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53-464: The Seoul Marathon may refer to one of three races: The Dong-A Ilbo Seoul International Marathon , established in 1931 and taking place every March The JoongAng Seoul Marathon , established in 1999 and taking place every November The Hi Seoul Marathon , an annual fun run for non-professionals Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

106-451: A joint organizing committee and a united team. The negotiations were continued into another meeting, but were not successful. The IOC did not meet the demands of North Korea and only about half of the desired sporting events were offered to the North. So the focus thereafter was solely on Seoul and South Korea. The games were boycotted by North Korea and its ally Cuba . Ethiopia , Albania and

159-508: A minute off the record. The 2020 edition of the race was cancelled due to the coronavirus pandemic , with all runners receiving a full refund. The competition begins at Gwanghwamun Plaza in the city centre and finishes within the Olympic Stadium . The course has a point-to-point format and traces a south-easterly path through the city centre. After departing from the main plaza, the route flows into Sejongno thoroughfare and passes

212-459: A national record run of 2:17:34.4 to win the race. Kim improved his mark again in 1973 and went on to become the Dong-A Marathon's most prolific winner, scoring four victories in the 1970s. Japanese marathoner Toyoichi Masuda became the first foreign winner in 1977 and he was soon joined by his countryman Makoto Matsuzaki , who won two years afterwards. A women's 10 km race was added to

265-597: A professor of medicine at UC San Francisco who is an expert on ephedrine and other stimulants, agreed that "These [levels] are what you'd see from someone taking cold or allergy medicines and are unlikely to have any effect on performance." Following Exum's revelations the IAAF acknowledged that at the 1988 Olympic Trials the USOC indeed followed the correct procedures in dealing with eight positive findings for ephedrine and ephedrine-related compounds in low concentration. Additionally, in 1988

318-558: A sports calendar in which the main events were scheduled to be broadcast in major Western markets in television prime time. Athletes from 160 nations competed at the Seoul Games. Aruba , American Samoa , Brunei , Cook Islands , Maldives , Vanuatu , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , and South Yemen made their first Olympic appearance at these Games. Guam made their first Summer Olympic appearance at these games having participated in

371-462: A vote held on 30 September 1981, finishing ahead of Nagoya , Japan. The awarding to Seoul was internationally considered to be surprising, with Nagoya having been considered a favourite. Below was the vote count that occurred at the 84th IOC Session and 11th Olympic Congress in Baden-Baden , West Germany . Seoul had previously hosted many international events, but the most noteworthy ones were

424-514: A work detail of prisoners in ragged clothes overseen by guards with wooden bats and dogs. In his words, he knew immediately that "a very serious crime" was occurring, and in January 1987, he led a raid on the facility and found beaten and malnourished inmates. He was politically pressured at various levels to reduce the charges against the owner, managers, and guards. In the end, the owner only served 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 years in prison. The Brothers Home

477-407: Is noted in parentheses. Badminton and bowling were held as exhibition sports, which did not require IOC approval and were not part of the official Olympic schedule. Note: between May 8 and October 9, 1988,all the clocks in the country were advanced by one hour as a test of the possibility of adopting the daylight summer time in the country in the future. This advance also enabled the development of

530-441: The 1980 Summer Olympics ( Moscow ) and the 1984 Summer Olympics ( Los Angeles ), which were divided into two camps by ideology, the 1988 Seoul Olympics was a competition in which the boycotts virtually disappeared, although they were not completely over. North Korea boycotted the 1988 Seoul Olympics, as did five socialist countries including Cuba , an ally of North Korea. Albania , Ethiopia , and Seychelles did not respond to

583-539: The 1988 Seoul Olympics , the city also hosted separate international races from 1983 up to 1987 (which was the IAAF World Marathon Cup race). The Dong-A competition in the 1980s saw the men's record reach 2:12 territory through Jang-hee Lee in 1987. With the advent of another decade, Won-Tak Kim brought the men's record down to 2:11:38 in 1990, winning the Asian Marathon Championship which

