Misplaced Pages

#299700

65-513: Sendafa has a moderate temperature; June, July and August are principal rainy season . The town has one senior secondary school, which started enrolling students in 1987. Sendafa enjoys relatively moderate technological facilities compared to other towns of the same size in its Zone. Major public institutions here include the Ethiopian Police College and the Sendafa military camp. The town

130-571: A "peg". This peg grows into the soil, allowing the fruit to develop underground. These pods, technically called legumes, are 3 to 7 centimetres (1 to 3 in) long, normally containing one to four seeds . The shell of the peanut fruit consists primarily of a mesocarp with several large veins traversing its length. Parts of the peanut include: Peanuts contain polyphenols , polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats , phytosterols and dietary fiber in amounts similar to several tree nuts. Peanut skins contain resveratrol . The Arachis genus

195-591: A different pod structure and larger seeds. From this primary center of origin , cultivation spread and formed secondary and tertiary centers of diversity in Peru, Ecuador , Brazil, Paraguay , and Uruguay . Over time, thousands of peanut landraces evolved; these are classified into six botanical varieties and two subspecies (as listed in the peanut scientific classification table). Subspecies A. h. fastigiata types are more upright in their growth habit and have shorter crop cycles. Subspecies A. h. hypogaea types spread more on

260-565: A distinct rainy season. Also subtropical areas like Florida , South and Southeast Texas, and southern Louisiana in the United States have a rainy season. Monsoon regions include the Indian subcontinent , Southeast Asia (including Indonesia and Philippines ), northern sections of Australia , Polynesia , Central America , western and southern Mexico , the Desert Southwest of

325-610: A fungus, Alternaria arachidis . Some people (1.4–2% in Europe and the United States ) report that they experience allergic reactions to peanut exposure; symptoms can be especially severe, ranging from watery eyes to anaphylactic shock , the latter of which is generally fatal if untreated. Eating a small amount of peanuts can cause a reaction. Because of their widespread use in prepared and packaged foods, avoiding peanuts can be difficult. Reading ingredients and warnings on product packaging

390-563: A lack of early childhood exposure to infectious agents like germs and parasites could be causing the increase in food allergies. Studies comparing age of peanut introduction in Great Britain with introduction in Israel showed that delaying exposure to peanuts in childhood can dramatically increase the risk of developing peanut allergies. Peanut allergy has been associated with the use of skin preparations containing peanut oil among children, but

455-418: A little less than a third of their original moisture level over three to four days. Traditionally, peanuts were pulled and inverted by hand. After the peanuts have dried sufficiently, they are threshed , removing the peanut pods from the rest of the bush. Peanuts must be dried properly and stored in dry conditions. If they are too high in moisture, or if storage conditions are poor, they may become infected by

520-457: A randomized, double-blind crossover study , 60 people with proven peanut allergy were challenged with both crude peanut oil and refined peanut oil. The authors concluded, "Crude peanut oil caused allergic reactions in 10% of allergic subjects studied and should continue to be avoided." They also stated, "Refined peanut oil does not seem to pose a risk to most people with peanut allergy." However, they point out that refined peanut oil can still pose

585-504: A risk to peanut-allergic individuals if the oil that has previously been used for cooking foods containing peanuts is reused. Raw Valencia peanuts are 4% water, 48% fat , 25% protein , and 21% carbohydrates , including 9% dietary fiber (USDA nutrient data). Peanuts are rich in essential nutrients . In a reference amount of 100-gram ( 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 -ounce), peanuts provide 2,385 kilojoules (570 kilocalories) of food energy , and are an excellent source (defined as more than 20% of

650-483: A spread of 70 to 80 cm (28 to 31 in), with 80 to 90 cm (31 to 35 in) rows that seldom cover the ground. The pods are borne within 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in) of the base of the plant. Cultivars of Virginia-type peanuts include 'NC 7', 'NC 9', 'NC 10C', 'NC-V 11', 'VA 93B', 'NC 12C', 'VA-C 92R', 'Gregory', 'VA 98R', 'Perry', 'Wilson, 'Hull', 'AT VC-2' and 'Shulamit'. Valencia group peanuts are coarse and have heavy reddish stems and large foliage. In

