint Sava; l. 1175–1235) , and Stefan Nemanjić , were baptized in the church. Stefan Nemanja held the council that outlawed the Bogumils at the church. Rastko left Serbia in 1192 for Mount Athos , where he took monastic vows and

123-645: A hill of Ras , the medieval capital of the Serbian Grand Principality (Rascia), in Novi Pazar , Serbia . It is part of the Stari Ras complex, an UNESCO World Heritage Site . It was founded in the 4th century during Roman rule , while additions were made in the 7th and 9th centuries, after which it served as the ecclesiastical seat of the Serbian church, and as the baptismal church and state council site of

164-570: Is consecrated as the first Archbishop of the Serbian church, given autocephaly by Patriarch Manuel I of Constantinople , in 1219, the same year he published the first constitution in Serbia  – St. Sava's Nomocanon ( Zakonopravilo in Serbian). After the Nemanjić era, not much is mentioned about the church. The church frescoes date to the 10th, 12th and 13th centuries, while some frescoes were repainted in

205-489: The First Balkan War (1912), it has been a functioning church. Conservatory work was done in the late 1950s and early 1960s. The Stari Ras -complex, including the church and Sopoćani , was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1979, the church itself was included due to its uniqueness as one of the oldest churches in the region. It is designated a Cultural Heritage Site of Serbia (the national heritage list), of

246-510: The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes . Its seat was in Novi Pazar . In 1922, a new administrative unit known as the Raška Oblast was formed with its seat in Čačak . In 1929, this administrative unit was abolished and its territory was divided among three newly formed provinces (banovinas). Within the borders of modern Serbia , post mid-12th century historical Raška region covers (approximately)

287-552: The Nemanjić dynasty , until the last years of the 12th century. It is dedicated to Saints Peter and Paul . The exact date of founding is unknown; it is mentioned in the 9th century as the seat of the eparchy of Serbia (see Eparchy of Ras ). Excavations on the site have unearthed Greek sculptures and Black-figure pottery dating to 7th and 6th century BC, as well as a 5th-century BC princely grave (with regalia , robes, gold-silver jewelry , masks , beads and Attic pottery), underneath

328-467: The 19th century the region also became part of the wider " Old Serbia " historiographical term. In 1912, central parts of the historical Raška region were liberated from the Ottoman rule, and divided between the Kingdom of Serbia and the Kingdom of Montenegro , with eponymous medieval fortress of Stari Ras belonging to Serbia. Between 1918 and 1922, Raška District was one of the administrative units of

369-615: The Bulgarian Church between 870 and 924. Anyway, the church would have been protected by Bulgarian controlled forts. By the mid-12th century, after constant conflicts between the Bulgarians, Byzantines and Serbs, the area of Ras was finally conquered and controlled by the Serbs, who greatly renovated it hence becoming centre of defence and residency for the Serbian Principality . Sometime before 1163, Stefan Nemanja , then only

410-628: The Byzantine seal of John, governor of Ras (c. 971–976). In the same time, Ras became the seat of the Eastern Orthodox Eparchy of Ras , centered in the Church of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul . The name of the eparchy eventually started to denote the entire area under its jurisdiction and later, thus becoming the common regional name. Under Stefan Nemanja (1166–1196), the region

451-603: The Christian north . Metropolitan Arsenije IV Jovanović Šakabenta restored the church in 1728. During the 18th century, the church had the rank of Metropolitanate, and after 1784, the Eparchy of Raška is organized into the Eparchy of Prizren . In the 1830s, the church is built on and restored. Shortly thereafter, the Ottomans took over the church and use it as an ammunition magazine . Since

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492-460: The Holy Apostles Peter and Paul ( Serbian : Црква Светих апостола Петра и Павла / Crkva Svetih apostola Petra i Pavla ), commonly known as Church of St Peter ( Црква Светог Петра / Crkva Svetog Petra ) or simply Peter's Church ( Петрова црква / Petrova crkva ) is a Serbian Orthodox church, the oldest intact church in Serbia and one of the oldest ones in the region, situated on

533-529: The Ottoman Empire was held from 2 February -11 February 1909 in Skopje At that assembly, resolutions were passed on political, economic and church school opportunities. They demanded that the laws be respected, and in particular the freedom and equality of citizens, and that the Serbian name be freely used. They also condemned the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina . In the second resolution, they demanded that

574-500: The Serbian metropolitans receive the same privileges as the Greek metropolitans. They also demanded that the Serbs have rights even in dioceses where there are no Serb metropolitans and that the villages be left with the right to receive a Serbian or Bulgarian priest as they wish. In the third resolution, they demanded that they be returned to the Serbs. stolen properties, as well as to enable peasants to buy their properties from landowners. In

615-512: The Serbian rulers remained in place and Ras was burnt again by the Serbian army in 1127–1129. Its last commander was a Kritoplos who was then punished by the Emperor for the fall of the fortress. In 1149, Manuel I Comnenus recovered the fortress of Ras and Galič, and next year continued to successfully fight off Serbians and Hungarians, with the Serbs swearing loyalty to the Byzantines. Somewhere in