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636-637: The 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary. In the following list, the number in parentheses indicates the number of athletes from each nation that competed in Seoul: ^   Note:  Brunei participated in the Opening Ceremonies and Closing Ceremonies, marking its first appearance at the Olympic Games, but its delegation consisted of only one swimming official. 8,453 athletes from 159 NOCs These are

689-466: The Brothers Home facility. Many of the guards were former inmates who had been "promoted" because of loyalty to the camp's owner. Various money-making operations were conducted such as manufacturing ball-point pens and fishing hooks, as well as clothing for Daewoo. Only a few inmates were paid belatedly for this work. By accident while on a hunting trip, prosecutor Kim Yong-won heard about and visited

742-566: The Games of the XXIV Olympiad ( 제24회 올림픽경기대회 ; Je-24-hoe Ollimpik-Gyeonggidaehoe ) and officially branded as Seoul 1988 ( 서울 1988 ), were an international multi-sport event held from 17 September to 2 October 1988 in Seoul , South Korea. 159 nations were represented at the games by a total of 8,391 athletes (6,197 men and 2,194 women). 237 events were held and 27,221 volunteers helped to prepare

795-504: The Miss Universe 1980 and the 1986 Asian Games , thus demonstrating that it had the appropriate capability. Live doves were released during the opening ceremony as a symbol of world peace, but a number of the doves were burned alive or suffered major trauma by the lighting of the Olympic cauldron. As a result of protests following the incident, the last time live doves were released during

848-715: The Seychelles did not respond to the invitations sent by the IOC . Nicaragua did not participate due to athletic and financial considerations. Madagascar had been expected to participate before withdrawing for financial reasons. In 1988, the Seoul Olympic Organizing Committee (SLOOC) produced and distributed an official song of the Seoul Games to publicize the Games to all the IOC member nations, encouraging their participation in

901-520: The Soviet Union and East Germany , as both ceased to exist before the next Olympic Games in 1992 . The Soviet Union dominated the medal count, winning 55 gold and 132 total medals. The results that got closest to that medal haul in the years since are China 's and the United States 's 48 gold medals in 2008 and 2012 , respectively, and the United States 's 126 total medals in 2024 . Compared to

954-527: The 1988 Olympics. An Associated Press article states that homeless and alcoholic persons, "but mostly children and the disabled" were arrested and sent to these camps to prepare for the Olympics. In addition, a prosecutor had his investigation into the Brothers Home camp limited at a number of levels of government "in part out of fear of an embarrassing international incident on the eve of the Olympics." In 1975,

1007-565: The 1988 United States Olympic trials for minimum amounts of pseudoephedrine , ephedrine , and phenylpropanolamine , which were banned stimulants . Bronchodilators are also found in cold medication. Due to the rules, his case could have led to disqualification from the Seoul Olympics and suspension from competition for six months. The levels of the combined stimulants registered in the separate tests were 2 ppm , 4 ppm and 6 ppm. Lewis defended himself, claiming that he had accidentally consumed

1060-453: The IOC in September 1981, in hopes that the increased international exposure brought by the Olympics would legitimize his authoritarian regime amidst increasing political pressure for democratization and less rigidity in state policies. Further, he hoped it would provide protection from increasing threats from North Korea , and showcase the economic strength that the country was experiencing to

1113-665: The IOC president Juan Antonio Samaranch , who was committed to the participation of these countries. Thus, at the Assembly of National Olympic Committees in Mexico City in November 1984, the "Mexico Declaration" was adopted. The declaration offered support for participation in the 1988 Olympics by all members of the Association of National Olympic Committees. The agreement with the Soviet Union

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1166-676: The Japanese flag in its reports of Sohn's marathon victory at the 1936 Berlin Olympics and the colonial government responded by suspending both the newspaper and the race. The race returned as an annual fixture from 1938 to 1940 but was again discontinued, initially due to World War II and later because of the Korean War . The race returned in April 1954 and Im Jong-Woo became the first person to win twice, taking back-to-back victories in 1954 and 1955. The competition's first official full-length marathon

