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84-545: She was raised in Toledo, Ohio , and served in the United States Navy from 1943 to 1945 during World War II . She and her husband, Bill, moved to Santa Barbara, California , from Los Angeles in 1964, where she took a position as an accountant . Rubin had been involved in some activism prior to 1969. However, the turning point for her came during the 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill , which began on January 28, 1969, and became

168-433: A January mean temperature of 27.5 °F (−2.5 °C), and lows at or below 0 °F (−18 °C) on 5.6 nights. The spring months tend to be the wettest time of year, although precipitation is common year-round. November and December can get very cloudy, but January and February usually clear up after the lake freezes. July is the sunniest month overall. About 37 inches (94 cm) of snow falls per year, much less than

252-655: A campground. She Rubin co-founded the Community Environmental Council, one of the world's first environmental organizations, in 1974. She also co-founded the Environmental Defense Center in 1977. Selma Rubin died at her home in Santa Barbara, California , on March 9, 2012, aged 96. Toledo, Ohio Toledo ( / t ə ˈ l iː d oʊ / tə- LEE -doh ) is a city in and the county seat of Lucas County, Ohio , United States. At

336-555: A combined total of 39 murders, 2,015 aggravated assaults, 6,739 burglaries, and 1,334 cases of motor vehicle theft. In 2013 it had a drop in the crime rate. In 2018, the city was ranked 43rd of the Top 100 Most Dangerous Cities in America. According to a state government task force, Toledo has been identified as the fourth-largest recruitment site for human trafficking in the US . The year 2020 brought

420-554: A dozen nature reserves, and the Bruce Peninsula Bird Observatory. The Bruce Trail runs through the region to its northern terminus in the town of Tobermory . This region is named after James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin (Lord Elgin), Governor General of Canada . Parks Canada now refers to the peninsula as "Saugeen Peninsula" in recognition of its being traditional territories of the Saugeen-Ojibway nation. However

504-470: A female householder with no husband present, and 40.0% were non-families. 32.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 3.04. In the city the population was spread out, with 26.2% under the age of 18, 11.0% from 18 to 24, 29.8% from 25 to 44, 19.8% from 45 to 64, and 13.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age

588-618: A few chickens stolen from an Ohio farm by lost members of the Michigan militia. Major Benjamin Franklin Stickney, father of One and Two Stickney, had been instrumental in pushing Congress to rule in favor of Ohio gaining Toledo. In the end, the state of Ohio was awarded the land after the state of Michigan was given a larger portion of the Upper Peninsula in exchange. Stickney Avenue in Toledo

672-418: A high school graduate or higher, with 19.6% of this demographic having a bachelor's degree or higher. As of the census of 2010, there were 287,208 people, 119,730 households, and 68,364 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,559.4 inhabitants per square mile (1,374.3/km ). There were 138,039 housing units at an average density of 1,710.7 per square mile (660.5/km ). The racial makeup of

756-759: A new kind of resident: the cottager. Today, seasonal residents outnumber permanent residents, especially in the summer. In its southern Ontario portion, the Niagara Escarpment is a ridge of rock several hundred metres high in some locations, stretching 725 kilometres (450 mi) from Queenston on the Niagara River, to Tobermory at the tip of the Bruce Peninsula. Today, in Ontario, the Escarpment contains more than 100 sites of geological significance, including some of

840-424: A population of 13,768 and Manhattan with 788. While the towns were only a mile apart, Toledo grew by 359% in 10 years. Manhattan's growth was on a small base and never competed, given the drawbacks of its lesser canal outlet. By the 1880s, Toledo expanded over the vacant streets of Manhattan and Tremainsville, a small town to the west. In the last half of the 19th century, railroads slowly began to replace canals as

924-609: A voter campaign to preserve the Gaviota Coast of California from a proposal to build 1,535 condos in the area. She and another activist, Anna Laura Myers, collected more than 12,000 signatures for a ballot initiative , which easily defeated the proposal. Rubin spearheaded a compromise for the Gaviota Coast, which allowed for much of the area's preservation, as well as the construction of the El Capitán Canyon Resort and

