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55-509: In 1909, a Chinese merchant named Seah Eng Keong, the son of Chinese pioneer Seah Liang Seah , discovered hot springs in his pineapple estate in Sembawang . The three springs were channelled into one, so that the water would be conveniently concentrated in one area. A well was built along with the spring, which became popular with the villagers, who frequently sought the waters for their supposed healing powers. The spring's fame spread, resulting in

110-494: A fever or sepsis . Risk factors include diabetes , peripheral arterial disease , smoking , major trauma , alcoholism , HIV/AIDS , frostbite , influenza , dengue fever , malaria , chickenpox , plague , hypernatremia , radiation injuries , meningococcal disease , Group B streptococcal infection and Raynaud's syndrome . It can be classified as dry gangrene , wet gangrene , gas gangrene , internal gangrene , and necrotizing fasciitis . The diagnosis of gangrene

165-426: A guillotine amputation , is often needed to limit systemic effects of the infection. Such an amputation can be converted to a formal amputation, such as a below- or above-knee amputation . Gas gangrene is a bacterial infection that produces gas within tissues. It can be caused by Clostridium , most commonly alpha toxin -producing C. perfringens , or various nonclostridial species. Infection spreads rapidly as

220-593: A family office to get a golden visa for residency and work in Singapore. Without disclosing the country of origin, according to the Monetary Authority of Singapore, the number of family offices in Singapore almost doubled to 700 between 2020 and 2021. In 1990, according to the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , among the 177,245 Chinese nationals residing in Singapore, there were

275-447: A favorable environment for bacterial infection. Wet, or infected, gangrene is characterized by thriving bacteria and has a poor prognosis (compared to dry gangrene) due to sepsis resulting from the free communication between infected fluid and circulatory fluid. In wet gangrene, the tissue is infected by saprogenic microorganisms ( Clostridium perfringens or Bacillus fusiformis , for example), which cause tissue to swell and emit

330-545: A foul odor. Wet gangrene usually develops rapidly due to blockage of venous (mainly) or arterial blood flow. The affected part is saturated with stagnant blood, which promotes the rapid growth of bacteria. The toxic products formed by bacteria are absorbed, causing systemic manifestation of sepsis and finally death. The affected part is edematous, soft, putrid, rotten, and dark. Because of the high mortality associated with infected gangrene (about 80% without treatment and 20% with treatment), an emergency salvage amputation, such as

385-401: A makeshift shed in one corner. A caretaker, paid for by Mindef, takes care of the place to maintain its overall cleanliness, but there is no toilet on location. The hot spring is less frequented nowadays and remains rustic. Sembawang Hot Spring was redeveloped into a 1.1-hectare park called Sembawang Hot Spring Park , which reopened on 4 January 2020. Following feedback from the general public,

440-416: A problem because of the increased numbers of visitors. The former dirt track leading to the spring was paved with cement, and lined with bougainvillea bushes and high fences to ensure the security of the air base. Drainage pipes were also installed. Mindef, which owns the land, allows public access between 7 am and 7 pm daily, free-of-charge. When the spring reopened on 1 May 2002, more than 100 people visited

495-446: A result of some negative rumors and hearsay, and the RSAF redevelopment, public interest began to wane and the number of visitors dwindled. During its peak, up to 300 people visited the hot spring daily. On 1 March 2002, it was closed for two months while upgrading and improvement works were carried out to the area around the spring, which had become sodden and muddy. Littering had also become

550-467: A total of 150,447 from Mainland China , 15,043 from Hong Kong and 11,755 from Macau residing in Singapore. In 2000, the number of Chinese nationals increased to 311,501 individuals. Individuals from mainland China and Hong Kong increased by 66.3% and 70.7% respectively while the number of Chinese nationals from Macau decreased by 16.1% for that year. Since then, the population of Chinese nationals residing in Singapore has increased steadily and it reached

605-552: A total population of 532,734 in 2015, before falling to 514,110 in 2020. One of the reasons for the decline might be due to the Singapore government tightening immigration rules in that same year for hiring foreigners. In 2020, policies on hiring foreigners were further amended by the Ministry on Manpower to encourage companies to practice fair employment practices. Integration of newer Chinese migrants has been harder due to different cultural behaviours and norms between Singaporeans. With

