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106-471: The town is located in the western part of Maramureș County, 27 km (17 mi) from the county seat, Baia Mare , on the border with Satu Mare County . It belongs to the Baia Mare metropolitan area . Seini is crossed by national road DN1C  [ ro ] (part of European route E58 ), which runs from Cluj-Napoca north towards Baia Mare and the border crossing at Halmeu , where it connects with

212-546: A " roma wall " and "institutionalized racism". In 2011, the national anti-discrimination council fined mayor Cătălin Cherecheș for the building of the wall and ordered it to be pulled down. The wall nevertheless proved popular with the majority population and the mayor was overwhelmingly re-elected in 2012. The coat of arms of Baia Mare was granted to the city by the Government in the late 1990s, early 2000s, some years after

318-632: A Diet in summer, but refused to confirm the Golden Bull of 1222 . Before the end of the year, the prelates made a complaint against Charles because he had taken possession of Church property. In 1319, Charles fell so seriously ill that the pope authorized Charles's confessor to absolve him from his all sins before he died, but Charles recovered. In the same year, Dózsa Debreceni, whom Charles had made voivode of Transylvania , launched successful expeditions against Ladislaus Kán's sons and their allies, and Charles's future Judge royal , Alexander Köcski , seized

424-571: A campaign against the Kőszegis in Transdanubia and Slavonia in the first half of 1316. Local noblemen joined the royal troops, which contributed to the quick collapse of the Kőszegis' rule in southern parts of their domains. Meanwhile, James Borsa made an alliance against Charles with Ladislaus Kán's sons and other lords, including Mojs Ákos and Peter, son of Petenye . They offered the crown to Andrew of Galicia . Charles's troops, which were under

530-474: A helmet, reportedly worn by him in his battles. The Museum of Baia Mare displays his weapons and their harness. In 1748 the city's mining industry made a leap forward when the Austrian authorities created the headquarters of "Superior Mining". In the late nineteenth century, Simon Hollósy , István Réti , János Thorma , Béla Iványi-Grünwald , and Károly Ferenczy were among numerous young Hungarians who left

636-491: A military expedition against Basarab I of Wallachia who had attempted to get rid of his suzerainty. After seizing the fortress of Severin (present-day Drobeta-Turnu Severin in Romania), he refused to make peace with Basarab and marched towards Curtea de Argeș , which was Basarab's seat. The Wallachians applied scorched earth tactics, compelling Charles to make a truce with Basarab and withdraw his troops from Wallachia. While

742-592: A population of 108,759 at the 2021 census , and a metropolitan area home to about 200,000 residents. The city administers four villages: Blidari ( Kőbánya ), Firiza ( Felsőfernezely ), Valea Borcutului ( Borpatak ), and Valea Neagră ( Feketepatak ). Baia Mare was named the Romanian Youth Capital from 2 May 2018 to 1 May 2019. Baia Mare is the greenest municipality in Romania, with 133 square meters of green space for each inhabitant. The city's development on

848-557: A population of approximately 109,000. It also has a high level of culture and education, being home to theatres, schools, museums and art galleries. Not far from the city there are a few very important natural reservations, among them Creasta Cocoșului, Cheile Tătărului, Lacul Albastru etc. Because of its privileged location in the Eastern Carpathian Mountains it is considered one of the most picturesque cities in Romania . At

954-467: A powerful lord, or oligarch. Among them, Matthew Csák dominated the northwestern parts of Hungary (which now form the western territories of present-day Slovakia), Amadeus Aba controlled the northeastern lands, Ivan Kőszegi ruled Transdanubia , and Ladislaus Kán governed Transylvania . Most of those lords refused to accept Charles's rule and proposed the crown to Wenceslaus II of Bohemia 's son and namesake, Wenceslaus , whose bride, Elisabeth ,

1060-468: A royal charter issued on 12 July 1318 stated that her husband made a land grant with her consent. Charles's next—second or third—wife was Beatrice of Luxembourg , who was a daughter of Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor , and the sister of John, King of Bohemia . Their marriage took place before the end of February 1319. She died in childbirth in early November in the same year. Charles's last wife, Elisabeth , daughter of Władysław I , King of Poland ,

1166-557: Is a municipality along the Săsar River , in northwestern Romania ; it is the capital of Maramureș County . The city lies in the region of Maramureș , a subregion of Transylvania . It is situated about 600 km (373 mi) from Bucharest , 70 km (43 mi) from the border with Hungary , and 50 km (31 mi) from the border with Ukraine . Located south of the Igniș  [ ro ] and Gutâi mountains, Baia Mare had

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1272-420: Is first mentioned in written documents released by Charles I of Hungary in 1328 under the name of Rivulus Dominarum (English: Ladies' River ). In 1347 the town was identified in documents by Louis I of Hungary as an important medieval town with a prosperous mining industry . Its rules of organisation were characteristic of the "free towns" of that time. In 1411 the town and its surrounding areas, including

1378-472: Is represented by: National highschools from Baia Mare: There are three state hospitals in Baia Mare: Baia Mare is twinned with: Charles I of Hungary Charles I , also known as Charles Robert ( Hungarian : Károly Róbert ; Croatian : Karlo Robert ; Slovak : Karol Róbert ; 1288 – 16 July 1342), was King of Hungary and Croatia from 1308 to his death. He

1484-490: Is situated in the Baia Mare valley and is encircled on all sides by hills and mountains, which makes the climate in the city milder than the rest of the surrounding area. Proof of this is that the outskirts of Baia Mare are the only areas where you can find chestnut trees that usually need Mediterranean climate to grow. This is the northernmost reach of the chestnut tree . However, abrupt temperature changes take place and, during