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1008-450: Is lessened in the winter because Lake Erie (unlike the other Great Lakes) usually freezes over, coupled with prevailing winds that are often westerly, and in the summer, prevailing winds south and west over the lake bring heat and humidity to the city. Summers are very warm and humid, with July averaging 75.4 °F (24.1 °C) and temperatures of 90 °F (32 °C) or more seen on 18.8 days. Winters are cold and somewhat snowy, with

1092-590: Is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . On January 15, 1936, the first building to be completely covered in glass was constructed in Toledo. It was a building for the Owens-Illinois Glass Company and marked a milestone in architectural design representative of the International style of architecture, which was at that time becoming increasingly popular in the US. According to

1176-530: Is located on a major northern migration route, so many species of birds, such as the bald eagle, have their wintering grounds here. The highest concentration of nesting birds can be found in the Bruce in May and June each year. About 20 species of warblers breed on "the Bruce," including the black-throated green, yellow, yellow-rumped, and Blackburnian warblers and the ubiquitous American redstart. They make their summer homes in

1260-456: Is named for Major Stickney. Toledo was very slow to expand during its first two decades of settlement. The first lot was sold in the Port Lawrence section of the city in 1833. It held 1,205 persons in 1835, and five years later, it had gained just seven more persons. Settlers came and went quickly through Toledo and between 1833 and 1836, ownership of land had changed so many times that none of

1344-470: Is now determined to establish its claim to the waters of Lake Huron and Georgian Bay and any Crown Land remaining on the peninsula. "The two First Nations are claiming aboriginal title to the lands under the water covering an area of Lake Huron and Georgian Bay from south of Goderich, west to the international border and north to the mid-point between the tip of the Bruce Peninsula and Manitoulin Island; then east to

1428-567: Is pleasant in sound, and there is no other city of that name on the American continent.'" Despite Toledo's efforts, the canal built the final terminus in Manhattan, one-half mile (800 m) to the north of Toledo, because it was closer to Lake Erie. As a compromise, the state placed two sidecuts before the terminus, one in Toledo at Swan Creek and another in Maumee , about 10 miles to the southwest. Among

1512-420: Is within 250 miles (400 km) by road from seven metropolitan areas that have a population of more than two million people: Detroit , Cleveland , Columbus , Cincinnati , Pittsburgh , Indianapolis , and Chicago . In addition, it is within 300 miles of Toronto, Ontario . The Old West End is a historic neighborhood of Victorian , Arts & Crafts, and other Edwardian-style houses. The historic district

1596-561: The 2020 census , it had a population of 270,871, making Toledo the fourth-most populous city in Ohio, after Columbus , Cleveland , and Cincinnati . Toledo is the 85th-most populous city in the United States . It is the principal city of the Toledo metropolitan area , which had 606,240 residents in 2020. Toledo also serves as a major trade center for the Midwest ; its port is the fifth-busiest on

1680-745: The Great Lakes . The city was founded in 1833 on the west bank of the Maumee River and originally incorporated as part of the Michigan Territory . It was re-founded in 1837 after the conclusion of the Toledo War , when it was incorporated in Ohio. After the 1845 completion of the Miami and Erie Canal , Toledo grew quickly; it also benefited from its position on the railway line between New York City and Chicago . The first of many glass manufacturers arrived in

1764-419: The Great Lakes . With the advent of the automobile, the city became best known for industrial manufacturing. Both General Motors and Chrysler had factories in metropolitan Toledo, and automobile manufacturing has been important at least since Kirk started manufacturing automobiles, which began operations early in the 20th century. The largest employer in Toledo was Jeep for much of the 20th century. Since

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1848-553: The Michigan Basin , the outer rim of this massive saucer-shaped feature governs the location of the Niagara Escarpment, which is shaped like a gigantic horseshoe. The Escarpment can be traced from near Rochester, New York , south of Lake Ontario to Hamilton, north to Tobermory on the Bruce Peninsula. It is covered by the waters of Lake Huron, appearing as Manitoulin Island, then across the Upper Peninsula of Michigan and down