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660-531: Is a result of ischemia , circulatory system management is important. These medications can include antiplatelet drug , anticoagulant , and fibrinolytics . As infection is often associated with gangrene, antibiotics are often a critical component of its treatment. The life-threatening nature of gangrene requires treatment with intravenous antibiotics in an inpatient setting. Antibiotics alone are not effective because they may not penetrate infected tissues sufficiently. Surgical removal of all dead tissue, however,

715-462: Is associated with diabetes and long-term tobacco smoking. Dry gangrene is a form of coagulative necrosis that develops in ischemic tissue , where the blood supply is inadequate to keep tissue viable. It is not a disease itself, but a symptom of other diseases. The term dry is used only when referring to a limb or to the gut (in other locations, this same type of necrosis is called an infarction, such as myocardial infarction ). Dry gangrene

770-466: Is based on symptoms and supported by tests such as medical imaging . Treatment may involve surgery to remove the dead tissue, antibiotics to treat any infection, and efforts to address the underlying cause. Surgical efforts may include debridement , amputation , or the use of maggot therapy . Efforts to treat the underlying cause may include bypass surgery or angioplasty . In certain cases, hyperbaric oxygen therapy may be useful. How commonly

825-465: Is not accompanied by infection, it is not as emergent as gas gangrene or wet gangrene, both of which have a risk of sepsis. Over time, dry gangrene may develop into wet gangrene if an infection develops in the dead tissues. Diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for peripheral vascular disease, thus for dry gangrene, but also a risk factor for wet gangrene, particularly in patients with poorly controlled blood sugar levels, as elevated serum glucose creates

880-441: Is often due to peripheral artery disease , but can be due to acute limb ischemia . As a result, people with atherosclerosis, high cholesterol, diabetes and smokers commonly have dry gangrene. The limited oxygen in the ischemic limb limits putrefaction and bacteria fail to survive. The affected part is dry, shrunken, and dark reddish-black. The line of separation usually brings about complete separation, with eventual falling off of

935-480: Is the mainstay of treatment for gangrene. Often, gangrene is associated with underlying infection, thus the gangrenous tissue must be debrided to hinder the spread of the associated infection. The extent of surgical debridement needed depends on the extent of the gangrene and may be limited to the removal of a finger, toe, or ear, but in severe cases may involve a limb amputation . Dead tissue alone does not require debridement, and in some cases, such as dry gangrene,

990-573: The Imperial Japanese air raid over Singapore in 1942. After the fall of Singapore , the Imperial Japanese Army military seized the place and converted it into recreational thermal baths (onsen). The hot spring was frequented by gamblers in 1960, who took "good luck" baths before the start of horse races. That same year, the villagers urged the authorities to develop the area into a spa-like onsen tourist resort. However, F&N shelved

1045-551: The Ministry of Defence (Mindef) acquired the land containing the spring for the expansion of the nearby Sembawang Air Base , leaving F&N with less than 4 hectares (10 acres) of land. Its water-bottling plant survived until the early 1990s, however. In January 2002, local interest in the hot spring caught the attention of Singaporeans after the surrounding land had been cleared to begin the RSAF air base extension. Sembawang community leaders gathered signatures to petition Mindef, which

1100-577: The National Parks Board later erected more signs within the park premises. Chinese in Singapore Chinese nationals in Singapore ( Chinese : 居住新加坡的中国国民 ) refers to Chinese people who are of Chinese nationality residing in Singapore. According to the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , the community had a population of 514,110 in 2020, with 65,867 originating from Hong Kong and 21,809 from Macau ,

1155-481: The 1930s, there were 4 million ethnic Chinese living in Southeast Asia, forming a significant minority population within different territories in the region. Today, descendants of early Chinese migrants make up the bulk of the population of Chinese Singaporeans . Newer Chinese migration today began from the 1980s, with many of them working in blue-collar jobs during Singapore's rapid industrialisation which began in

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1210-547: The 1970s. During 1989, after the Tiananmen Square protests , the Singaporean government offered 25,000 permanent residency status to Hong Kong residents for them to settle in Singapore. One of the reasons was also to maintain the racial percentage of the 3 major ethnic groups in Singapore, with Singaporeans migrating aboard and to offset the declining birth rate. Education in Singapore is also another reason for migration, with