1590-484: Is unknown. Charles Martel was the firstborn son of Charles II of Naples and Charles II's wife, Mary , who was a daughter of Stephen V of Hungary . After the death of her brother, Ladislaus IV of Hungary , in 1290, Queen Mary announced her claim to Hungary , stating that the House of Árpád (the royal family of Hungary) had become extinct with Ladislaus's death. However, her father's cousin, Andrew also laid claim to

1696-450: The 2021 census , Baia Mare had a population of 108,759. At the 2011 census , the city had a population of 123,738, a decrease from the figure recorded at the 2002 census. The ethnic composition of the city is as follows: and 642 others, including Greeks , Turks , Italians , Lipovans , Poles , and Slovaks . Baia Mare metropolitan area has a population of 215,932, an area of 1,395.38 km (538.76 sq mi), and includes

1802-501: The Battle of Rozgony (at present-day Rozhanovce in Slovakia ) on 15 June 1312. After that, his troops seized most fortresses of the powerful Aba family . During the next decade, Charles restored royal power primarily with the assistance of the prelates and lesser noblemen in most regions of the kingdom. After the death of the most powerful oligarch, Matthew Csák , in 1321, Charles became

1908-877: The Habsburgs , who had occupied Pressburg. In the summer of 1328 Hungarian and Bohemian troops invaded Austria and routed the Austrian army on the banks of the Leitha River . On 21 September 1328, Charles signed a peace treaty with the three dukes of Austria ( Frederick the Fair , Albert the Lame , and Otto the Merry ), who renounced Pressburg and the Muraköz (now Međimurje in Croatia). The following year, Serbian troops laid siege to Belgrade, but Charles relieved

2014-467: The Holy Crown of Hungary . Most Hungarian noblemen refused to yield to him and elected Wenceslaus of Bohemia king. Charles withdrew to the southern regions of the kingdom. Pope Boniface VIII acknowledged Charles as the lawful king in 1303, but Charles was unable to strengthen his position against his opponent. Wenceslaus abdicated in favor of Otto of Bavaria in 1305. Because it had no central government,

2120-490: The Kingdom of Naples . Dante Alighieri wrote of "the schemes and frauds that would attack" Charles Martel's family in reference to Robert's alleged manoeuvres to acquire the right to inherit Naples. The 14th-century historian Giovanni Villani also noted that his contemporaries were of the opinion that Robert's claim to Naples was weaker than his nephew's. The jurist Baldus de Ubaldis refrained from setting out his position on

2226-492: The Order of Saint George in 1326. He was the first Hungarian king to grant helmet crests to his faithful followers to distinguish them from others "by means of an insignium of their own", as he emphasized in one of his charters. Charles reorganized and improved the administration of royal revenues. During his reign, five new "chambers" (administrative bodies headed by German, Italian or Hungarian merchants) were established for

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2332-487: The Principality of Salerno and the domain of Monte Sant'Angelo to his brother (Charles's younger uncle), John , Charles protested and laid claim to those domains, previously held by his father. After Charles neglected to reclaim Church property that Matthew Csák had seized by force, the prelates of the realm made an alliance in early 1318 against all who would jeopardize their interests. Upon their demand, Charles held

2438-801: The Ukrainian highway M26 . The town has two train stations ( Seini  [ ro ] and Săbișa), both serving the CFR Main Line 400 , which connects Brașov with Baia Mare and Satu Mare . At the 2021 census , Seini had a population of 8,198, of which 77% were Romanians , 12.2% Hungarians , and 2.7% Roma . This Maramureș County location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Baia Mare Baia Mare ( US : / ˌ b ɑː j ə ˈ m ɑːr ə / BAH -yə MAR -ə , Romanian: [ˈbaja ˈmare] ; Hungarian : Nagybánya ; German : Frauenbach or Groß-Neustadt ; Latin : Rivulus Dominarum )

2544-619: The 12,780 inhabitants, 5,005 were Romanians, 4,652 Hungarians, 1,792 Jews, 1,232 Germans, and 99 of other ethnicities. Many inhabitants declared themselves as Hungarian-speakers during previous censuses, despite not being ethnic Hungarians Before the Second World War , Baia Mare had a community of more than 1,000 Jews . In 1944, most of the Jews were deported by the Hungarian occupation authorities to Nazi concentration and extermination camps. Most of

2650-662: The Abas' many fortresses in Abaúj , Torna and Sáros counties, including Füzér , Regéc , and Munkács (now Mukacheve in Ukraine). Thereafter he waged war against Matthew Csák, capturing Nagyszombat (now Trnava in Slovakia) in 1313 and Visegrád in 1315, but was unable to win a decisive victory. Charles transferred his residence from Buda to Temesvár in early 1315. Ladislaus Kán died in 1315, but his sons did not yield to Charles. Charles launched

2756-554: The Archbishop-elect, Gregory Bicskei , crowned him with a provisional crown before 13 May. However, most Hungarians considered Charles's coronation unlawful because customary law required that it should have been performed with the Holy Crown of Hungary in Székesfehérvár . Charles counted his regnal years from this coronation, but Hungary had actually disintegrated into about a dozen independent provinces, each ruled by