1932-541: The Saugeen River and Bruce Peninsula in Ontario, Canada. The original territory included all of the Saugeen River watershed and all of the Bruce Peninsula. Organized in the mid-1970s, during a period of increased political activism, Saugeen First Nation declared itself the primary 'political successor apparent' to the historic Chippewas of Saugeen Ojibway Territory , who had occupied this territory and made treaties with

2016-511: The Snow Belt cities, because of the prevailing wind direction. Temperature extremes have ranged from −20 °F (−29 °C) on January 21, 1984, to 105 °F (41 °C) on July 14, 1936 . Harmful blooms of cyanobacteria , or blue-green algae, were so bad in the 1960s that Lake Erie was mocked as a dead zone. However, through clean water rules the lake was revived. Algal blooms have returned and have been negatively affecting Lake Erie since

2100-611: The US Census Bureau , the Toledo metropolitan area covers four Ohio counties and one Michigan county, which combines with other micropolitan areas and counties for a combined statistical area. Some of what are now considered its suburbs in Ohio include: Bowling Green , Holland , Lake Township , Maumee , Millbury , Monclova Township , Northwood , Oregon , Ottawa Hills , Perrysburg , Rossford , Springfield Township , Sylvania , Walbridge , Waterville , Whitehouse , and Washington Township . Bedford Township, Michigan including

2184-495: The modern downtown area of Toledo. Immediately to the north of that, another syndicate founded the town of Vistula, the historic north end. These two towns bordered each other across Cherry Street. This is why present-day streets on the street's northeast side run at a slightly different angle from those southwest of it. In 1824, the Ohio state legislature authorized the construction of the Miami and Erie Canal , and in 1833, its Wabash and Erie Canal extension. The canal's purpose

2268-596: The 1880s, eventually earning Toledo its nickname as "The Glass City". Downtown Toledo has been subject to major revitalization efforts, including a growing entertainment district . Toledo is home to the University of Toledo . The region was part of a larger area controlled by the historic tribes of the Wyandot and the people of the Council of Three Fires ( Ojibwe , Potawatomi , and Odawa ). The French established trading posts in

2352-432: The 1950s and 1960s was lined with flourishing black-owned businesses and homes. Desegregation , a failed urban renewal project, and the construction of I-75 displaced those residents and left behind a struggling community with minimal resources, even as it also drew more established, middle-class people, white and black, out of center cities for newer housing. The city rebounded, but the slump of American manufacturing in

2436-671: The City of Toledo, the Census Bureau's July 2007 estimate was revised to 316,851, slightly more than in 2000, which would have been the city's first population gain in 40 years. However, the 2010 census figures released in March 2011 showed the population as of April 1, 2010, at 287,208, indicating a 25% loss of population since its zenith in 1970. As of the 2020 census there were 270,871 people, 116,257 households, and an average of 2.27 persons per household residing in Toledo. The population per square mile

2520-451: The Crown in failing to meet its treaty obligations to protect Aboriginal lands. The claim seeks the return of lands still held by the Crown and financial compensation for other lands. This claim is still active. European settlement began on the peninsula in the mid-19th century, despite its poor potential for agricultural development. Attracted by the rich fisheries and lush forest, settlers found

2604-695: The Crown. However, along with the Saugeen First Nation, the Chippewas of Nawash Unceded First Nation also claims to be the 'political successor apparent' to the Chippewa of Saugeen Ojibway Territory. Under the Saugeen Tract Agreement , the portion south of Owen Sound was ceded to the Crown , with reserves later established on the Bruce Peninsula. The claims for land and payment of rent on lands discussed in early treaties are significant. The Saugeen

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2688-415: The Escarpment. Some rock layers now consist of soft shales and sandstones while others are made up of dolomite (a rock similar to limestone which contains magnesium and is more durable). Today, fossil remains illustrating the various life forms can be found in many of the rocks as they are slowly exposed by the action of wind, water and ice. Saugeen First Nation is an Ojibwa First Nation located along

