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57-523: Especially in research-intensive universities, lecturers lead research groups and supervise research students, as well as teach. After a number of years, lecturers might be promoted to senior lecturers with increasing research, leadership, and administrative responsibilities. In most research-intensive universities in the United Kingdom (such as those that are part of the Russell Group and 1994 Group ),

114-634: A lektor or universitetslektor is an academic rank similar to that of senior lecturer in Great Britain and associate professor in USA. The lektor holds the position below professor in rank. In Estonia , lektor (lecturer) is an academic rank equivalent to associate professor in the US and senior lecturer in Great Britain. Lecturers in Estonia usually hold PhD degree and are engaged in lecturing and research. In Singapore ,

171-562: A combination of those systems or other titles. Note that some universities in Commonwealth countries have adopted the American system in place of the Commonwealth system. In Australia, the term lecturer may be used informally to refer to anyone who conducts lectures at a university or elsewhere, but formally refers to a specific academic rank. The academic ranks in Australia are similar to those in

228-578: A department sessional lecturers . Like adjunct professors and sessional lecturers in North America, these non-permanent teaching staff are often very poorly paid (as little as £6000 p.a. in 2011–12). These differing uses of the term "lecturer" cause confusion for non-UK academics. As a proportion of UK academic staff , the proportion of permanent lectureships has fallen considerably. This is one reason why permanent lectureships are usually secured only after several years of post-doctoral experience. Data from

285-423: A doctorate or its professional equivalent and sometimes just require a given number of years of experience. Also, in some schools it is a temporary post for visiting academics of considerable prominence—e.g. a famous writer may serve for a term or a year, for instance. In some colleges the term Senior Lecturer is awarded to highly qualified or accomplished lecturers. The National University of Singapore introduced

342-527: A fixed-term lecturer can hold an equivalent rank to non tenure-track (visiting) assistant professor. Typically, longer contracts denote greater seniority or higher rank. Teaching fellows may also sometimes be referred to as lecturers—for example, Exeter named some of that group as education and scholarship lecturers (E & S) to recognise the contribution of teaching, and elevate the titles of teaching fellows to lecturers. Some universities also refer to graduate students or others, who undertake ad-hoc teaching for

399-527: A lecturer at the National University of Singapore is a full-time and renewable position that includes both the opportunities for research funding and for promotion to associate professor on the Educator Track . It is equivalent to assistant professor at a US university. In South Korea , the term gangsa (강사) is the literal translation of "part-time lecturer". A gangsa is usually part-time, paid by

456-638: A new body, the Higher Education Commission of India (HECI). This form of the bill was ultimately dropped in the face of strong political opposition, and was reworked in 2019 in order to gain political consensus. As of mid-2020 the UGC continues to remain in existence. Ministry of Human Resource Development, MHRD, was renamed as 'Ministry of Education'. On 13 April 2022 the University Grants Commission of India (UGC India) announced to allow

513-416: A number of years, a lecturer may be promoted based on their research record to become a senior lecturer . This position is below reader ( principal lecturer in post-1992 universities) and professor . In contrast, fixed-term or temporary lecturers are appointed for specific short-term teaching needs. These positions are often non-renewable and are common post-doctoral appointments. In North American terms,

570-405: A senior lecturer position is between a lecturer and a reader , with a strong focus on research. At the same time, in some universities (for instance, University of Leeds ), the rank of reader is no longer used for new appointments. A senior lecturer position can be a parallel position to reader in other universities. In some universities (notably post-1992 UK universities and former polytechnics),

627-497: A stated policy of firing and replacing under-performing teaching staff members. This policy is complicated by the 2008 Ball v Aberdeen tribunal decision, the distinction between teaching and research faculty is blurring—with implications for who can and cannot be made redundant at UK universities, and under what conditions. Despite this recent erosion of tenure in the UK, it is still practised in most universities. Permanent contracts use

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684-453: A teaching-only career pathway in 2008, which was reframed as an educator-track rank in 2015. Senior lecturer is equivalent to the level of senior assistant professor . The next rank is associate professor (educator track). The table presents a broad overview of the traditional main systems, but there are universities which use a combination of those systems or other titles. Some universities in Commonwealth countries have also entirely adopted