2862-682: The Artists' Colony in Nagybánya . Following World War I , the Austro-Hungarian Empire was dissolved, and in 1920, Baia Mare officially became part of the Kingdom of Romania . It became part of Hungary again in 1940 by the Second Vienna Award , until the end of World War II . Near the end of that period, the city hosted the Baia Mare ghetto . After the war, the city was returned to Romania. Shortly after World War II in postwar development,

2968-697: The CUPROM mine and refinery outside of Baia Mare, selling what he claims are under-extracted Ore concentrate shipments to international metal traders in China, South Korea, Thailand, and the United States. Based on claims that the material was, in fact, worthless mining sludge , the public prosecutor 's office in Constanța filed an indictment against Boldor in June 2018 on charges of money laundering, customs fraud, document forgery,

3074-503: The Church in Hungary. He appointed the Hungarian prelates at will, without allowing the cathedral chapters to elect them. He promoted the spread of chivalrous culture in his realms. He regularly held tournaments and introduced the new ranks of "page of the royal court" and "knight of the royal court". Charles was the first monarch to create a secular order of knighthood by establishing

3180-687: The Church". Charles laid siege to Buda , the capital of the kingdom, in September 1302, but Ivan Kőszegi relieved the siege. Charles's charters show that he primarily stayed in the southern parts of the kingdom during the next years although he also visited Amadeus Aba in the fortress of Gönc . Pope Boniface who regarded Hungary as a fief of the Holy See declared Charles the lawful king of Hungary on 31 May 1303. He also threatened Wenceslaus with excommunication if he continued to style himself king of Hungary. Wenceslaus, left Hungary in summer 1304, taking

3286-660: The Croatian lords who were opposed to Mladen Šubić yielded to him in Knin . Mladen Šubić also visited Charles, but the king had the powerful lord imprisoned. As one of his charters concluded, Charles had taken "full possession" of his kingdom by 1323. In the first half of the year, he moved his capital from Temesvár to Visegrád in the centre of his kingdom. In the same year, the Dukes of Austria renounced Pressburg (now Bratislava in Slovakia), which they had controlled for decades, in exchange for

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3392-473: The Great, a "bulging exchequer and an effective system of taxation", according to scholar Bryan Cartledge. Nevertheless, Louis the Great's achievements overshadowed Charles's reputation. The only contemporaneous record of Charles's deeds were made by a Franciscan friar who was hostile towards the monarch. Instead of emphasizing Charles's achievements in the reunification of the country, the friar described in detail

3498-624: The Habsburgs, invaded Austria in February. Casimir III of Poland came to Austria to assist him in late June. Charles soon joined them at Marchegg . The dukes sought reconciliation and signed a peace treaty with John of Bohemia in July. Charles signed a truce with them on 13 December, and launched a new expedition against Austria early the next year. He forced the Babonići and the Kőszegis to yield, and

3604-594: The Holy Crown to Charles. On 27 August 1310, Archbishop Thomas of Esztergom put the Holy Crown on Charles's head in Székesfehérvár; thus, Charles's third coronation was performed in full accordance with customary law. However, his rule remained nominal in most parts of his kingdom. Matthew Csák laid siege Buda in June 1311, and Ladislaus Kán declined to assist the king. Charles sent an army to invade Matthew Csák's domains in September, but it achieved nothing. In

3710-622: The Holy Crown with him. Charles met his cousin, Rudolph III of Austria , in Pressburg (now Bratislava in Slovakia) on 24 August. After signing an alliance, they jointly invaded Bohemia in the autumn. Wenceslaus who had succeeded his father in Bohemia renounced his claim to Hungary in favor of Otto III, Duke of Bavaria on 9 October 1305. Otto was crowned with the Holy Crown in Székesfehérvár on 6 December 1305 by Benedict Rád , Bishop of Veszprém , and Anthony, Bishop of Csanád . He

3816-529: The Hungarian castles, along with the estates belonging to them. In 1323, he set about revising his previous land grants, which enabled him to reclaim former royal estates. During his reign, special commissions were set up to detect royal estates that had been unlawfully acquired by their owners. Charles refrained from making perpetual grants to his partisans. Instead, he applied a system of "office fiefs" (or honors ), whereby his officials were entitled to enjoy all revenues accrued from their offices, but only for

3922-541: The Kingdom of Hungary had disintegrated into a dozen provinces, each headed by a powerful nobleman , or oligarch . One of those oligarchs, Ladislaus III Kán , captured and imprisoned Otto of Bavaria in 1307. Charles was elected king in Pest on 27 November 1308, but his rule remained nominal in most parts of his kingdom even after he was crowned with the Holy Crown on 27 August 1310. Charles won his first decisive victory in

4028-486: The Kőszegis to renounce their last fortresses along the western borders of the kingdom in 1339 or 1340. He divided the large Zólyom County (now in Slovakia), which had been dominated by a powerful local lord, Donch, into three smaller counties in 1340. The following year, Charles also forced Donch to renounce his two fortresses in Zólyom in exchange for one castle in the distant Kraszna County (in present-day Romania). Around

4134-519: The Kőszegis' six fortresses. In summer, Charles launched an expedition against Stefan Uroš II Milutin, during which he retook Belgrade and restored the Banate of Macsó. The last Diet during Charles's reign was held in 1320; following that, he failed to convoke the yearly public judicial sessions, contravening the provisions of the Golden Bull. Matthew Csák died on 18 March 1321. The royal army invaded

4240-572: The Merry, Duke of Austria, against Bohemia. He also sent reinforcements to Poland to fight against the Teutonic Knights and the Bohemians. In 1332 he signed a peace treaty with John of Bohemia and mediated a truce between Bohemia and Poland. In 1332 Charles allowed the collection of the papal tithe (the tenth part of the Church revenues) in his realms only after the Holy See agreed to give one third of