2772-501: The French and tribes further to the west and north. The Wyandot occupied central Ohio, and the Shawnee and Lenape occupied the southern areas. When the city of Toledo was preparing to pave its streets, it surveyed "two prehistoric semicircular earthworks , presumably for stockades ." One was at the intersection of Clayton and Oliver Streets on the south bank of Swan Creek; the other was at

2856-579: The Maumee River at its mouth at the southern end of Maumee Bay , the westernmost inlet of Lake Erie. The city is located north of what had been the Great Black Swamp , giving rise to another nickname, Frog Town. Toledo sits within the borders of a sandy oak savanna called the Oak Openings Region , an important ecological site that once comprised more than 300 square miles (780 km ). Toledo

2940-429: The Maumee River heavily competed to be the ending terminus of the canal, knowing it would give them a profitable status. The towns of Port Lawrence and Vistula merged in 1833 to better compete against the upriver towns of Waterville and Maumee . The inhabitants of this joined settlement chose the name Toledo: "but the reason for this choice is buried in a welter of legends. One recounts that Washington Irving , who

3024-558: The Michigan Territory and superintendent of Indian affairs, as the sole representative of the U.S. More American settlers entered the area over the next few years, but many fled during the War of 1812 , when British forces raided the area with their Native American allies. Resettlement began around 1818 after a Cincinnati syndicate purchased a 974-acre (3.9 km ) tract at the mouth of Swan Creek and named it Port Lawrence, developing it as

3108-528: The Niagara Escarpment. Hawks travel during the day, and can be seen in the vicinity of Cabot Head in the open areas west of Dyers Bay, and near Tobermory, in April. Some of the rarest flowers and ferns in Ontario can be found growing on the Bruce Peninsula. For example: lakeside daisy ( Tetraneuris herbacea var. glabra ), dwarf lake iris ( Iris lacustris ), and northern holly fern ( Polystichum lonchitis ) Globally, there are more than 30,000 orchid species. Canada

3192-414: The age of 18 living with them, 31.6% were married couples living together, 19.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 42.9% were non-families. 34.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 3.01. There

3276-440: The age of 18, and 14.5% were 65 years old and over. 51.1% of the population were female. 14.1% of the population under 65 years of age were living with a disability, and 8.3% of those under 65 years of age did not have health insurance. Out of the 116,257 households, 83.7% had been living in the same house for one year or longer. 6.4% of households in Toledo spoke a language other than English at home. The total number of housing units

3360-539: The area by 1680 to take advantage of the lucrative fur trade . The Odawa moved from Manitoulin Island and the Bruce Peninsula at the invitation of the French, who established a trading post at Fort Detroit , about 60 miles to the north. They settled an area extending into northwest Ohio. By the early 18th century, the Odawa-occupied areas along most of the Maumee River to its mouth. They served as middlemen between

3444-574: The area's population from Native Americans to Whites. In the Treaty of Detroit (1807), the above four tribes ceded a large land area to the United States of what became southeastern Michigan and northwestern Ohio, to the mouth of the Maumee River (where Toledo later developed). Reserves for the Odawa were set aside in northwestern Ohio for a limited time. The Native Americans signed the treaty at Detroit, Michigan , on November 17, 1807, with William Hull , governor of

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3528-641: The best exposures of rocks and fossils of the Silurian and Ordovician periods (405 to 500 million years old) to be found anywhere in the world. The Niagara Escarpment has origins dating to the Silurian age some 430 to 450 million years ago, a time when the area lay under a shallow warm sea. This sea lay in a depression of the Earth's crust, centered in what is now the lower peninsula of the State of Michigan . Known geologically as

3612-409: The city was 64.8% White , 27.2% African American , 0.4% Native American , 1.1% Asian , 2.6% from other races , and 3.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.4% of the population (The majority are Mexican American at 5.1%.) Non-Hispanic Whites were 61.4% of the population in 2010, down from 84% in 1970. There were 119,730 households, of which 30.4% had children under