715-541: A total population for Sendafa of 12,298, of whom 6,373 were men and 5,925 were women. The majority of the inhabitants said they practised Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity , with 84.15% of the population reporting they practised that belief, 11.38% were Muslim . Based on figures from the Central Statistical Agency in 2005, this town has an estimated total population of 9,952 of whom 4,737 are men and 5,215 are women. The 1994 national census reported this town had

SECTION 10

#1732870204300

780-524: A total population of 5,573 of whom 2,569 were men and 3,004 were women. For the past several years, the non-denominational Living Word Community Church in York, Pennsylvania, has partnered with the village of Sendafa, sending teams of church members to provide medical and educational supplies. In 2010, Living Word Community Church members raised $ 10,000 to pay for a clean-water well to be drilled in Sendafa. Rainy season The wet season (sometimes called

845-615: A wet season in the winter months. Similarly, the wet season in the Negev Desert of Israel extends from October through May. At the boundary between the Mediterranean and monsoon climates lies the Sonoran Desert , which receives the two rainy seasons associated with each climate regime. The wet season is known by many different local names throughout the world. For example, in Mexico it

910-407: A wet season month is defined as a month where average precipitation is 60 millimetres (2.4 in) or more. In contrast to areas with savanna climates and monsoon regimes, Mediterranean climates have wet winters and dry summers. Dry and rainy months are characteristic of tropical seasonal forests : in contrast to tropical rainforests , which do not have dry or wet seasons, since their rainfall

975-445: Is 1 to 7 cm ( 1 ⁄ 2 to 2 + 3 ⁄ 4  in) long and 1 to 3 cm ( 1 ⁄ 2 to 1 + 1 ⁄ 4  in) across. Like those of many other legumes, the leaves are nyctinastic ; that is, they have "sleep" movements, closing at night. The flowers are 1 to 1.5 cm ( 3 ⁄ 8 to 5 ⁄ 8  in) across, and yellowish orange with reddish veining. They are borne in axillary clusters on

1040-454: Is a food paste or spread made from ground dry roasted peanuts. It often contains additional ingredients that modify the taste or texture, such as salt, sweeteners, or emulsifiers . Many companies have added twists on traditionally plain peanut butter by adding various flavor varieties, such as chocolate, birthday cake, and cinnamon raisin. Peanut butter is served as a spread on bread, toast or crackers, and used to make sandwiches (notably

1105-402: Is a term to describe farm-fresh harvested peanuts that have not been dehydrated. They are available from grocery stores, food distributors, and farmers markets during the growing season. Raw peanuts are also uncooked but have been dried/dehydrated and must be rehydrated before boiling (usually in a bowl full of water overnight). Once rehydrated, the raw peanuts are ready to be boiled. Peanut oil

1170-620: Is also the planned location for the new training centre of the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front , budgeted to cost 80 million birr . This plan includes a seven-story headquarters building to be built in Arat Kilo US Peace Corps Volunteers served in Sedafa between 1966 and 1970. In 2022 the total population was estimated at 25,502 of whom males 13,086 and females 12,416 The 2007 national census reported

1235-603: Is equally distributed throughout the year. Some areas with pronounced rainy seasons will see a break in rainfall mid-season, when the Intertropical Convergence Zone or monsoon trough moves to higher latitudes in the middle of the warm season. When the wet season occurs during a warm season, or summer , precipitation falls mainly during the late afternoon and early evening. In the wet season, air quality improves, fresh water quality improves, and vegetation grows substantially, leading to crop yields late in