1265-408: The 2 special administrative regions of China . The community of Chinese nationals are the 2nd largest foreign community in Singapore, constituting 18% of the country's foreign-born population. Chinese migration to Singapore has been happening since the 19th century, after the founding of Singapore as a free port by Stamford Raffles in 1819. The demand for a skilled workforce and labour in Singapore

1320-499: The French Imperial Military Health-Service in 1811, became a leading expert in the fight against hospital-gangrene and its prevention. He wrote a treatise on gangrene in 1814 in which he meticulously analyzed and explained the causes of this dreadful disease, which he was convinced was contagious. He completed his entry with a thorough evaluation of all possible and well experienced sanitary regulations. His work

1375-521: The Ministry of Law and a compromise was reached between the two families. In February 2012, Sun Xu, an undergraduate with the National University of Singapore under a scholarship provided by the Ministry of Education made derogatory comments against Singaporeans on his microblog . After receiving heavy online backlash, Sun issued two separate apologies and was fined S$ 3,000 by NUS along with having his scholarship revoked. He also had to pay back

1430-403: The Singaporean government providing scholarships to attract international students outside of ASEAN countries. This includes pre-tertiary and undergraduate institutions, and although the scholarships are bond-free, recipients would have to work in a Singaporean company for a period of time before they can leave the country. Another reason for migration is investments, where Chinese generally open

1485-470: The affected part falls off (autoamputates), making surgical removal unnecessary. Waiting for autoamputation, however, may cause health complications as well as decreased quality of life. After the gangrene is treated with debridement and antibiotics, the underlying cause can be treated. In the case of gangrene due to critical limb ischemia , revascularization can be performed to treat the underlying peripheral underlateral artery disease. Ischemic disease of

1540-646: The alternative healing of the natural spring water. Hot hard water bubbles continuously in the well, releasing a slightly unpleasant sulphur mud-like odour together with steam. The temperature of the spring water is measured by precision instrument to be constant 70 °C (160 °F). In an investigation carried out by the Nanyang Technological University in 1994, the hot spring was found to have an estimated yield of approximately 150 litres (33 imp gal; 40 US gal) per minute at ground level through installed steel casings. In 1998,

1595-539: The colonial period of the region. In 1821, the first Chinese junk arrived in Singapore, then a newly founded British port . During this period of time, the port of Singapore became one of the largest hubs in Asia, beating out Batavia (present day Jakarta, Indonesia) as an international trading port. By 1871, due to the influx of migrants from Malaya , China, India and other parts of Asia, Singapore's population had reached nearly 100,000, with over half of them being Chinese. By

1650-572: The condition occurs is unknown. The etymology of gangrene derives from the Latin word gangraena and from the Greek gangraina (γάγγραινα), which means " putrefaction of tissues". Symptoms may include a change in skin color to red or black, numbness, pain, skin breakdown, and coolness. The feet and hands are most commonly involved. Gangrene is caused by a critically insufficient blood supply (e.g., peripheral vascular disease ) or infection. It

1705-536: The country. Some newer Chinese migrants tend to regard Singapore as a Chinese society, as a large majority of the Singaporean population is of ethnic Chinese descent, with a "sense of familiarity". This results in some of the newer migrants choosing not to communicate in or learn the country's lingua franca, English resulting in misunderstandings and thus, being unable to integrate well into Singaporean society. A 2016 James Cook University study of Singaporean locals and (mostly mainland) Chinese students had almost 69% of

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1760-552: The dish, the Chinese family wanted their neighbours to not cook the dish entirely, which was part of Singaporean cuisine. After the dispute was reported in the newspaper, it received public backlash from Singaporeans and negative comments, mainly towards the Chinese migrant family. A Facebook movement in response to the Chinese family's comments was also started. The dispute was mediated by the Community Mediation Centre, under

1815-481: The former and 100% of the latter said improving their English was important. For mainland wives, 80% agreed that one should speak more English since it is the official language, 100% said being polite to strangers was important, and 90% said being polite to those they know was important. For mainland students, the figures were 85%, 90%, & 65% respectively. A 2018 Nanyang Technological University paper suggested that Chinese national respondents in Singapore had adopted