656-527: The center of the Grand Principality of Serbia and of the Serbian Kingdom . From that period the name of Raška became associated with the state of Serbia, eventually covering the south-western parts of modern Serbia, and historically also including north-eastern parts of modern Montenegro , and some of the most eastern parts of modern Bosnia and Herzegovina , and its southern part also corresponds to

697-498: The central and capital part of medieval Serbia, but as a separate small domain within Serbia. In the modern sense, Raška region would be an area situated in the southwestern modern Serbia (including Stari Vlah , see below). The 10th-century De Administrando Imperio mentions Rasa ( Stari Ras ) as a border area between Bulgaria and Serbia at the end of the 9th century. It was not mentioned among inhabited cities of early medieval Serbia, and there's no general consensus whether Ras

738-469: The circular mausoleal architectural type used after Emperor Constantine (306–312). Archaeological findings point that the church has been rebuilt several times in history, beginning in the 4th century, with notable additions made in the 7th century. The architectural style resembles that of early churches in Pomorje , Armenia , Georgia , and Italy , dated to between the 7th and 9th centuries. Whether there

779-403: The elections 1909 . The Serbian Democratic League won 3 deputies and one senator. She repeated the same success in 1911. Ra%C5%A1ka (region) Raška ( Serbian Cyrillic : Рашка ; Latin : Rascia ) is a geographical and historical region of Serbia . Initially a small borderline district between early medieval Serbia and Bulgaria (city/area of Ras ), since the mid-12th century became

820-487: The end of the 12th century and the Serb feudal rulers of the region were often under Byzantine suzerainty. The full independence of Serbia including Raška's region was recognized by the Byzantines in 1190 after an indecisive war between Isaac II Angelos and Stefan Nemanja . However, the Bulgarian-Serbian border in the late 12th and early 13th century probably was still "very fluid". The town which had developed near

861-556: The episcopy which centre was this church can be dated to the first half of the 10th century. The imperial charter of Basil II from 1020 to the Archbishopric of Ohrid , in which the rights and jurisdictions were established, mentions that the Episcopy of Ras belonged to the Bulgarian autocephal church during the time of Peter I (927–969) and Samuel of Bulgaria (977–1014). The episcopy

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902-528: The floor of the church in 1957–58. The findings are presently at the National Museum of Serbia , in Belgrade . Roman, Byzantine and medieval Slavic tombs surround the church. The present church has been built on several earlier churches of which remains have been well preserved. The foundation of the church, the massive columns, ground-plan and the octagonal tower which conceals an inner cupola are examples of

943-548: The fortress of Ras and the territory which comprised its bishopric were the first significant administrative unit which Serb rulers acquired from the Byzantine Empire. As it was made the seat of the Serbian state in Latin sources of the era Serb rulers began to be named Rasciani and their state as Rascia. The name was used among Hungarians and Germans up until the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. In 1833, some northern parts of

984-524: The historical Raška region, around modern Andrijevica , were liberated from the Ottoman rule and incorporated into the Principality of Montenegro . In order to mark the occasion, prince Nikola of Montenegro (1860–1918) decided to name the newly formed Eastern Orthodox diocese as the Eparchy of Zahumlje and Raška ( Serbian : Епархија захумско-рашка , romanized :  Eparhija zahumsko-raška ). In

1025-426: The historical Raška region, up to the confluence of rivers Raška and Ibar , were detached from the Ottoman rule and incorporated into the Principality of Serbia . In order to mark the occasion, prince Miloš Obrenović (1815–1839) founded a new town, that was also called Raška, situated at the very confluence of Raška river and Ibar, right at the border with Ottoman territory. In 1878, some southwestern parts of

1066-503: The historical sources, the early historical region of Raška is commonly misidentified and misunderstood as a synonym for Serbian state before the mid-12th century (influenced by semi-mythical 14th century Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja which anachronistically calls the Principality of Serbia as Raška). The high medieval chronicle's also give an impression that Raška wasn't considered as

1107-637: The mid-13th century. After the Ottoman conquest in 1455 , the church was not abandoned and is referenced throughout the 16th and 17th centuries. In 1690, the Church is abandoned and the region is largely depopulated amid Ottoman atrocities in Kosovo, amid the Great Turkish War in which Serb rebels fought on the side of the Holy League . Patriarch Arsenije III Čarnojević leads tens of thousands of Serb families to

1148-443: The modern region of Sandžak . The name is derived from the name of the region's most important fort of Ras , which first appears in the 6th century sources as Arsa , recorded under that name in the work De aedificiis of Byzantine historian Procopius . By the 10th century, the variant Ras became common name for the fort, as attested by the work De Administrando Imperio , written by Constantine Porphyrogenitus , and also by