4346-573: The Romanian government. The tailing dam at the gold processing plant broke and 100,000 m (3,531,467 cu ft) 70 tons of toxic cyanide and heavy metal -laced waste water escaped into the River Tisza and into Hungary, making its way into the Danube and affecting Romania, Hungary, Ukraine, Serbia, and Bulgaria. More than 1,400 tons of fish, numerous eagles, storks and otters died. Scientists fear

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4452-499: The Szerémség. Charles launched a counter-campaign across the river Száva and seized the fortress of Macsó. In May 1317, Charles's army suppressed the Abas' revolt, seizing Ungvár and Nevicke Castle (present-day Uzhhorod and Nevytsky Castle in Ukraine) from them. After that, Charles invaded Matthew Csák's domains and captured Komárom (now Komárno in Slovakia) on 3 November 1317. After his uncle, King Robert of Naples, granted

4558-600: The area to study the arts in Munich , as Hungary lacked an academy of art in those times. Simon Hollósy, the young Hungarian painter, was teaching in his studio new western European techniques. Some of those young painters decided to settle down together in Baia Mare, then called Nagybánya, to work on art. They persuaded Hollósy to join them and founded the Nagybánya artists' colony , working on naturalism and plein air painting. The artists' colony became known later on for influencing

4664-516: The ban's troops in 1326. Consequently, royal power remained only nominal in Croatia during Charles's reign. The Babonići and the Kőszegis rose up in open rebellion in 1327, but Ban Mikcs and Alexander Köcski defeated them. In retaliation, at least eight fortresses of the rebellious lords were confiscated in Slavonia and Transdanubia. Through his victory over the oligarchs, Charles acquired about 60% of

4770-552: The battles and sieges. However, he had excellent strategic skills: it was always Charles who appointed the fortresses to be besieged. Stefan Dragutin , who controlled the Szerémség , Macsó and other regions along the southern borders of Hungary, died in 1316. Charles confirmed the right of Stefan Dragutin's son, Vladislav , to succeed his father and declared Vladislav the lawful ruler of Serbia against Stefan Uroš II Milutin . However, Stefan Uroš II captured Vladislav and invaded

4876-458: The city's economy in recent years. Baia Mare has become one of the most economically evolved cities in the region. As a result, several supermarkets have been built in the city as well as one of the biggest shopping malls in over 100 km (62 mi) radius. The largest sofa manufacturing plant in Eastern Europe, Italsofa , is located near the Baia Mare city highway ring. Aramis Invest is

4982-571: The city's status as a county seat. The city is situated in the vicinity of the Gutâi and Igniș  [ ro ] mountains. Altitudes reach 1,400 metres (4,600 feet) in some peaks. The area is famous for its outstanding landscapes, and the mountains are easily accessible from the city, notable routes being: Igniș (1,307 m), Mogoșa (1,246 m), Gutâi (1,443 m), Creasta Cocoșului (1,450 m), Piatra Șoimului (839 m), Pleștioara (803 m), Dealul Bulat (683 m), Murgau (633 m), Dealul Crucii (500 m), etc. The city

5088-409: The collection and transport of hazardous waste, and tax evasion. In 2011, the local administration built a 1.8m-tall wall between the road Strada Horea and an area of social housing that houses 1000 Roma people into one-room apartments, some without water or electricity. According to the mayor, this wall was designed to "prevent traffic accidents", while pro-democracy organizations say it amounts to

5194-499: The command of a former supporter of the Borsas, Dózsa Debreceni , defeated the rebels' united troops at Debrecen at the end of June. In the next two months, many fortresses of Borsa and his allies fell to the royal troops in Bihar , Szolnok , Borsod and Kolozs counties. No primary source has made reference to Charles's bravery or heroic acts, suggesting that he rarely fought in person in

5300-417: The communist symbols established in 1968 were de facto out of use starting 1989 . The shield is party per pale. In dexter , gules a miner in a mine argent , in sinister , azure a church tower or . The shield is topped by a mural crown with seven towers. The miner refers to the main local economical activity. The church tower refers to the local cultural/ecclesiastical tradition. The crest shows

5406-481: The compulsory exchange of old coins for newly issued coins for villagers, but introduced a new tax, the chamber's profit , to compensate the loss of royal revenues. Two years later, Charles ordered the minting of a new silver penny and prohibited payments made in foreign coins or silver bars . John of Bohemia's heir, Charles , Margrave of Moravia , visited Charles in Visegrád in early 1338. The margrave acknowledged

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5512-611: The control and collection of royal revenues from coinage, monopolies and custom duties. In 1327, he partially abolished the royal monopoly of gold mining, giving one third of the royal revenues from the gold extracted from a newly opened mine to the owner of the land where that mine was discovered. In the next few years, new gold mines were opened at Körmöcbánya (now Kremnica in Slovakia), Nagybánya (present-day Baia Mare in Romania) and Aranyosbánya (now Baia de Arieș in Romania). Hungarian mines yielded about 1,400 kilograms (3,100 lb) of gold around 1330, which made up more than 30% of

5618-537: The deceased lord's province, which soon disintegrated because most of his former castellans yielded without resistance. Charles personally led the siege of Csák's former seat, Trencsén (now Trenčín in Slovakia), which fell on 8 August. About three months later, Charles's new voivode of Transylvania, Thomas Szécsényi , seized Csicsó (present-day Ciceu-Corabia in Romania), the last fortress of Ladislaus Kán's sons. In January 1322, two Dalmatian towns, Šibenik and Trogir , rebelled against Mladen II Šubić , who