1870-489: The former saying they had the experience of working with international Chinese students in projects. Most Singaporean respondents said they had pleasant interactions with Chinese students while 46% reported they had many Chinese international students as their friends. Most Chinese students also said they had positive interactions with Singaporeans, though only 31% said they had many local friends. A 2016 NUS study of 10 PRC wives and 20 PRC students in Singapore found that 80% of

1925-441: The gangrenous tissue if it is not removed surgically, a process called autoamputation . Dry gangrene is the result of chronic ischemia without infection . If ischemia is detected early, when ischemic wounds rather than gangrene are present, the process can be treated by revascularization (via vascular bypass or angioplasty). However, once gangrene has developed, the affected tissues are not salvageable. Because dry gangrene

1980-435: The gases produced by the bacteria expand and infiltrate healthy tissue in the vicinity. Because of its ability to quickly spread to surrounding tissues, gas gangrene should be treated as a medical emergency . Gas gangrene is caused by bacterial exotoxin -producing clostridial species, which are mostly found in soil, and other anaerobes such as Bacteroides and anaerobic streptococci . These environmental bacteria may enter

2035-409: The hot springs of other countries near tectonic plates with volcanoes, in a search for cures for some skin conditions, as well as debilitating ailments like rheumatism and arthritis . Although local rheumatologists conceded that hydrotherapy is an accepted treatment that can be helpful for mild forms of rheumatism or muscle strain, they, along with dermatologists , remain skeptical of claims about

2090-428: The idea of English being the language that would get them access to higher status. In July, 2011, Wang Peng Fei, then a student of East Asia Institute of Management, uploaded a parody video making derogatory comments about Singaporeans and Singapore culture. Amongst other topics mentioned in the video were comments about Singapore's low fertility rate and racist comments against Indian Singaporeans . He apologised after

2145-552: The increase of Chinese nationals in Singapore, they are stereotyped as uncouth and having objectionable behaviours like littering , eating on public transit, and talking loudly on the phone. The general high influx of immigrants has also resulted in an increase of xenophobic behaviour against other foreign communities in Singapore. Another reason would be the perception that the Singaporean government gives special treatment to foreigners or permanent residents as compared to Singaporeans, even though some of them do not pledge allegiance to

2200-481: The introduction of antibiotics to the range of treatments for wounds. In recent times, however, maggot therapy has regained some credibility and is sometimes employed with great efficacy in cases of chronic tissue necrosis. The French Baroque composer Jean-Baptiste Lully contracted gangrene in January 1687 when, while conducting a performance of his Te Deum , he stabbed his own toe with his pointed staff (which

2255-864: The legs is the most common reason for amputations. In about a quarter of these cases, the other side requires amputation in the next three years. Angioplasty should be considered if severe blockage in lower leg vessels ( tibial and peroneal artery ) leads to gangrene. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy treatment is used to treat gas gangrene. It increases pressure and oxygen content to allow blood to carry more oxygen to inhibit anaerobic organism growth and reproduction. Regenerative medical treatments and stem-cell therapies have successfully altered gangrene and ulcer prognosis. As early as 1028, flies and maggots were commonly used to treat chronic wounds or ulcers to prevent or arrest necrotic spread, as some species of maggots consume only dead flesh, leaving nearby living tissue unaffected. This practice largely died out after

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2310-439: The muscle through a wound and subsequently proliferate in necrotic tissue and secrete powerful toxins that destroy nearby tissue, generating gas at the same time. A gas composition of 5.9% hydrogen, 3.4% carbon dioxide, 74.5% nitrogen, and 16.1% oxygen was reported in one clinical case. Gas gangrene can cause necrosis, gas production, and sepsis. Progression to toxemia and shock is often very rapid. Treatment varies based on

2365-413: The online backlash. Wang was then expelled and a police report was also made against him for his comments, which is a chargeable offence under Singaporean law if convicted. In August, 2011, a new migrant Chinese family was reported to have complained about the smell of their Indian Singaporean neighbour cooking curry. Despite their neighbour closing windows and doors of their home when they were cooking