1189-446: The next decades, Serbians conquered and started to fully control Ras, with Stefan Nemanja in celebration building the monastery of Đurđevi stupovi , with an inscription showing that the end of the construction was in 1170-1171. It became a royal residence, but it was not permanent residence or that of his successors as the ruling dynasty also ruled over other such palatial centres in its territory. Byzantine intervention continued until

1230-483: The north at Čačak . In 971, the Byzantine Catepanate of Ras was established, but in 976 Bulgarian control was restored. Basil II recaptured it in 1018, and by 1032 overall commander of the region was strategoi and doukes Constantine Diogenes , as part of a defensive line of Byzantine watchtowers alongside Lipjan , Zvečan , Galič , Jeleč south of Ras and Brvenik north of Ras, watching to

1271-522: The territorial span of three districts: Raška , Zlatibor and Moravica . Some of the churches in western Serbia and eastern Bosnia were built by masters from Raška, who belonged to the Raška architectural school . They include: Church of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul in Stari Ras, and monasteries of Gradac and Stara Pavlica . Church of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul, Ras The Church of

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1312-400: The watchtowers was a countermeasure against their commanders who ravaged Serbian eastern frontiers. The Byzantine border fort of Ras was most likely burnt c.  1120-1122 , and this is probably the reason why John II Komnenos undertook a punitive campaign against the Serbs, during which many Serbs from the region of Raška were deported to Asia Minor . The alliance between Hungary and

1353-400: The west over a "no-man's-land" named Zygos mountains beyond which was Serbia. Recent archaeological research supports the notion that the Byzantines held control of Ras during Alexios I Komnenos 's reign (1048–1118), but possibly not continuously. In the time of Alexios, Ras was one of the northern border military strongholds which was fortified. His seal which dates to the period 1081–1092

1394-510: Was a Byzantine sanctuary on the site of the church is a matter of scholarly dispute and that "traces of Early Byzantine architecture or traces from that epoch in general, were not recorded around Petrova crkva". The Eparchy of Ras was founded near the political center at Ras , today near city of Novi Pazar on the Ibar river . Ras itself originates from Latin Arsa via metathesis . The foundation of

1435-469: Was donated by Emperor Alexios III Angelos (1195-1203) "to the Serbs as an eternal gift..." and Stefan Nemanja establishes and endows the monastery in 1198 (before 13 February 1199). Nemanja died at Hilandar in 1199, while Sava continued his work in establishing the Serbian church. Henceforth, the Church of Peter ends its service as the seat of the Serbian church. Sava crowned his brother Stefan as "King of Serbia" in 1217. Upon returning to Mount Athos, Sava

1476-498: Was elected, headed by Bogdan Radenković . Serbian Democratic League in the Ottoman and its members of the Central Committee included: Bogdan Radenković , Đorđe Hadži-Kostić , Sava Stojanović , David Dimitrijević , Aleksandar Bukvic , Jovan Šantrić , Milan Čemerikić , Velimir Prelić , Vasa Jovanović and Gliša Elezović . A proclamation was sent to the Serbs in the Ottoman Empire , in which The First Assembly of Serbs in

1517-476: Was finally conquered by the Serbs and fortress of Ras was re-generated as the state capital, and as such it became eponymous name for the Grand Principality of Serbia . The first attested use of the term Raška ( Latin : Rascia or Rassia ) as a designation for the Serbian state was made in a charter issued in Kotor in 1186, mentioning Stefan Nemanja as the ruler of Rascia . Without any evidence and support in

1558-428: Was found in 2018 near the site. It is possible that Vukan may have temporarily taken Ras and other watchtowers in the early 1090s, but although John Ducas regained most of them, in 1093 Vukan "ravaged the neighbouring towns and districts. He even got as far as Lipjan, which he deliberately burnt down", but when Alexios came close, Vukan escaped to Zvečan and started peace negotiations, and reportedly his attack on

1599-499: Was given the name Sava . Stefan Nemanja abdicated in 1195, crowning Stefan Nemanjić (r. 1196–1228) at the Church of Peter, then joined his son Sava on Mount Athos. The father and son soon asked the Holy Community for the establishment of the Serbian religious base at the abandoned Hilandar , which they renovated, marking the beginning of cultural prospering (in arts ; literature , and religion ). The ancient cell of Helandaris

1640-480: Was of a small size. It is considered that it was possibly founded by the Bulgarian emperor, or it is the latest date when could have been integrated to the Bulgarian Church. If previously existed, it probably was part of the Bulgarian metropolis of Morava, but certainly not of Durrës . If it was on the Serbian territory, seems that the Church in Serbia or part of the territory of Serbia became linked and influenced by

1681-577: Was on the Serbian or Bulgarian side of the border, as well whether in DAI was meant a fortress or an area. The consideration that the Serbian border was further to the Southeast of Ras is poorly substantiated. Newer research indicates that the principal settlement of Ras and its region in the 9th and 10th century was part of the First Bulgarian Empire . Bulgarian borderline was at Pešter plateau and to

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