1300-427: Is evident, are more likely to be contaminated. The USDA tests every truckload of raw peanuts for aflatoxin; any containing aflatoxin levels of more than 15 parts per billion are destroyed. The peanut industry has manufacturing steps to ensure all peanuts are inspected for aflatoxin. Peanuts tested to have high aflatoxin are used to make peanut oil where the mold can be removed. The plant leaves can also be affected by

1365-503: Is known as "storm season". Different names are given to the various short "seasons" of the year by the First Nations of Northern Australia : the wet season typically experienced there from December to March is called Gudjewg . The precise meaning of the word is disputed, although it is widely accepted to relate to the severe thunderstorms, flooding, and abundant vegetation growth commonly experienced at this time. In tropical areas, when

SECTION 20

#1732870204300

1430-495: Is native to South America , east of the Andes , around Peru , Bolivia , Argentina , and Brazil . Cultivated peanuts ( A. hypogaea ) arose from a hybrid between two wild species of peanut, thought to be A. duranensis and A. ipaensis . The initial hybrid would have been sterile, but spontaneous chromosome doubling restored its fertility, forming what is termed an amphidiploid or allotetraploid . Genetic analysis suggests

1495-439: Is necessary to avoid this allergen. Foods processed in facilities that also handle peanuts on the same equipment as other foods are required to carry such warnings on their labels. Avoiding cross-contamination with peanuts and peanut products (along with other severe allergens like shellfish) is a promoted and common practice of which chefs and restaurants worldwide are becoming aware. The hygiene hypothesis of allergy states that

1560-485: Is now the largest producer in the world. Peanuts were introduced to the US during the colonial period and grown as a garden crop. According to Bernard Romans , groundnuts were introduced into colonial East Florida by Black people from Guinea , where the plant is also endemic. Starting in 1870 they were used as an animal feedstock until human consumption grew in the 1930s. George Washington Carver (1864-1943) championed

1625-430: Is often used in cooking because it has a mild flavor and a relatively high smoke point . Due to its high monounsaturated content, it is considered more healthful than saturated oils and is resistant to rancidity . The several types of peanut oil include aromatic roasted peanut oil, refined peanut oil, extra virgin or cold-pressed peanut oil, and peanut extract. Refined peanut oil is exempt from allergen labeling laws in

1690-604: Is widely grown in the tropics and subtropics by small and large commercial producers, both as grain legume and as an oil crop. Atypically among legumes, peanut pods develop underground leading botanist Carl Linnaeus to name peanuts hypogaea , which means "under the earth". The peanut belongs to the botanical family Fabaceae (or Leguminosae), commonly known as the legume, bean, or pea family. Like most other legumes, peanuts harbor symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria in root nodules , which improve soil fertility , making them valuable in crop rotations . Despite not meeting

1755-481: The Daily Value , DV) of several B vitamins , vitamin E , several dietary minerals , such as manganese (95% DV), magnesium (52% DV) and phosphorus (48% DV), and dietary fiber . The fats are mainly polyunsaturated and monounsaturated (83% of total fats when combined). Some studies show that regular consumption of peanuts is associated with a lower specific risk of mortality from certain diseases. However,

1820-462: The botanical definition of a nut as "a  fruit whose ovary wall becomes hard at maturity," peanuts are usually categorized as nuts for culinary purposes and in common English. Peanuts are similar in taste and nutritional profile to tree nuts such as walnuts and almonds , and, as a culinary nut , are often served in similar ways in Western cuisines . World production of shelled peanuts in 2020

1885-434: The mold fungus Aspergillus flavus . Many strains of this fungus release toxic and highly carcinogenic substances called aflatoxins . If peanut plants are subjected to severe drought during pod formation, or if pods are not properly stored, they may become contaminated with the mold Aspergillus flavus which may produce carcinogenic substances called aflatoxins . Lower-quality peanuts, particularly where mold