1219-447: The Olympic Games. According to The Oxford Olympics Study data is not available to establish the cost of the Seoul 1988 Summer Olympics. the cost of the stadium was 491 billion won, approximately US$ 354 million. The 1988 Summer Olympics featured 23 different sports encompassing 31 disciplines, and medals were awarded in 237 events. In the list below, the number of events in each discipline

1272-451: The Olympics was a big opportunity to bring international attention to South Korea. But before that, it was necessary to prove the country's capacity, as South Korea was seen as an exotic and risky destination for large events. The project continued to run even after President Park's assassination in 1979 . With the successful staging of Miss Universe 1980 and the 1986 Asian Games , Chun Doo-hwan , Park's successor, submitted Korea's bid to

1325-580: The Olympics. The 1988 Seoul Olympics were the second summer Olympic Games held in Asia, after Tokyo 1964 , and the first held in South Korea. As the host country, South Korea ranked fourth overall, winning 12 gold medals and 33 medals in the competition. 11,331 media (4,978 written press and 6,353 broadcasters ) showed the Games all over the world. These were the last Olympic Games of the Cold War , as well as for

1378-465: The Seoul Olympics as a form of political communication. They revealed the significance of South Korea's military government throughout the period of the Olympic bid and preparation, followed by the many advantages of the hosting the Games: rapid economic modernization, social mobilization and the legitimization of the military dictatorship. Existing camps for "vagrants" (homeless persons) were ramped up before

1431-511: The banned substances. After the supplements that he had taken were analyzed to prove his claims, the USOC accepted his claim of inadvertent use, since a dietary supplement he ingested was found to contain "Ma huang", the Chinese name for Ephedra (ephedrine is known to help weight loss). Fellow Santa Monica Track Club teammates Joe DeLoach and Floyd Heard were also found to have the same banned stimulants in their systems, and were cleared to compete for

1484-561: The creation of the Gyeongju International Marathon . The event took on a more international nature from 1994 onwards, renaming itself the Dong-A International Marathon ; following the invitation of runners from twelve countries, Manuel Matias of Portugal became the first winner from outside of Korea and Japan. The marathon reached a landmark of over 10,000 starters in 1999 as 11,303 runners signed up for

1537-527: The elite level of the sport in Korea, as ten of the 28 South Korean national records in the marathon have been set at the competition. The day's races attract around 35,000 people on a yearly basis. The marathon can be traced back to the Youngdungpo Marathon, which was first held in 1931. It was not a true marathon and the looped course in the city measured roughly 50 ri (around 23.3 km). The race

1590-446: The festival and consolidating the harmony and friendship of the entire world citizens through the song. The song " Hand in Hand " was written by Italian composer Giorgio Moroder and American songwriter Tom Whitlock , and performed by singing group Koreana . Existing facilities modified or refurbished in preparation for the Olympic Games. New facilities constructed in preparation for

1643-459: The five-colored Olympic Rings, as well as a mass demonstration of taekwondo . The skydiving team trained at SkyDance SkyDiving and had hoped the opening ceremony appearance would set the stage for skydiving becoming a medal event by 2000. The idea for South Korea to place a bid for the 1988 Games emerged during the last days of the Park Chung Hee administration in the late 1970s, as hosting

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1696-661: The former Brothers Home. Victims of the Brothers Home are seeking a government investigation into the crimes committed and accountability. In preparation for the 1988 Olympics, the International Olympic Committee worked to prevent another Olympic boycott by the Eastern Bloc as had happened at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles . This was made more difficult by the lack of diplomatic relations between South Korea and communist countries. This prompted action by