5724-558: The delegates of John of Bohemia and the new King of Poland, Casimir III , entered into negotiations in Trencsén to put an end to the conflicts between the two countries. With Charles's mediation, a compromise was reached on 24 August: John of Bohemia renounced his claim to Poland and Casimir of Poland acknowledged John of Bohemia's suzerainty in Silesia . On 3 September, Charles signed an alliance with John of Bohemia in Visegrád, which

5830-402: The development of new commercial routes linking Hungary with Western Europe . Charles's efforts to reunite Hungary, together with his administrative and economic reforms, established the basis for the achievements of his successor, Louis the Great . Charles was the only son of Charles Martel, Prince of Salerno , and his wife, Clemence of Austria . He was born in 1288; the place of his birth

5936-641: The development of twentieth-century Hungarian and Romanian art. Works by each of these important painters is held by the Hungarian National Gallery in Budapest, which in 2009 opened the exhibit, Munich in Hungarian, Hungarian Artists in Munich 1850-1914 , 2 Oct 2009 - Jan 2010. In addition, in 1966 the museum held a major exhibition of their work: The Art of Nagybánya. Centennial Exhibition in Celebration of

6042-407: The few survivors emigrated from the area. As of 2011 , 32 Jews lived in the city. Along with Rădăuți , Gura Humorului and others, Baia Mare had a Jewish shtetl , or settlement. The synagogue dates from 1885. The Baia Mare Municipal Council, elected at the 2012 local elections , had the following political composition: The Baia Mare Municipal Council, elected at the 2016 local elections , had

6148-401: The first half of 1308, claims that "the daughter of the strapping Duke of Ruthenia, Leo, has recently married Charles, King of Hungary". Charles also stated in a charter of 1326 that he once travelled to "Ruthenia" (or Halych-Lodomeria ) in order to bring his first wife back to Hungary. A charter issued on 23 June 1326 referred to Charles's wife, Queen Mary. Historian Gyula Kristó says,

6254-456: The following political composition: The Baia Mare Municipal Council, renewed at the 2020 local elections , consists of 23 counsellors and has the following political composition: The economic activity of Baia Mare has been based on the mining activities located in the surrounding areas. However, after the 1989 Revolution and industrial changes, such mining declined considerably. They have been replaced with several activities which have improved

6360-563: The fortress. Alliance with his father-in-law, Władysław I the Elbow-high , King of Poland , became a permanent element of Charles's foreign policy in the 1320s. After being defeated by the united forces of the Teutonic Knights and John of Bohemia, Władysław I sent his son and heir, Casimir , to Visegrád in late 1329 to seek assistance from Charles. During his stay in Charles's court,

6466-510: The lands he had occupied in the Banate of Severin . Charles also attempted to reinstate royal authority in Croatia and Slavonia. He dismissed the Ban of Slavonia , John Babonić , replacing him with Mikcs Ákos in 1325. Ban Mikcs invaded Croatia to subjugate the local lords who had seized the former castles of Mladen Subić without the king's approval, but one of the Croatian lords, Ivan I Nelipac , routed

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6572-554: The largest furniture manufacturer and exporter in Romania. In 2014, it was the largest supplier on the local market of the Swedish company IKEA . The city has a mainline (and branch) passenger and freight railway service provided by CFR , the national railway carrier. In Baia Mare there is one library (with a few branches), 6 museums, one planetarium and observatory, 2 theaters, 2 cultural centers, one art school and one popular university. In Baia Mare there are 23 schools, 34 kindergartens and 18 highschools. Higher education

6678-399: The latter were also compelled to hand over to him their fortresses along the frontier in exchange for faraway castles. Charles's peace treaty with Albert and Otto of Austria, which was signed on 11 September 1337, forbade both the dukes and Charles to give shelter to the other party's rebellious subjects. Charles continued the reform of coinage in the late 1330s. In 1336, he abolished

6784-423: The lawful heir to his grandfather, Charles II of Naples, in accordance with the principles of primogeniture. However, Charles II, who preferred his third son, Robert , to his grandson, bestowed the rights of a firstborn son upon Robert on 13 February 1296. Pope Boniface VIII confirmed Charles II's decision on 27 February 1296, excluding the child Charles from succeeding his grandfather in

6890-418: The legitimacy of Robert's rule. Andrew III of Hungary made his maternal uncle, Albertino Morosini , Duke of Slavonia , in July 1299, stirring up the Slavonian and Croatian noblemen to revolt. A powerful Croatian baron, Paul Šubić , sent his brother, George , to Italy in early 1300 to convince Charles II of Naples to send his grandson to Hungary to claim the throne in person. The king of Naples accepted

6996-406: The middle course of Săsar River , in the middle of a plateau with a warm Mediterranean-like climate, has facilitated living conditions since the Palaeolithic . During the Bronze Age the region was inhabited by Thracian tribes. Later, it was included in the Dacian Kingdom formed by the King Burebista when the mining exploration began, as the area is rich in gold and silver . Baia Mare

7102-471: The mines, were transferred into the property of the Hunyadi family by Sigismund , King of Hungary (later also Holy Roman Emperor), who recognised Janos Hunyadi 's contribution to stop the Turkish invasion of Europe. The town went into a period of prosperity, during which the St. Stephen Cathedral was built. Today the cathedral tower is one of the best-known of the town's historic landmarks (see Stephen's Tower ). The first school , named Schola Rivulina ,