1950-465: The rainy season or monsoon season ) is the time of year when most of a region's average annual rainfall occurs. Generally, the season lasts at least one month. The term green season is also sometimes used as a euphemism by tourist authorities. Areas with wet seasons are dispersed across portions of the tropics and subtropics . Under the Köppen climate classification , for tropical climates ,

2015-461: The study designs do not allow cause and effect to be inferred. According to the US Food and Drug Administration , "Scientific evidence suggests but does not prove that eating 1.5 ounces per day of most nuts (such as peanuts) as part of a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol may reduce the risk of heart disease." Dry-roasting peanuts is a common form of preparation. Dry peanuts can be roasted in

Sendafa - Misplaced Pages Continue

2080-427: The US states of Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and parts of Georgia. They are increasing in popularity due to the demand for large peanuts for processing, particularly for salting, confections, and roasting in shells. Virginia group peanuts are either bunch or running in growth habit. The bunch type is upright to spreading. It attains a height of 45 to 55 cm (18 to 22 in), and

2145-438: The US. A common cooking and salad oil, peanut oil is 46% monounsaturated fats (primarily oleic acid ), 32% polyunsaturated fats (primarily linoleic acid ), and 17% saturated fats (primarily palmitic acid ). Extractable from whole peanuts using a simple water and centrifugation method, the oil is being considered by NASA 's Advanced Life Support program for future long-duration human space missions . Peanut butter

2210-731: The United States, southern Guyana , and northeast Brazil . Northern Guyana has two wet seasons: one in early spring and the other in early winter. In western Africa, there are two rainy seasons across southern sections, but only one across the north. Within the Mediterranean climate regime, the west coast of the United States, the southwest coast of Australia and South Africa, the Mediterranean coastline of Italy, Spain, Greece, Lebanon, Syria, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, and Turkey, as well as areas further inland in Western Asia which include Jordan, Northern Iraq and most parts of Iran, experience

2275-535: The United States, large commercial production is primarily in the South Plains of West Texas and in eastern New Mexico near and south of Portales , but they are grown on a small scale elsewhere in the South as the best-flavored and preferred type for boiled peanuts . They are comparatively tall, reaching a height of 125 cm (49 in) and a spread of 75 cm (30 in). Peanut pods are borne on pegs arising from

2340-403: The beginning of the wet season. The onset of the rainy season signals the departure of the monarch butterfly from Mexico. Tropical species of butterflies show larger dot markings on their wings to fend off possible predators and are more active during the wet season than the dry season . Within the tropics and warmer areas of the subtropics, decreased salinity of near shore wetlands due to

2405-609: The center of origin where the climate is moister. Many pre-Columbian cultures, such as the Moche , depicted peanuts in their art. Cultivation was well-established in Mesoamerica before the Spanish arrived. There, the conquistadors found the tlālcacahuatl (the plant's Nahuatl name, hence the name in Spanish cacahuate ) offered for sale in the marketplace of Tenochtitlan . Its cultivation

2470-554: The charging of local aquifers during the wet season. Water also softens, as the concentration of dissolved materials reduces during the rainy season. Erosion is also increased during rainy periods. Arroyos that are dry at other times of the year fill with runoff, in some cases with water as deep as 10 feet (3.0 m). Leaching of soils during periods of heavy rainfall depletes nutrients. The higher runoff from land masses affects nearby ocean areas, which are more stratified , or less mixed, due to stronger surface currents forced by

2535-543: The color of the seed. Sometimes known also as Texas Red or White, the plants are similar to Valencia types, except the stems are green to greenish brown, and the pods are rough, irregular, and have a smaller proportion of kernels. Peanuts grow best in light, sandy loam soil with a pH of 5.9–7. Their capacity to fix nitrogen means that providing they nodulate properly, peanuts benefit little or not at all from nitrogen-containing fertilizer , and they improve soil fertility . Therefore, they are valuable in crop rotations . Also,