1749-427: The full distance in the elite and popular races. China's Wei Yanan brought the women's record down to 2:25:06 in 2002, knocking over five minutes off the previous course best. Gert Thys had two consecutive victories in 2003 and 2004 (recording a record time of 2:07:06 in the latter), but a third win in 2006 was erased after he failed a drugs test for the banned steroid norandrosterone . The runner-up Jason Mbote

1802-472: The international community in the post-war era, the South Korean government hoped to use the Olympics as a "coming-out party". The Olympics gave a powerful impetus to the development of South Korea's relations with Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union and with China. In January 1982, South Korea's curfew that had been in place since 1945 was lifted. In utilizing media events theory, Larson and Park investigated

1855-458: The invitation sent by the IOC . Nicaragua did not participate due to athletic and financial considerations, while the expected participation of Madagascar was withdrawn for financial reasons. Nonetheless, the much larger boycotts seen in the three previous editions were avoided, resulting in the largest number of participating nations during the Cold War era. For South Korea, the 1988 Olympics

1908-518: The opening ceremony was in 1992 in Barcelona, at the start of the ceremony. Balloon doves were released in 1994 Winter Olympics and the 1998 Winter Olympics and paper doves were used at the Atlanta Ceremony in 1996 . These were also the last Summer Olympic Games to hold the opening ceremony during the daytime. The opening ceremony featured a skydiving team descending over the stadium and forming

1961-597: The previous president of South Korea had begun a policy of rounding up vagrants. According to government documents obtained by the Associated Press, from 1981 to 1986 the number of people held increased from 8,600 to more than 16,000. Police officers often received promotions based on the number of vagrants they had arrested, and owners of facilities received a subsidy based on the number of people held. There were multiple reports of inmates raped or beaten, and sometimes beaten to death. 4,000 of these "vagrants" were held at

2014-426: The programme in 1979 and Moon Ki-sook became the first women's Dong-A champion. Im Eun-Joo won a women's 30 km race in 1981 and female runners were allowed to take on the full marathon distance the following year. She went on to claim three straight marathon titles from 1983 to 1985. The 1982 race hosted a dual domestic and international race, with results kept separate for the divisions. In anticipation of

2067-457: The same reason. The highest level of the stimulants Lewis recorded was 6 ppm, which was regarded as a positive test in 1988 but is now regarded as negative test. The acceptable level has been raised to ten parts per million for ephedrine and twenty-five parts per million for other substances. According to the IOC rules at the time, positive tests with levels lower than 10 ppm were cause of further investigation but not immediate ban. Neal Benowitz,

2120-721: The statue of Yi Sun-sin . The runners then pass the Namdaemun gateway and head through Cheonggyecheon park. The route traces a pass through Dongdaemun-gu district before crossing the Han River to head towards the stadium finishing point. Key:    14.5-mile race    15-mile race Note: All other years approx 25 km (16 mi) Key:     Course record     Asian Championship race 1988 Seoul Olympics The 1988 Summer Olympics ( Korean :  1988년 하계 올림픽 ; RR :  1988-nyeon Hagye Ollimpik ), officially

2173-504: The title Seoul Marathon . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seoul_Marathon&oldid=545768056 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Seoul International Marathon The race has been integral to

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2226-450: The top ten nations that won medals at the 1988 Games.   *   Host nation (South Korea) The official mascot for the 1988 Summer Olympic Games was Hodori . It was a stylized tiger designed by Kim Hyun as an amicable Amur tiger , portraying the friendly and hospitable traditions of the Korean people . Hodori's female version was called Hosuni . The name 호돌이 Hodori

2279-513: The world. Seoul was awarded the bid on 30 September 1981, becoming the 16th nation in the Summer Olympics , as well as the second Asian nation (following Japan in the 1964 Summer Olympics ) and the first mainland Asian nation to host the Olympics. Influenced by the model of 1964 Summer Olympics held in Tokyo, which served as a rite of passage for the Japanese economy and re-integration of Japan in