3696-686: The city was hit hard by the Great Depression . Many large-scale Works Progress Administration projects were constructed to re-employ citizens in the 1930s. Some of these include the amphitheater and aquarium at the Toledo Zoo and a major expansion to the Toledo Museum of Art . The postwar job boom and Great Migration brought thousands of African Americans to Toledo to work in industrial jobs, where they had previously been denied. Due to redlining , many of them settled along Dorr Street, which, during

3780-452: The city. The population density was 3,890.2 people per square mile (1,502.0 people/km ). There were 139,871 housing units at an average density of 1,734.9 people per square mile (669.8 people/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 70.2% White , 23.5% African American , 0.3% Native American , 1.0% Asian , 0.0% Pacific Islander , 2.3% from other races , and 2.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.5% of

3864-617: The cityscape by urban gardening and revitalizing their communities. Local artists, supported by organizations like the Arts Commission of Greater Toledo and the Ohio Arts Council , have contributed an array of murals and beautification works to replace long standing blight. Many downtown historical buildings such as the Oliver House and Standart Lofts have been renovated into restaurants, condominiums, offices and art galleries. On

3948-542: The communities of Lambertville, Michigan , Temperance, Michigan , and Erie Township, Michigan are Toledo's Michigan suburbs, just above the city over the state line in Monroe County. Toledo, as with much of the Great Lakes region, has a humid continental climate ( Köppen Dfa ), characterized by four distinct seasons. Lake Erie moderates the climate somewhat, especially in late spring and fall, when air and water temperature differences are maximal. However, this effect

4032-498: The economy such as tourism and fishing industries, and cause property values to drop, costing the local economy to lose tens of millions of dollars. In 1870, 75.3% of Toledo's foreign-born population were from Germany and Ireland . As of the 2010 census , the city proper had a population of 287,128. It is the principal city in the Toledo Metropolitan Statistical Area which had a population of 651,429 and

4116-515: The evening of August 1, 2014, the city of Toledo issued a warning to citizens advising against the use of city water, leaving more than half a million people suddenly without water. A bloom of toxic blue-green algae had formed directly over Toledo's water intake pipe, which was situated a few miles off shore in Lake Erie. Because of the algae bloom forming just above the pipe, the water being pumped into Toledo showed levels of harmful bacteria that made

4200-453: The extensive wooded areas along the Peninsula. The annual Huron Fringe Birding Festival in May observes the spring migration. The endangered piping plover has made a comeback along the northern shores of Sauble Beach as well, and nest in restricted areas of the beach. These are well marked to prevent visitors overrunning the area and to reduce negative human effects. Migrating hawks also follow

4284-532: The highest number of homicides in 39 years, according to the Toledo Police Department's 50-year trend chart. Beginning with the pandemic in 2020, homicides jumped to a record 61. There were a record of 70 homicides in Toledo in 2021. Toledo was one of 12 major U.S. cities to have broken annual homicide records in 2021. Before the Industrial Revolution , Toledo was important as a port city on

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4368-420: The intersection of Fassett and Fort Streets on the right bank of the Maumee River. Such earthworks were typical of mound-building peoples. According to Charles E. Slocum, the American military built Fort Industry at the mouth of Swan Creek about 1805, as a temporary stockade. No official reports support the 19th-century tradition of its earlier history there. The United States continued to work to transition

4452-469: The land known then as the "Indian or Saugeen Peninsula" to be irresistible. In 1881, settlers built the first sawmill on the peninsula in Tobermory . In less than 20 years, most of the valuable timber was gone, and timber industry jobs declined. Fuelled by the waste left behind by the rapid logging and land clearances, intense forest fires sprang up around the peninsula in 1908, burning large swaths of land. By

4536-613: The largest environmental disaster in U.S. history at the time. The spill, which lasted for eleven days and polluted the Santa Barbara Channel with almost 100,000 barrels of crude oil , killed thousands of seabirds and other aquatic wildlife. She, along with thousands of other volunteers, responded to the spill, which galvanized her environmental activism. A community stalwart, she served on 42 nonprofit boards since she arrived in Santa Barbara in 1964. In 1970, she successfully led