2600-471: The cultivar of peanut, harvest is usually 90 to 130 days after planting for subspecies A. h. fastigiata types, and 120 to 150 days after planting for subspecies A. h. hypogaea types. Subspecies A. h. hypogaea types yield more and are usually preferred where the growing seasons are sufficiently long. Peanut plants continue to produce flowers when pods are developing; therefore, some pods are immature even when they are ready for harvest. To maximize yield,

2665-740: The evidence is not regarded as conclusive. Peanut allergies have also been associated with family history and intake of soy products. Some school districts in the US and elsewhere have banned peanuts or products containing peanuts. However, the efficacy of the bans in reducing allergic reactions is uncertain. A 2015 study in Canada found no difference in the percentage of accidental exposures occurring in schools prohibiting peanuts compared to schools allowing them. Refined peanut oil will not cause allergic reactions in most people with peanut allergies. However, crude (unrefined) peanut oils have been shown to contain protein, which may cause allergic reactions. In

Sendafa - Misplaced Pages Continue

2730-403: The ground and have longer crop cycles. The oldest known archeological remains of pods have been dated at about 7,600 years old, possibly a wild species that was in cultivation, or A. hypogaea in the early phase of domestication. They were found in Peru, where dry climatic conditions are favorable for the preservation of organic material. Almost certainly, peanut cultivation antedated this at

2795-740: The heavy rainfall runoff. High rainfall can cause widespread flooding, which can lead to landslides and mudflows in mountainous areas. Such floods cause rivers to burst their banks and submerge homes. The Ghaggar-Hakra River , which only flows during India's monsoon season, can flood and severely damage local crops. Floods can be exacerbated by fires that occurred during the previous dry season, which cause soils which are sandy or composed of loam to become hydrophobic, or water repellent. In various ways governments may help people deal with wet season floods. Flood plain mapping identifies which areas are more prone to flooding. Instructions on controlling erosion through outreach are also provided by telephone or

2860-513: The hybridization may have occurred only once and gave rise to A. monticola , a wild form of peanut that occurs in a few limited locations in northwestern Argentina, or in southeastern Bolivia, where the peanut landraces with the most wild-like features are grown today, and by artificial selection to A. hypogaea . The process of domestication through artificial selection made A. hypogaea dramatically different from its wild relatives. The domesticated plants are bushier, more compact, and have

2925-560: The internet. The wet season is the main period of vegetation growth within the Savanna climate regime. However, this also means that wet season is a time for food shortages before crops reach their full maturity. This causes seasonal weight changes for people in developing countries, with a drop occurring during the wet season until the time of the first harvest, when weights rebound. Malaria incidence increases during periods of high temperature and heavy rainfall. Cows calve, or give birth, at

2990-525: The late 19th and early 20th centuries. Peanut butter was developed in the 1890s in the US. It became well known after the Beech-Nut company began selling peanut butter at the St. Louis World's Fair of 1904. There are many peanut cultivars grown around the world. The market classes grown in the United States are Spanish, Runner, Virginia, and Valencia. Peanut production in the US is divided into three major areas:

3055-500: The main stem and the side branches. Most pods are clustered around the base of the plant, and only a few are found several inches away. Valencia types are three- to five-seeded and smooth, with no constriction of the shell between the seeds. Seeds are oval and tightly crowded into the pods. Typical seed weight is 0.4 to 0.5 g. This type is used heavily for selling roasted and salted in-shell peanuts and peanut butter. Varieties include 'Valencia A' and 'Valencia C'. These are alike except for

3120-421: The monsoon arrives, high daytime high temperatures drop and overnight low temperatures increase, thus reducing diurnal temperature variation . During the wet season, a combination of heavy rainfall and, in some places such as Hong Kong , an onshore wind, improve air quality . In Brazil, the wet season is correlated with weaker trade winds off the ocean. The pH level of water becomes more balanced due to

3185-463: The peanut as part of his efforts for agricultural extension in the American South, where soils were depleted after repeated plantings of cotton. He invented and promulgated hundreds of peanut-based products, including cosmetics, paints, plastics, gasoline and nitroglycerin. The US Department of Agriculture initiated a program to encourage agricultural production and human consumption of peanuts in