2332-466: Was a religious facility based on the Christian faith. There were in fact inspections by both city officials and church officials. However, these were scheduled inspections in which healthier inmates were presented in carefully planned and orchestrated circumstances. There were no unannounced inspections. In the 1990s, construction workers found about 100 human bones on a mountainside outside the location of

2385-507: Was a symbolic event that elevated its international image while also contributing to national pride. Only thirty-five years after the Korean War which devastated the nation, and during a decade of social unrest in South Korea, the Olympics was successfully held and became the culmination of what was deemed the " Miracle on the Han River ". Seoul was chosen to host the Summer Games through

2438-672: Was chosen from 2,295 suggestions sent in by the public. It is a compound of 호 ho , the Sino-Korean bound morpheme for "tiger" (appearing also in the usual word 호랑이 horangi for "tiger"), and 돌이 dori , a diminutive for "boys". In the United States, NBC became the telecast provider hereafter for the Summer Games, after a five-Olympics run by the American Broadcasting Company from 1968 to 1984. NBC's coverage

2491-440: Was contested between fourteen of the country's top male runners and Seoul's Kim Eun-Bae won the first edition. Kim and the 1933 winner Sohn Kee-chung both went on to compete at the Olympic marathon, although they did so under the flag of Japan as Korea was part of the Japanese empire at that time. This fact contributed to the suspension of the 1937 race: the event's sponsor , Korean broadsheet The Dong-A Ilbo , censored

2544-452: Was contested in 1964 and the change brought about improvements in the national standards as Lee Myeong-Jeong set a South Korean record to win in 1965 and Kim Bong-Nae became the first Korean to run under two hours twenty minutes a year later. At the 1970 edition, Canadian Ron Wallingford and two Japanese runners provided the race with its first international competitors. The quality of the field saw domestic runner Kim Cha-Wan react with

2597-541: Was declared the winner, but after a protracted legal battle Thys had his ban overturned in 2012 due to a breach of the rules in the way his sample was handled. At the 2002 edition, Zhou Chunxiu of PR China became the seventh woman to ever finish under two hours and twenty minutes as she set the women's record at 2:19:51 hours. Kenyan runner Sylvester Teimet beat the men's record in 2010 with his win in 2:06:49 hours. Three Kenyans went under this time in 2012, with Wilson Loyanae 's time of 2:05:37 hours knocking more than

2650-456: Was hosted within the race that year. Hwang Young-cho , Seoul's winner in 1991, went on to take the gold medal at the 1992 Barcelona Olympics . Kim Wan-gi reduced the national record further to 2:09:25 in 1993. The marathon was moved to Chuncheon for the 1992 event and had a seven-year stint in Gyeongju from 1993 to 1999. It returned to Seoul in 2000, but its impact in the latter city led to

2703-504: Was reached in 1987. After the Los Angeles games, East Germany had already decided to participate again in Seoul. The IOC also decided that it would send invitations to the 1988 Games itself and did not leave this task to the organizing committee as had been done before. Despite these developments, behind the scenes, the IOC did consider relocating the Games and explored the suitability of Munich as an alternative. Another point of conflict

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2756-613: Was the involvement of North Korea in hosting the Games, something that had been encouraged by Cuban president Fidel Castro , who called for North Korea to be considered joint host of the Games. As a result, on 8 and 9 January 1986 in Lausanne , Switzerland, the IOC President chaired a meeting of the North and South Korean Olympic Committees. North Korea demanded that eleven of the 23 Olympic sports be carried out on its territory, and also demanded special opening and closing ceremonies. It wanted

2809-616: Was their first sporting event to feature the new Quantel Cypher to generate the on-screen graphics. However, the network would continue to use Chyron Corporation for the rest of the year with Quantel being used again for the 1988 World Series . The Cypher would be implemented permanently starting with Super Bowl XXIII in January 1989. In 2003, Wade Exum, the United States Olympic Committee's director of drug control administration from 1991 to 2000, released documents that showed Carl Lewis had tested positive three times at

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