741-808: Is a statutory body under Department of Higher Education , Ministry of Education , Government of India . It was set up in accordance to the UGC Act 1956 and is charged with coordination, determination and maintenance of standards of higher education in India. It provides recognition to universities in India, and disbursements of funds to such recognized universities and colleges . The UGC headquarters are in New Delhi , and it has six regional centres in Pune , Bhopal , Kolkata , Hyderabad , Guwahati and Bangalore . A proposal to replace it with another new regulatory body called HECI

798-436: Is analogous to the research-only faculty tracks at some universities, which typically have title series such as research professor/scientist/scholar.) A related concept—at least in professional fields—is the clinical professor or professor of practice, which in addition to a teaching focus (vs. research), also tend to have a practical/professional/skills oriented focus (vs. theory and scholarship, etc.). In some institutions,

855-409: Is equivalent to assistant professor in the US system. The term is not universally applied, with some universities preferring the lecturer/reader/professor titles, while others work with the assistant professor/associate professor/professor title. As such, most lecturers' position can be considered tenure track. In many states of India, the term lecturer or Post Graduate Teacher (PGT) is also used for

912-455: Is similar to lecturer in Great Britain. The rank is also an academic rank which enables a teacher to lecture at Ungdomsskole (secondary school) on specialized fields and Videregående skole (high school) level. All teacher students in Norway are now required to reach a master's degree in order to be able to teach at all levels up to universities and university colleges. In Sweden and Denmark ,

969-516: Is something like Juniorprofessor , Dozent , Hochschuldozent , Juniordozent , Akademischer Rat or -Oberrat , Lehrkraft für besondere Aufgaben , and the like. The ranks Lecturer and Senior Lecturer are also increasingly being adopted by universities in Germany and the German-speaking part of Switzerland . It is used for some members of academic staff with permanent positions. In Poland ,

1026-436: Is sometimes confusion. On a generic level, the term broadly denotes college-level faculty who are not eligible for tenure and have no research obligations . At non-research colleges, the latter distinction is less meaningful, making the absence of tenure the main difference between lecturers and other academic faculty. Unlike the adjective "adjunct" (which can modify most academic titles, and generally refers to part-time status),

1083-516: Is the same position as "assistant professor" in other countries, including the US. In the Netherlands, a "lector" used to be equivalent to the rank of associate professor at universities. Nowadays, it is the highest academic rank at universities of applied sciences . At regular universities, this rank does not exist anymore. University Grants Commission (India) University Grants Commission ( UGC; ISO : Viś‍vavidyālaya Anudāna Āyōga )

1140-548: Is under consideration by the Government of India . The UGC provides doctoral scholarships to all those who clear JRF in the National Eligibility Test . On an average, each year ₹ 725 crore (US$ 87 million) is spent on doctoral and post-doctoral fellowships by the commission. The UGC was first formed in 1945 to oversee the work of the three Central Universities of Aligarh , Banaras and Delhi . Its responsibility

1197-401: The "professor" title should be reserved for an academic elite." Nottingham has a mixture of the standard UK system, and the system at Warwick, with both lecturers and assistant professors. At Reading, job advertisements and academic staff web pages use the title associate professor, but the ordinances of the university make no reference to these titles. They address only procedures for conferring

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1254-476: The Department of Electrical Engineering at IIT Delhi and former VC of JNU , was appointed as the chairman of the UGC. The types of universities regulated by the UGC include: As of 25 August 2022 , The University Grants Commission (UGC) has also released the list of 21 fake universities operating in India. UGC has said that these 21 self-styled, unrecognized institutions functioning in contravention of

1311-525: The Higher Education Statistics Agency show that in 2013–14, 36% of full- and part-time academic staff were on fixed-term contracts, down from 45% a decade earlier. Over the same period, the proportion of academic staff on permanent contracts rose from 55% to 64%. Others were on contracts classed as "atypical".' Historically in the UK, promotion to a senior lectureship reflected prowess in teaching or administration rather than research, and

1368-635: The Higher Education and Research (HE&R) Bill, 2011, intends to replace the UGC with a National Commission for Higher Education & Research (NCHER) "for determination, coordination, maintenance and continued enhancement of standards of higher education and research". The bill proposes absorbing the UGC and other academic agencies into this new organisation. Those agencies involved in medicine and law would be exempt from this merger "to set minimum standards for medical and legal education leading to professional practice". The bill has received opposition from