2420-475: The project in South Australia 's Cooper Basin —in order to aid Singapore's reliance on oil and gas. The proposal was not acted upon. As of 2014, the well can still be seen locked inside a red-brick enclosure with a steel gate, and its geothermal heat can be felt outside the building. Some plastic chairs, pails and mini-tubs kindly donated by visitors are stored at the perimeter of the compound, which has

2475-448: The scholarship benefits that he received, as well as serve community service with the university for three months. Gangrene Gangrene is a type of tissue death caused by a lack of blood supply . Symptoms may include a change in skin color to red or black, numbness, swelling, pain, skin breakdown, and coolness. The feet and hands are most commonly affected. If the gangrene is caused by an infectious agent, it may present with

2530-491: The severity and type of gangrene. Exercises such as walking and massage therapy may be tried. Medications may include pain management, medications that promote circulation in the circulatory system and antibiotics. Since gangrene is associated with periodic pain caused by too little blood flow, pain management is important so patients can continue doing exercises that promote circulation. Pain management medications can include opioids and opioid-like analgesics. Since gangrene

2585-455: The site despite the afternoon drizzle. At the same time, some new free-hold condominiums were built in the surrounding area; one of the developments, built by the property arm of F&N in 2001, is called Seletaris, named after the company's former mineral water. In July 2005, a Business Times reader proposed that the authorities should explore the possibility of tapping the geothermal heat that lies many miles under Sembawang—similar to

2640-496: The spring remains unknown, but it is believed that its origin may be southwest of its actual location, possibly at Bukit Timah . Hot springs are formed when underground water comes into contact with hot rock masses. The resulting high pressure causes the water to seep upwards through cracks, forcing itself out of the ground as a spring. A series of tests conducted by the PSB Corporation and SGS Testing & Control Services found

2695-409: The spring water contains 420  mg of chloride per litre, an amount which is substantially higher than the 35 to 100 mg in the water from Choa Chu Kang and Bedok waterworks. It was also found that the sulphide content is three times more than tap water and the spring water is also slightly alkaline due to the presence of minerals. Natural spring waters may have health benefits, similar to

2750-401: The suggestion after geologists could not trace the source of the spring water. In 1967, the proposal of the spa surfaced again, when F&N proposed plans for the development of a bathhouse, restaurants, a miniature golf course and even a nature reserve. However, the plans did not materialize, so the hot spring remained untouched and forgotten. According to local geologists, the exact source of

2805-506: The village becoming known as Kampong Ayer Panas , which means "Village of Hot Water" in Malay . Soft drinks firm Fraser & Neave (F&N) acquired the site in 1922, and set up a bottling plant at nearby Semangat Ayer to tap the mineral water, which they labelled Seletaris . During the Second World War , the spring's flow was temporarily interrupted when a bomb fell near the well during

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2860-621: Was going to fence off the area, to preserve and develop the hot spring for the general public. Mindef gave the green light to the appeals and opened a small side gate pavement for the public to access the spring. During that same year, a series of scalding cases, including an incident in which a senior citizen diabetic lost six toes to gangrene after soaking in the hot spring, prompted the Singapore General Hospital to warn that people with nerve disorders or diseases affecting blood circulation should be cautious to hot mineral springs. As

2915-464: Was the driving force for attracting Chinese migrants to Singapore during that period of time. Today, newer Chinese migrants includes migrant workers working in various industries of the Singapore economy, with a mix of blue-collar workers and white-collar workers , as well as students. During the 19th century, Chinese migration to Southeast Asia was a common occurrence. Many were unskilled and migrated from China to Southeast Asia for jobs during

2970-604: Was used as a baton ). The disease spread to his leg, but the composer refused to have his toe amputated , which eventually led to his death in March of that year. French King Louis XIV died of gangrene in his leg on 1 September 1715, four days prior to his 77th birthday. Sebald Justinus Brugmans , Professor at Leyden University , from 1795 on Director of the Medical Bureau of the Batavian Republic, and inspector-general of

3025-556: Was very well received and was instrumental in convincing most later authors that gangrene was a contagious disease. John M. Trombold wrote: "Middleton Goldsmith, a surgeon in the Union Army during the American Civil War, meticulously studied hospital gangrene and developed a revolutionary treatment regimen. The cumulative Civil War hospital gangrene mortality was 45%. Goldsmith's method, which he applied to over 330 cases, yielded

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