7208-475: The monarch inviolable in December 1308. They also urged Ladislaus Kán to hand over the Holy Crown to Charles. After Kán refused to do so, the legate consecrated a new crown for Charles. Thomas II, Archbishop of Esztergom crowned Charles king with the new crown in the Church of Our Lady in Buda on 15 or 16 June 1309. However, most Hungarians regarded his second coronation invalid. The papal legate excommunicated Ladislaus Kán, who finally agreed to give

7314-444: The money collected to him. After years of negotiations, Charles visited his uncle, Robert, in Naples in July 1333. Two months later, Charles's son, Andrew, was betrothed to Robert's granddaughter, Joanna , who had been made her grandfather's heir. Charles returned to Hungary in early 1334. In retaliation for a previous Serbian raid, he invaded Serbia and captured the fortress of Galambóc (now Golubac in Serbia). In summer 1335,

7420-487: The municipality of Baia Mare, five towns ( Baia Sprie , Cavnic , Seini , Șomcuta Mare , and Tăuții-Măgherăuș ), and 13 communes ( Cernești , Cicârlău , Coaș , Coltău , Copalnic-Mănăștur , Dumbrăvița , Groși , Mireșu Mare , Recea , Remetea Chioarului , Satulung , Săcălășeni , and Valea Chioarului ). In 1912, out of the total population of 12,877 people, 9,992 were Hungarians (including Jews), 2,677 Romanians, and 175 Germans (i.e., Zipser Germans ). In 1920, of

7526-416: The nearly contemporaneous Peter of Zittau wrote that she had died childless. Gyula Kristó proposes that a miniature in the Illuminated Chronicle , which depicts Elisabeth of Poland and five children, implies that she gave birth to Charles's two daughters, because Kristó identifies two of the three children standing on her right as daughters. The elder of Charles's two possible daughters, Catherine , who

7632-497: The next few months, he persuaded the most powerful lords one by one to accept Charles's rule. At the Diet , which was held in the Dominican monastery in Pest , Charles was unanimously proclaimed king on 27 November 1308. The delegates sent by Matthew Csák and Ladislaus Kán were also present at the assembly. The papal legate convoked the synod of the Hungarian prelates, who declared

7738-463: The nineteen-year-old Casimir seduced Clara Záh , who was a lady-in-waiting of Charles's wife, Elisabeth of Poland , according to an Italian writer. On 17 April 1330, the young lady's father, Felician Záh , stormed into the dining room of the royal palace at Visegrád with a sword in his hand and attacked the royal family. Záh wounded both Charles and the queen on their right hand and attempted to kill their two sons, Louis and Andrew , before

7844-436: The noblemen inhabiting their domains to freely join Charles. However, the Abas soon entered into an alliance with Matthew Csák against the king. The united forces of the Abas and Matthew Csák besieged Kassa, but Charles routed them in the Battle of Rozgony (now Rozhanovce in Slovakia) on 15 June 1312. Almost half of the noblemen who had served Amadeus Aba fought on Charles's side in the battle. In July, Charles captured

7950-451: The other hand, her husband, Charles II of Naples, made their third son, Robert , heir to the Kingdom of Naples , thus disinheriting Charles. Charles came to the Kingdom of Hungary upon the invitation of an influential Croatian lord, Paul Šubić , in August 1300. Andrew III died on 14 January 1301, and within four months Charles was crowned king, but with a provisional crown instead of

8056-579: The proposal and borrowed 1,300 ounces of gold from Florentine bankers to finance Charles's journey. A Neapolitan knight of French origin, Philip Drugeth , accompanied the twelve-year-old Charles to Hungary. They landed at Split in Dalmatia in August 1300. From Split, Paul Šubić escorted him to Zagreb where Ugrin Csák swore loyalty to Charles. Charles's opponent, Andrew III of Hungary, died on 14 January 1301. Charles hurried to Esztergom where

8162-404: The release may have led to the ultimate extinction of at least five fish species. Despite the accident's happening in Romania, much of the adverse effects were suffered in Hungary. The accident prompted Hungary to ban the use of cyanide in gold processing and it has urged the rest of Europe to do the same. Since 2013, local Romanian (Romani) businessman Daniel Boldor has been operating out of

8268-767: The right of Charles's son, Louis, to inherit Poland if Casimir III died without a son in exchange for Charles's promise to persuade Casimir III not to invade Silesia. Two leading Polish lords, Zbigniew, chancellor of Cracow, and Spycimir Leliwita , also supported this plan and persuaded Casimir III, who lost his first wife on 26 May 1339, to start negotiations with Charles. In July, Casimir came to Hungary and designated his sister (Charles's wife), Elizabeth, and her sons as his heirs. On his sons' behalf, Charles promised that they would make every effort to reconquer all lands that Poland had lost and that they would refrain from employing foreigners in Poland. Charles obliged

8374-400: The royal family. Charles rarely made perpetual land grants, instead introduced a system of "office fiefs", whereby his officials enjoyed significant revenues, but only for the time they held a royal office, which ensured their loyalty. In the second half of his reign, Charles did not hold Diets and administered his kingdom with absolute power. He established the Order of Saint George , which

8480-486: The royal guards killed him. Charles's revenge was brutal: with the exception of Clara, Felician Záh's children were tortured to death; Clara's lips and all eight fingers were cut before she was dragged by a horse through the streets of many towns; all of Felician's other relatives within the third degree of kinship (including his sons-in-law and sisters) were executed, and those within the seventh degree were condemned to perpetual serfdom. In September 1330, Charles launched