1425-583: The North American ranks of assistant and associate professor instead of lecturer and senior lecturer/reader. Some UK universities (for example, Plymouth University) use the rank of associate professor to denote the rank between a lecturer and a professor, but qualify it with 'senior lecturer' or 'reader' in the title, for example: Associate Professor (Senior Lecturer). In the United States , Canada , and other countries influenced by their educational systems ,

1482-448: The North American system in place of the Commonwealth system. Lecturer Lecturer is an academic rank within many universities, though the meaning of the term varies somewhat from country to country. It generally denotes an academic expert who is hired to teach on a full- or part-time basis. They may also conduct research. The table presents a broad overview of the traditional main systems, but there are universities which use

1539-630: The UGC Act have been declared as fake and are not entitled to confer any degree. The UGC has also issued warning to Deemed to be Universities to not use the word Deemed University as per their recent changes and guidelines. UGC, along with CSIR currently conducts NET for appointments of teachers in colleges and universities. It has made NET qualification mandatory for teaching at graduation level and at post-graduation level since July 2009. However, those with PhD are given five percent relaxation. Accreditation for higher learning over universities under

1596-509: The UGC is located at Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg in New Delhi, with two additional bureaus operating from 35, Feroze Shah Road and the South Campus of University of Delhi as well. In December 2015, the government of India set a National Institutional of Ranking Framework under UGC which will rank all educational institutes by April 2016. In February 2022, M. Jagadesh Kumar , a professor in

1653-499: The UK, with the rank of associate professor roughly equivalent to reader in UK universities. The academic levels in Australia are (in ascending academic level): (A) associate lecturer, (B) lecturer, (C) senior lecturer, (D) associate professor, and (E) professor. In India, one can appear for interviews for a post of a lecturer after passing the combility Test conducted by the University Grants Commission . The position

1710-439: The UK. In France , the title maître de conférences ("lecture master") is a permanent position that covers research and teaching (and usually administrative responsibilities). It is the lower of the two permanent faculty ranks (the other being professeur des universités or "university professor"). The title of lecteur is used for teachers of foreign languages with no research responsibilities. In German-speaking countries,

1767-489: The aegis of University Grants Commission is overseen by following fifteen autonomous statutory institutions: In 2009, the Union Minister of Human Resource Development, Kapil Sibal made known the government of India's plans to consider the closing down of the UGC and the related body All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), in favour of a higher regulatory body with more sweeping powers. This goal, proposed by

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1824-515: The coordination, determination and maintenance of standards of teaching, examination and research in university education. In November 1956, the UGC became a statutory body upon the passing of the " University Grants Commission Act, 1956 " by the Indian Parliament . In 1994 and 1995, the UGC decentralized its operations by setting up six regional centres at Pune , Hyderabad , Kolkata , Bhopal , Guwahati and Bangalore . The head office of

1881-734: The differing use of the "senior lecturer" title. A senior lecturer in a post-1992 university is equivalent to a lecturer (B) in a pre-1992 university, whereas a senior lecturer in a pre-1992 university is most often equivalent to a principal lecturer in a post-1992 university. According to the Times Higher Education , the University of Warwick decided in 2006 "to break away from hundreds of years of academic tradition, renaming lecturers 'assistant professors', senior lecturers and readers 'associate professors' while still calling professors 'professors'. The radical move will horrify those who believe

1938-439: The faculty from an associate up can deliver lectures. In Norway , a lektor , University Lektor and University College Lektor are academic ranks at universities and university colleges in Norway. The requirements for such position is a combination of relevant degree on master level (five years master or bachelor plus two years master) or higher, research experience, teaching experience and pedagogic education and training. The rank

1995-559: The government decided that all grants to universities and higher learning institutions should be handled by the UGC. Subsequently, an inauguration was held on 28 December 1953 by Maulana Abul Kalam Azad , the Minister of Education, Natural Resources and Scientific Research. The University Grants Commission (UGC) came into existence on 28 December 1953 and became a statutory Organization of the Government of India by an Act of Parliament in 1956, for