4620-400: The late 1990s. Heightened levels of blue-green algae can affect both human and ecosystem health by causing fish to die, the water to be discolored and foul smelling, and oxygen deficient dead zones may even start to form. Sometimes the blooms are so thick that they slow boats. These large blooms are caused by agricultural runoff flowing into the lake. Agricultural runoff dumps phosphorus into

4704-490: The late 20th century, industrial restructuring reduced the number of these well-paying jobs. Bruce Peninsula The Bruce Peninsula is a peninsula in Ontario , Canada, that divides Georgian Bay of Lake Huron from the lake's main basin. The peninsula extends roughly northwestwards from the rest of Southwestern Ontario , pointing towards Manitoulin Island , with which it forms the widest strait joining Georgian Bay to

4788-492: The major form of transportation. They were faster and had greater capacity. Toledo soon became a hub for several railroad companies and a hotspot for industries such as furniture producers, carriage makers, breweries, and glass manufacturers. Large immigrant populations came to the area. In the 1920s, Toledo had one of the highest rates of industrial growth in the United States. Toledo continued to expand in population and industry, but because of its dependence on manufacturing,

4872-652: The many ships that would pass by her shores. The Cove Island Light , located near Tobermory is one of the six famous "Imperial" lighthouses built in the 1850s by John Brown which can be found on the mainland and on nearby islands of the northern Bruce Peninsula. Other lighthouses include: There are many varieties of wildlife on the Bruce Peninsula, such as the northern flying squirrel , black bear , chipmunk , fisher, long-eared bats, red squirrel, fox, massasauga rattlesnake , red-shouldered hawk , barred owl , hermit thrush , black-throated blue warbler, scarlet tanager and yellow-spotted salamander . The Bruce Peninsula

4956-425: The mid-1920s, the formerly abundant forests of the peninsula were nearly barren. When the lamprey eel was accidentally introduced to the Great Lakes in 1932, the devastation on the fish supply made the peninsula a less attractive place to live; many left when fish stocks became depleted. The peninsula underwent a steady decline in population until the 1970s. In the late 20th century, the peninsula started to attract

5040-427: The mid-point of Georgian Bay and south to the southernmost point of Nottawasaga Bay." A trial to establish the ownership and resolve disputes over the treaties began in 2019. There are 2 National Parks, 8 Ontario Parks, and 4 Federation of Ontario Naturalists Parks located within the Bruce Peninsula. Ontario Parks - include: Federation of Ontario Naturalists - Ontario Nature works to protect and restore

5124-504: The mouth of the Maumee River to Indian Territory in Kansas. An almost bloodless conflict between Ohio and the Michigan Territory, called the Toledo War (1835–1836), was "fought" over a narrow strip of land from the Indiana border to Lake Erie , now containing the city and the suburbs of Sylvania and Oregon, Ohio . The strip, which varied between five and eight miles (13 km) in width,

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5208-564: The national park retains the name "Bruce Peninsula National Park" for the time being. The Bruce Peninsula is a key area for both plant and animal wildlife. Part of the Niagara Escarpment World Biosphere Reserve , the peninsula has the largest remaining area of forest and natural habitat in Southern Ontario and is home to some of the oldest trees in eastern North America. An important flyway for migrating birds,

5292-509: The numerous treaties made between the Ottawa and the United States were two signed in this area: at Miami (Maumee) Bay in 1831 and Maumee, Ohio, upriver of Toledo, in 1833. These actions were among US purchases or exchanges of land to accomplish Indian Removal of the Ottawa from areas wanted for European-American settlement. The last of the Odawa did not leave this area until 1839, when Ottokee, grandson of Pontiac , led his band from their village at

5376-638: The original parties remained in the town. The canal and its Toledo sidecut entrance were completed in 1843. Soon after the canal was functional, the new canal boats had become too large to use the shallow waters at the terminus in Manhattan. More boats began using the Swan Creek sidecut than its official terminus, quickly putting the Manhattan warehouses out of business and triggering a rush to move business to Toledo. Most of Manhattan's residents moved out by 1844. The 1850 census recorded Toledo as having 3,829 residents and Manhattan 541. The 1860 census shows Toledo with