8586-664: The royal troops were marching through a narrow pass across the Southern Carpathians on 9 November, the Wallachians ambushed them . During the next four days, the royal army was decimated; Charles could only escape from the battlefield after changing his clothes with one of his knights, Desiderius Hédervári , who sacrificed his life to enable the king's escape. Charles did not attempt a new invasion of Wallachia, which subsequently developed into an independent principality. In September 1331, Charles made an alliance with Otto

8692-733: The same time, Stephen Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia , invaded Sirmium and captured Belgrade. Charles was ailing during the last years of his life. He died in Visegrád on 16 July 1342. His corpse was first delivered to Buda where a Mass was said for his soul. From Buda, his corpse was taken to Székesfehérvár . He was buried in the Székesfehérvár Basilica a month after his death. His brother-in-law, Casimir III of Poland, and Charles, Margrave of Moravia, were present at his funeral, an indication of Charles's international prestige. The Anonymi descriptio Europae orientalis ("An Anonymous' Description of Eastern Europe"), written in

8798-442: The same year, Ugrin Csák died, enabling Charles to take possession of the deceased lord's domains, which were situated between Požega in Slavonia and Temesvár (present-day Timișoara in Romania). The burghers of Kassa (now Košice in Slovakia) assassinated Amadeus Aba in September 1311. Charles's envoys arbitrated an agreement between Aba's sons and the town, which also prescribed that the Abas withdraw from two counties and allow

8904-468: The southern regions of the kingdom. Pope Boniface sent his legate, Niccolo Boccasini , to Hungary. Boccasini convinced the majority of the Hungarian prelates to accept Charles's reign. However, most Hungarian lords continued to oppose Charles because, according to the Illuminated Chronicle , they feared that "the free men of the kingdom should lose their freedom by accepting a king appointed by

9010-538: The support they had received from Charles against Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor , in 1322. Royal power was only nominally restored in the lands between the Carpathian Mountains and the Lower Danube , which had been united under a voivode , known as Basarab , by the early 1320s. Although Basarab was willing to accept Charles's suzerainty in a peace treaty signed in 1324, he refrained from renouncing control of

9116-507: The three documents show that Charles married a daughter of Leo II of Galicia in late 1305 or early 1306. Historian Enikő Csukovits accepts Kristó's interpretation, but she writes that Mary of Galicia most probably died before the marriage. The Polish scholar, Stanisław Sroka, rejects Kristó's interpretation, stating that Leo I—who was born in 1292, according to him—could hardly have fathered Charles's first wife. In accordance with previous academic consensus, Sroka says that Charles's first wife

9222-422: The throne on 10 October, but three powerful lords—Matthew Csák, Ladislaus Kán, and Ivan Kőszegi—were absent from the meeting. In 1308, Ladislaus Kán released Otto, who then left Hungary. Otto never ceased styling himself King of Hungary, but he never returned to the country. Pope Clement V sent a new papal legate, Gentile Portino da Montefiore , to Hungary. Montefiore arrived in the summer of 1308. In

9328-800: The throne, although his father, Stephen the Posthumous , had been regarded a bastard by all other members of the royal family. For all that, the Hungarian lords and prelates preferred Andrew against Mary and he was crowned king of Hungary on 23 July 1290. She transferred her claim to Hungary to Charles Martel in January 1292. The Babonići , Frankopans , Šubići and other Croatian and Slavonian noble families seemingly acknowledged Charles Martel's claim, but in fact their loyalty vacillated between Charles Martel and Andrew III. Charles Martel died in autumn 1295, and his seven-year-old son, Charles, inherited his claim to Hungary. Charles would have also been

9434-408: The time they held those offices. That system assured the preponderance of royal power, enabling Charles to rule "with the plenitude of power", as he emphasized in one of his charters of 1335. He even ignored customary law: for instance, " promoting a daughter to a son ", which entitled her to inherit her father's estates instead of her male cousins. Charles also took control of the administration of

9540-496: The town of Baia Mare started to grow both in population and inhabited area. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, a new town centre was developed with modern architecture buildings and structures. On 30 January 2000, Baia Mare was the site of what has been considered Europe's worst ecological disaster since Chernobyl , which took place at gold mining company Aurul, a joint-venture of the Australian company Esmeralda Exploration and

9646-458: The undisputed ruler of the whole kingdom, with the exception of Croatia where local noblemen were able to preserve their autonomous status. He was not able to hinder the development of Wallachia into an independent principality after his defeat in the Battle of Posada in 1330. Charles's contemporaries described his defeat in that battle as a punishment from God for his cruel revenge against the family of Felician Záh who had attempted to slaughter

9752-475: The winters, the temperatures may occasionally drop below -20 degrees Celsius. The summers are mild, cooler than in the rest of the country. The precipitations in this area are quite high, due to the mountains in the north and east which do not allow the air masses to pass beyond the region's limits, the average rainfall being almost 1,000 mm/year. The city of Baia Mare is the most populous of northern Romanian cities ( Satu Mare , Suceava , and Botoșani ), with

9858-623: The world's total production. The minting of gold coins began under Charles's auspices in the lands north of the Alps in Europe. His florins , which were modelled on the gold coins of Florence, were first issued in 1326. Internal peace and increasing royal revenues strengthened the international position of Hungary in the 1320s. On 13 February 1327, Charles and John of Bohemia signed an alliance in Nagyszombat (present-day Trnava in Slovakia) against