2052-697: The intermediate college teachers. The intermediate colleges or Junior Colleges are equivalent to higher secondary schools. Such lecturers are subject experts specifically engaged to teach a particular subject in higher classes. In the UK, the term lecturer is ambiguous and covers several academic ranks. The key distinction is between permanent/open-ended or temporary/fixed-term lectureships. A permanent lecturer in UK universities usually holds an open-ended position that covers teaching, research, and administrative responsibilities. Permanent lectureships are tenure-track or tenured positions that are equivalent to an assistant or associate professorship in North America. After

2109-511: The level of " associate professor " in North American universities, and "lecturer" is roughly equivalent to the North American " assistant professor ". The ranks Lecturer and Senior Lecturer (without a translation into German) are also increasingly being adopted by universities in Germany and the German-speaking part of Switzerland . It is used for some members of academic staff with permanent positions. Some British universities (for instance, Nottingham and Warwick) have recently decided to adopt

2166-474: The level of reader (for instance, the University of Leeds and the University of Oxford). Senior lecturers and readers are sometimes paid on the same salary scale, although readers are recognized as more senior. Many open-ended lecturers in the UK have a doctorate (50.1% in 2009–2010) and often have postdoctoral research experience. In almost all fields, a doctorate is a prerequisite, although historically this

2223-594: The local governments of the Indian states of Bihar , Kerala , Punjab , Tamil Nadu and West Bengal , but has received general support. On 27 June 2018, the Ministry of Human Resource Development announced its plans to repeal the UGC Act, 1956. A bill was expected to be introduced in the 2018 monsoon session of the Parliament, which if passed would have led to the dissolution of the UGC. The bill also stipulated formation of

2280-410: The normal U.S. practice of using lower-case p "professor" as a common noun for anyone who teaches college, as well as a pre-nominal title of address (e.g. "Professor Smith") without necessarily referring to job title or position rank (e.g. "John Smith, Assistant/Associate/Full Professor of X"). In other countries, usage varies. In Israel , the term has a meaning in academia similar to that in

2337-546: The number of hours of teaching. No research or administrative obligation is attached. In many disciplines, gangsa is regarded as a first step in one's academic career. In Korea, the tenure position started from "full-time lecturer". The tenure track positions in South Korea are "full-time lecturer (JunImGangSa, 전임강사)", "assistant professor (JoKyoSu, 조교수)", "associate professor (BuKyosu, 부교수)", and "professor (KyoSu or JungKyosu, 교수 or 정교수, respectively)". Therefore, "full-time lecturer"

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2394-440: The position of lecturer, especially "distinguished lecturer", may also refer to a position somewhat similar to emeritus professor or a temporary post used for visiting academics of considerable prominence—e.g. a famous writer may serve for a term or a year, for instance. When confusion arose about President Barack Obama 's status on the faculty at the University of Chicago Law School , the institution stated that although his title

2451-458: The position was much less likely to lead directly to promotion to professor. In contrast, promotion to senior lecturer nowadays is based on research achievements (for research-intensive universities), and is an integral part of the promotion path to a full chair. Promotion to reader (or principal lecturer in post-1992 universities) is sometimes still necessary before promotion to a full chair; however, some universities no longer make appointments at

2508-524: The reason of higher-ranking faculty tending to prefer higher-level courses, part of the reason is also cost savings, as non-tenure-track faculty tend to have lower salaries. When a lecturer is part-time, there is little practical distinction in the position from an adjunct professor /instructor/etc., since all non-tenure-track faculty by definition are not on the tenure track. However, for full-time lecturers (or those regularly salaried above some stated level, such as half-time ), many institutions now incorporate

2565-443: The related term wykładowca is used for a teaching-only position. In Russia , a lektor is not an academic rank or a position name, but simply a description of an educator who delivers a set of lectures on a specific course. The title doesn't carry any particular teaching or research obligations and is simply a technical description. While lektors tend to be senior educators (such as professors or associate professors), any member of

2622-431: The role quite formally—managing it with performance reviews, promotional tracks, administrative service responsibilities, and many faculty privileges (e.g. voting, use of resources, etc.). An emerging alternative to using full-time lecturers at research institutions is to create a parallel professorship track that is focused on teaching. It may offer tenure, and typically has a title series such as teaching professor. (This