5460-477: The peninsula is habitat to a variety of animals, including black bear , massasauga rattlesnake , and barred owl . Until the mid-19th century, the area known as the Bruce Peninsula was territory controlled by the Saugeen Ojibway Nations. The nations included the Chippewas of Nawash Unceded First Nation and Saugeen First Nation . Historical and archaeological evidence from the area concludes that at

5544-567: The peninsula to the Canadian government in exchange for learning agriculture, proper housing, assistance in becoming "civilized," and for permanent protection of the peninsula. In 1854, the Saugeen Ojibway agreed to sign another treaty – this time for the peninsula itself. In 1994, after decades on increasing First Nations activism, the Saugeen Ojibway filed a suit for a land claim for part of their traditional territory; they claimed breach of trust by

5628-400: The population in 2000. The most common ancestries cited were German (23.4%), Irish (10.8%), Polish (10.1%), English (6.0%), American (3.9%), Italian (3.0%), Hungarian (2.0%), Dutch (1.4%), and Arab (1.2%). In 2000 there were 128,925 households in Toledo, out of which 29.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.2% were married couples living together, 17.2% had

5712-541: The poverty line, including 25.9% of those under age 18 and 10.4% of those age 65 or over. In the second decade of the 21st century, the city had a gradual peak in violent crime. In 2010, there was a combined total of 3,272 burglaries, 511 robberies, 753 aggravated assaults, 25 homicides, as well as 574 motor vehicle thefts out of what was then a decreasing population of 287,208. In 2011, there were 1,562 aggravated assaults, 30 homicides, 1,152 robberies, 8,366 burglaries, and 1,465 cases of motor vehicle theft. In 2012, there were

5796-487: The rest of Lake Huron. The Bruce Peninsula contains part of the geological formation known as the Niagara Escarpment . The entire peninsula and nearby communities to the south along Lake Huron are located within Bruce County, Ontario . The peninsula is a popular tourist destination for camping, hiking and fishing, with two national parks ( Bruce Peninsula National Park and Fathom Five National Marine Park ), more than half

5880-401: The second half of the 20th century during industrial restructuring cost many jobs. By the 1980s, Toledo had a depressed economy. The destruction of many buildings downtown, along with several failed business ventures in housing in the core, led to a reverse city-suburb wealth problem common in small cities with land to spare. Several initiatives have been taken by Toledo's citizens to improve

5964-663: The species, spaces and landscapes that represent the full diversity of nature in Ontario. The Bruce Peninsula has a cold climate, with freezing cold winters and mild summers, caused by maritime cooling from Lake Huron . The peninsula has eastern mixed forests and boreal forest, especially to the north of the peninsula. Due to almost all of the Bruce Peninsula being in a Snowbelt , the peninsula experiences heavy Lake-effect snow from Lake Huron , often receiving multiple meters of snow per year, which can be extremely dangerous for unprepared individuals. The Bruce Peninsula's shoreline has several lighthouses, necessary to provide guidance to

6048-430: The steel industry. The plant was slated to create over 1,200 jobs. Construction was completed in 2020, as planned. Toledo is located at 41°39′10″N 83°32′16″W  /  41.65278°N 83.53778°W  / 41.65278; -83.53778 (41.6525, −83.5375). The city has a total area of 84.12 square miles (217.87 km ), of which 3.43 square miles (8.88 km ) is covered by water. The city straddles

6132-548: The time of first contact with Europeans, the peninsula was inhabited by the Odawa people , from whom a large number of local native people are descended. Oral history from Saugeen and Nawash suggests their ancestors have been here as early as 7500 years ago. The area of Hope Bay is known to natives as Nochemoweniing, or Place of Healing. In 1836 the Saugeen Ojibway signed a treaty with Sir Francis Bond Head to cede lands south of