3250-426: The rains causes an increase in crocodile nesting. Other species, such as the arroyo toad , spawn within the couple of months after the seasonal rains. Armadillos and rattlesnakes seek higher ground. Peanut The peanut ( Arachis hypogaea ), also known as the groundnut , goober (US), goober pea , pindar (US) or monkey nut (UK), is a legume crop grown mainly for its edible seeds . It

3315-412: The season. Rivers overflow their banks, and some animals retreat to higher ground. Soil nutrients diminish and erosion increases. The incidence of malaria and dengue increases in areas where the rainy season coincides with high temperatures, particularly in tropical areas. Some animals have adaptation and survival strategies for the wet season. Often, the previous dry season leads to food shortages in

SECTION 50

#1732870204300

3380-556: The shell are of the Virginia type, along with some Valencias selected for large size and the attractive appearance of the shell. Spanish peanuts are used mostly for peanut candy, salted nuts, and peanut butter. The small Spanish types are grown in South Africa and the southwestern and southeastern United States. Until 1940, 90% of the peanuts grown in the US state of Georgia were Spanish types, but

3445-557: The shell or shelled in a home oven if spread out one layer deep in a pan and baked at a temperature of 177 °C (351 °F) for 15 to 20 min (shelled) and 20 to 25 min (in shell). Boiled peanuts are a popular snack in India, China, West Africa, and the southern United States. In the US South, boiled peanuts are often prepared in briny water and sold in streetside stands. A distinction can be drawn between raw and green peanuts. A green peanut

3510-869: The southeastern US region has seen a shift to producing Runner group peanuts. This shift is due to good flavor, better roasting characteristics, and higher yields when compared to Spanish types, leading to food manufacturers' preference for the use in peanut butter and salted nuts. Georgia's production is now almost 100% Runner-type. Cultivars of Runners include 'Southeastern Runner 56-15', 'Dixie Runner', 'Early Runner', 'Virginia Bunch 67', 'Bradford Runner', 'Egyptian Giant' (also known as 'Virginia Bunch' and 'Giant'), 'Rhodesian Spanish Bunch' (Valencia and Virginia Bunch), 'North Carolina Runner 56-15', 'Florunner', 'Virugard', 'Georgia Green', 'Tamrun 96', 'Flavor Runner 458', 'Tamrun OL01', 'Tamrun OL02' 'AT-120', 'Andru-93', 'Southern Runner', 'AT1-1', 'Georgia Brown', 'GK-7', and 'AT-108'. The large-seeded Virginia group peanuts are grown in

3575-591: The southeastern US region which includes Alabama, Georgia, and Florida; the southwestern US region which includes New Mexico , Oklahoma , and Texas; and the third region in the general eastern US which includes Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. In Georgia, Naomi Chapman Woodroof is responsible for developing the breeding program of peanuts resulting in a harvest almost five times greater. Certain cultivar groups are preferred for particular characteristics, such as differences in flavor, oil content, size, shape, and disease resistance. Most peanuts marketed in

3640-423: The stems above ground and last for just one day. The ovary is located at the base of what appears to be the flower stem but is a highly elongated floral cup . Peanut fruits develop underground, an unusual feature known as geocarpy . After fertilization , a short stalk at the base of the ovary—often termed a gynophore , but which appears to be part of the ovary—elongates to form a thread-like structure known as

3705-914: The timing of harvest is important. If it is too early, too many pods will be unripe; if too late, the pods will snap off at the stalk and remain in the soil. For harvesting, the entire plant, including most of the roots, is removed from the soil. The pods are covered with a network of raised veins and are constricted between seeds. The main yield-limiting factors in semi-arid regions are drought and high-temperature stress. The stages of reproductive development before flowering, at flowering, and at early pod development are particularly sensitive to these constraints. Apart from nitrogen , phosphorus and potassium , other nutrient deficiencies causing significant yield losses are calcium , iron and boron . Biotic stresses mainly include pests, diseases, and weeds. Among insects pests, pod borers, aphids, and mites are of importance. The most important diseases are leaf spots, rusts, and