2679-641: The senior lecturer and reader ranks denote different responsibilities, with the former being more teaching-focused and the latter being more research-focused. Senior lecturers can progress to either a reader or a professor position. In most UK, New Zealand, Australian, Swiss and Israeli universities, there are ranks equivalent to senior lecturer ( Oberassistent or Akademischer Oberrat in German, Chargé de cours in French, or מרצה בכיר in Hebrew), all being roughly comparable to

2736-640: The students to complete two academic programmes simultaneously keeping in view the proposals outlined in the National Education Policy - NEP 2020 which emphasizes the need to enable multiple pathways to learning involving both formal and non-formal education modes. In a joint notification with All India Council for Technical Education ( AICTE ), University Grants Commission advised Indian nationals & overseas citizens of India against pursuing higher education in Pakistan stating that any such student with

2793-426: The term lektor historically denoted a teaching position below a professor, primarily responsible for delivering and organizing lectures. The contemporary equivalent is dozent . Nowadays, the German term lektor exists only in philology or modern-language departments at German-speaking universities for positions that primarily involve teaching a foreign language. The equivalent rank within the German university system

2850-654: The term is used differently, sometimes denoting academics without tenure who teach full or part-time but have few or no research responsibilities within the institution where they teach. Conversely, some universities use the term to refer to full-time, tenured faculty whose primary responsibilities are teaching and service instead of research. A convention some schools have begun to use is the title "teaching professor," with or without ranks, to clarify that these are in fact true faculty members who simply do not have research obligations. Senior lecturers sometimes have substantial experience and accomplishments in their field and possess

2907-647: The title is used as an equivalent alternative to instructor , but schools that use both titles tend to provide relatively more advancement potential (e.g. multiple ranks of progression, at least some of which entail faculty voting privileges or faculty committee service) to their lecturers. The term "instructor" can be broad enough to cover certain non-faculty teaching roles, such as when graduate students teach undergraduates. Major research universities are more frequently hiring full-time lecturers, whose responsibilities tend to focus primarily in undergraduate education, especially for introductory/survey courses. In addition to

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2964-480: The title of lecturer at most schools does not address the issue of full-time vs. part-time status. Lecturers are almost always required to have at least a master's degree and quite often have earned doctorates. (For example, at Columbia University in New York, the title of lecturer actually requires a doctorate or its professional equivalent; they also use the term for "instructors in specialized programs." ) Sometimes

3021-584: The traditional UK academic ranks. Since the Conservatives' 1988 Education Reform Act, the ironclad tenure that used to exist in the UK has given way to a less-secure form of tenure. Technically, university vice-chancellors can make individual faculty members redundant for poor performance or institute departmental redundancies, but in practice, this is rare. The most noted use of this policy happened in 2012 at Queen Mary University of London where lecturers on permanent contracts were fired. The institution now has

3078-410: The word "tenure" for lecturers who are "reappointed to the retiring age". This is equivalent to a US tenure decision—references are sought from world-leading academics and tenure and promotions committees meet to decide "tenure" cases. There is normally no title elevation in such instances—tenure and title are independent. As different US academic institutions use the term lecturer in various ways, there

3135-466: Was "senior lecturer", the university considered him to be a "professor" and further noted that it uses that title for notable people, such as federal judges and politicians, who are deemed of high prestige but lack the time to commit to a traditional tenure-track position. Other universities instead use the term "senior" in that context as simply a matter of rank or promotion. In any case, references to lecturers of any rank as "professors" are consistent with

3192-582: Was extended in 1947 to cover all Indian universities. In August 1949 a recommendation was made to reconstitute the UGC along similar lines to the University Grants Committee of the United Kingdom. This recommendation was made by the University Education Commission of 1948–1949 which was set up under the chairmanship of S. Radhakrishnan "to report on Indian university education and suggest improvements and extensions". In 1952

3249-576: Was not the case. Some academic positions could have been held on the basis of research merit alone, without a higher degree. The new universities (that is universities that were until 1992 termed polytechnics ) have a slightly different ranking naming scheme from the older universities. Many pre-1992 universities use the grades: lecturer (A), lecturer (B), senior lecturer, reader, professor. Meanwhile, post-1992 grades are normally: lecturer, senior lecturer, principal lecturer (management-focused) or reader (research-focused), professor. Much confusion surrounds

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