6216-501: The water unsafe to interact with. On August 3, the Ohio National Guard was brought in to deliver over 10,000 gallons of water to citizens due to a rapid depletion of bottled water locally. The warning against using water lasted nearly three days, finally ending late on August 4. In 2018, Cleveland-Cliffs, Inc. invested $ 700 million into an East Toledo location as the site of a new hot-briquetted iron plant, designed to modernize

6300-544: The west side of Lake Michigan into the State of Wisconsin . As occurs with present-day water bodies, such as Hudson Bay or the Gulf of Mexico, rivers flowing into this ancient sea carried sand, silt and clay to be deposited as thick layers of sediment. At the same time, lime-rich organic material from the abundant sea life was also accumulating. Over millions of years these materials became compressed into massive layers of sedimentary rocks and ancient reef structures now visible along

6384-576: The western basin of Lake Erie and acts as a fertilizer for the blue-green algae, and the warmer weather seen in July through October in Northern Ohio helps speed up the growing process. Because of Toledo's closeness to the lake, Toledo citizens are affected each year. Algal blooms can cause water bills to increase in this area $ 100 per year for a family of five. The effects of these blooms go beyond higher water bills as heightened blooms can even shut down parts of

6468-428: Was 3,365.4. The racial makeup of Toledo was 60.6% White, 28.1% African American, 0.3% Native American, Alaska Native or Native Hawaiian, and 1.3% were Asian. 6.7% of the population belonged to two or more races. Hispanic or Latino citizens make up 8.8% of the population. People who identified as White, not Hispanic or Latino, made up 57.3% of the population, down from 61.4% in 2010. Out of 270,871 people, 23.3% were under

6552-406: Was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.7 males. The median income for a household in the city was $ 32,546, and the median income for a family was $ 41,175. Males had a median income of $ 35,407 versus $ 25,023 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 17,388. About 14.2% of families and 17.9% of the population were below

6636-460: Was a total of 139,871 housing units in the city, of which 10,946 (9.8%) were vacant. The median age in the city was 34.2 years. 24% of residents were under the age of 18; 12.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.3% were from 25 to 44; 24.8% were from 45 to 64; and 12.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.4% male and 51.6% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 313,619 people, and 77,355 families residing in

6720-490: Was claimed by both the state of Ohio and the Michigan Territory due to conflicting legislation concerning the location of the Ohio-Michigan state line. Militias from both states were sent to the border, but never engaged. The only casualty of the conflict was a Michigan deputy sheriff —stabbed in the leg with a penknife by Two Stickney during the arrest of his elder brother, One Stickney—and the loss of two horses, two pigs, and

6804-614: Was the sixth-largest metropolitan area in the state of Ohio , behind Cleveland , Columbus , Cincinnati , Dayton , and Akron . The larger Toledo-Fremont Combined Statistical Area had a population of 712,373. According to the Toledo Metropolitan Council of Governments, the Toledo/Northwest Ohio region of 10 counties has over one million residents. The U.S. Census Bureau estimated Toledo's population as 297,806 in 2006 and 295,029 in 2007. In response to an appeal by

6888-526: Was to connect the city of Cincinnati to Lake Erie for water transportation to eastern markets, including to New York City via the Erie Canal and Hudson River. At that time, no highways had been built in the state, and goods produced locally had great difficulty reaching the larger markets east of the Appalachian Mountains . During the canal's planning phase, many small towns along the northern shores of

6972-495: Was traveling in Spain at the time, suggested the name to his brother, a local resident; this explanation ignores the fact that Irving returned to the United States in 1832. Others award the honor to Two Stickney, son of the major who quaintly numbered his sons and named his daughters after States. The most popular version attributes the naming to Willard J. Daniels, a merchant, who reportedly suggested Toledo because it 'is easy to pronounce,

7056-417: Was unavailable, however 51.9% of housing units were either owned or co-owned by its inhabitants. The median household income (in 2021 dollars) in Toledo was $ 41,671, with the per capita income in the past 12 months coming to $ 23,795. 24.5% of the population was living in poverty, compared to the national average at this time of 11.6% of the U.S. population. For education, 87.1% of people 25 years or older were

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