3770-414: The toxin-producing fungus Aspergillus. Harvesting occurs in two stages. In mechanized systems, a machine is used to cut off the main root of the peanut plant by cutting through the soil just below the level of the peanut pods. The machine lifts the "bush" from the ground, shakes it, then inverts it, leaving the plant upside down to keep the peanuts out of the soil. This allows the peanuts to dry slowly to

3835-679: The trend since then has been larger-seeded, higher-yielding, more disease -resistant cultivars. Spanish peanuts have a higher oil content than other types of peanuts. In the US, the Spanish group is primarily grown in New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas. Cultivars of the Spanish group include 'Dixie Spanish', 'Improved Spanish 2B', 'GFA Spanish', 'Argentine', 'Spantex', 'Spanette', 'Shaffers Spanish', 'Natal Common (Spanish)', "White Kernel Varieties', 'Starr', 'Comet', 'Florispan', 'Spanhoma', 'Spancross', 'OLin', 'Tamspan 90', 'AT 9899–14', 'Spanco', 'Wilco I', 'GG 2', 'GG 4', 'TMV 2', and 'Tamnut 06'. Since 1940,

3900-472: The tropics can have two wet seasons, because the monsoon trough, or Intertropical Convergence Zone , can pass over locations in the tropics twice per year. However, since rain forests have rainfall spread evenly through the year, they do not have a wet season. Areas with a savanna climate in Sub-Saharan Africa , such as Ghana , Burkina Faso , Darfur , Eritrea , Ethiopia , and Botswana have

3965-414: The wet season is mainly due to daytime heating, which leads to diurnal thunderstorm activity within a pre-existing moist airmass , so the rain mainly falls in late afternoon and early evening in savanna and monsoon regions. Much of the total rainfall each day occurs in the first minutes of the downpour, before the storms mature into their stratiform stage. Most places have only one wet season, but areas of

SECTION 60

#1732870204300

4030-474: The wet season, as the crops have yet to mature. Crops which can be successfully planted during the wet or rainy season are cassava , maize , groundnut , millet , rice and yam . The temperate counterpart to the tropical wet season is spring or autumn . In areas where the heavy rainfall is associated with a wind shift, the wet season is known as the monsoon season. Many tropical and subtropical climates experience monsoon rainfall patterns. Rainfall in

4095-621: The yield of the peanut crop itself is increased in rotations through reduced diseases, pests, and weeds. For example, in Texas , peanuts in a three-year rotation with corn yield 50% more than nonrotated peanuts. Adequate levels of phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and micronutrients are also necessary for good yields. Peanuts need warm weather throughout the growing season to develop well. They can be grown with as little as 350 mm (14 in) of water, but for best yields need at least 500 mm (20 in). Depending on growing conditions and

4160-527: Was 54 million tonnes , led by China with 34% of the total. The peanut is an annual herbaceous plant growing 30 to 50 centimetres (12 to 20 in) tall. As a legume, it belongs to the botanical family Fabaceae , also known as Leguminosae, and commonly known as the legume, bean, or pea family. Like most other legumes, peanuts harbor symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria in their root nodules . The leaves are opposite and pinnate with four leaflets (two opposite pairs; no terminal leaflet); each leaflet

4225-512: Was introduced in Europe in the 19th century through Spain, particularly Valencia , where it is still produced, albeit marginally. European traders later spread the peanut worldwide, and cultivation is now widespread in tropical and subtropical regions. In West Africa , it substantially replaced a crop plant from the same family, the Bambara groundnut , whose seed pods also develop underground. In Asia, it became an agricultural mainstay, and this region

#299700