9964-601: Was Mary of Bytom from the Silesian branch of the Piast dynasty . The Illuminated Chronicle stated that Charles's "first consort, Maria ... was of the Polish nation" and she was "the daughter of Duke Casimir ". Sroka proposes that Mary of Bytom married Charles in 1306, but Kristó writes that their marriage probably took place in the first half of 1311. The Illuminated Chronicle recorded that she died on 15 December 1317, but

10070-473: Was Andrew III's only daughter. Although Wenceslaus was crowned with the Holy Crown in Székesfehérvár, the legitimacy of his coronation was also questionable because John Hont-Pázmány , Archbishop of Kalocsa , put the crown on Wenceslaus's head, although customary law authorized the Archbishop of Esztergom to perform the ceremony. After Wenceslaus's coronation, Charles withdrew to Ugrin Csák's domains in

10176-552: Was a member of the Capetian House of Anjou and the only son of Charles Martel, Prince of Salerno . His father was the eldest son of Charles II of Naples and Mary of Hungary . Mary laid claim to Hungary after her brother, Ladislaus IV of Hungary , died in 1290, but the Hungarian prelates and lords elected her cousin, Andrew III , king. Instead of abandoning her claim to Hungary, she transferred it to her son, Charles Martel, and after his death in 1295, to her grandson, Charles. On

10282-462: Was a son of Charles's one-time leading partisan, Paul Šubić. The two towns also accepted the suzerainty of the Republic of Venice although Charles had urged Venice not to intervene in the conflict between his subjects. Many Croatian lords (including his own brother, Paul II Šubić ) also turned against Mladen, and their coalition defeated him at Klis . In September, Charles marched to Croatia where all

10388-477: Was born around 1306. Their marriage took place on 6 July 1320. Most 14th-century Hungarian chroniclers write that Charles and Elisabeth of Poland had five sons. Their first son, Charles, was born in 1321 and died in the same year according to the Illuminated Chronicle . However, a charter of June 1323 states that the child had died in this month. The second son of Charles and Elisabeth, Ladislaus,

10494-650: Was born in 1324. The marriage of Ladislaus and Anne , a daughter of King John of Bohemia, was planned by their parents, but Ladislaus died in 1329. Charles's and Elisabeth's third son, Louis, who was born in 1326, survived his father and succeeded him as King of Hungary. His younger brothers, Andrew and Stephen , who were born in 1327 and 1332, respectively, also survived Charles. Although no contemporaneous or nearly contemporaneous sources made mention of any further children, Charles may have fathered two daughters, according to historians Zsuzsa Teke and Gyula Kristó. Zsuzsa Teke writes that they were born to Mary of Bytom, but

10600-540: Was born in early 1317. His mother was a daughter of Gurke Csák. Coloman was elected Bishop of Győr in 1336. Charles often declared that his principal aim was the "restoration of the ancient good conditions" of the kingdom. On his coat-of-arms, he united the " Árpád stripes " with the motifs of the coat-of-arms of his paternal family, which emphasized his kinship with the first royal house of Hungary. During his reign, Charles reunited Hungary and introduced administrative and fiscal reforms. He bequeathed to his son, Louis

10706-520: Was born in the early 1320s, was the wife of Henry II, Duke of Świdnica . Their only daughter, Anne , grew up in the Hungarian royal court after her parents' death, implying that Charles and Elisabeth of Poland were her grandparents. Historian Kazimierz Jasiński says that Elisabeth, the wife of Boleslaus II of Troppau, was also Charles's daughter. If she was actually Charles's daughter, she must have been born in about 1330, according to Kristó. Charles also fathered an illegitimate son, Coloman , who

10812-519: Was finally paid off by Charles instead of his brother-in-law. The three rulers agreed upon a mutual defence union against the Habsburgs, and a new commercial route was set up to enable merchants travelling between Hungary and the Holy Roman Empire to bypass Vienna . The Babonići and the Kőszegis made an alliance with the Dukes of Austria in January 1336. John of Bohemia, who claimed Carinthia from

10918-603: Was never able to strengthen his position in Hungary, because only the Kőszegis and the Transylvanian Saxons supported him. Charles seized Esztergom and many fortresses in the northern parts of Hungary (now in Slovakia) in 1306. His partisans also occupied Buda in June 1307. Ladislaus Kán, Voivode of Transylvania , seized and imprisoned Otto in Transylvania . An assembly of Charles's partisans confirmed Charles's claim to

11024-606: Was opened in Baia Mare in 1547 by the Reformed Church following the Protestant Reformation . In 1703 Pintea Viteazul and his band managed to free the town for a short period of time from the German Imperial rule, under which it belonged the royal treasury. Since then Pintea is considered an important figure in the town's history, representing the idea of freedom. The Budești Church has Pintea's chain mail shirt and

11130-503: Was primarily formed against the Dukes of Austria. Upon Charles's invitation, John of Bohemia and Casimir of Poland met in Visegrád in November. During the Congress of Visegrád , the two rulers confirmed the compromise that their delegates had worked out in Trencsén. Casimir III also promised to pay 400,000 groschen to John of Bohemia, but a part of this indemnification (120,000 groschen)

11236-410: Was the first secular order of knights . He promoted the opening of new gold mines, which made Hungary the largest producer of gold in Europe. The first Hungarian gold coins were minted during his reign. At the congress of Visegrád in 1335 , he mediated a reconciliation between two neighboring monarchs, John of Bohemia and Casimir III of Poland . Treaties signed at the same congress also contributed to

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