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137-478: Seiko Films was a Philippine film production company owned and run by Robbie Tan . It is known for its erotic films (colloquially known as "bold movies") of the late 1990s. Seiko Films was known for its tagline "If it's from Seiko, it must be good" used from 1989 to 1994. The company is not affiliated with the Japanese company sharing the same name . Seiko Films was founded in 1981 by Robbie Tan. Its initial offering

274-439: A mating season , and both sexes are potentially capable of sexual arousal throughout the year. Sexual arousal for most people is a positive experience and an aspect of their sexuality, and is often sought. A person can normally control how they will respond to arousal. They will normally know what things or situations are potentially stimulating, and may at their leisure decide to either create or avoid these situations. Similarly,

411-409: A persistent genital arousal disorder , which is a spontaneous, persistent, and uncontrollable arousal, and the physiological changes associated with arousal. Sexual arousal causes various physical responses, most significantly in the sex organs (genital organs). Sexual arousal for a man is usually indicated by the swelling and erection of the penis when blood fills the corpus cavernosum . This

548-435: A refractory period characterized by loss of their erection, a subsidence in any sex flush, less interest in sexual activity, and a feeling of relaxation that can be attributed to the neurohormones oxytocin and prolactin . The intensity and duration of the refractory period can be very short in a highly aroused young man in a highly arousing situation, perhaps without even a noticeable loss of erection. It can be as long as

685-462: A romantic setting, music or other soothing situation. Sexual arousal can come from porn or other sexual material. The potential stimuli for sexual arousal vary from person to person, and from one time to another, as does the level of arousal. Stimuli can be classified according to the sense involved: somatosensory (touch), visual, and olfactory (scent). Auditory stimuli are also possible, though they are generally considered secondary in role to

822-451: A 2005 Reuters article, "The multi-billion-dollar industry releases about 11,000 titles on DVD each year." Pornographic films can be sold or rented out on DVD, shown through Internet and special channels and pay-per-view on cable and satellite, and in adult theaters . However, by 2012, widespread availability of illegally copied content and other low-cost competition on the Internet had made

959-672: A conscious level of awareness, while an internal cognition can elicit the same effects indirectly, through the conscious representation of a sexual image. In the case of inhibition, sexual behavior can be active or conscious (e.g., choosing not to have sex) or it can be passive or unconscious (e.g., being unable to have sex due to fear). Toates emphasizes the importance considering cognitive representations in addition to external stimuli; he suggests that mental representations of incentives are interchangeable with excitatory external stimuli for eliciting sexual arousal and motivation. This model created by John Bancroft and Erick Janssen, previously at

1096-567: A crime are invalid. Further attempts were made in the 1970s in the United States to close down the pornography industry, this time by prosecuting those in the industry on prostitution charges. The prosecution started in the courts in California in the case of People v. Freeman . The California Supreme Court acquitted Freeman and distinguished between someone who takes part in a sexual relationship for money (prostitution) versus someone whose role

1233-399: A different image quality. Those who did change soon were collecting most of the industry's profits, since consumers overwhelmingly preferred the new format. The technology change happened quickly and completely when directors realized that continuing to shoot on film was no longer a profitable option. This change moved the films out of the theaters and into people's homes. This marked the end of

1370-418: A female performer, her male partner traditionally had no distinctive features. However, there has been an increase in female viewers over time, and there have recently been efforts to increase the sexualization of male performers also. Efforts such as, men with charming facial features and well-built bodies becoming predominant in pornographic films, as well as the emergence of feminist pornography . Overtime

1507-462: A few hours or days in middle-aged and older men. The beginnings of sexual arousal in a woman's body is usually marked by vaginal lubrication (wetness; though this can occur without arousal due to infection or cervical mucus production around ovulation), swelling and engorgement of the vulva , and internal lengthening and enlargement of the vagina . There have been studies to find the degree of correlation between these physiological responses and

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1644-463: A few years after Blue Movie was made. The first explicitly pornographic film with a plot that received a general theatrical release in the U.S. is generally considered to be Mona the Virgin Nymph (also known as Mona ), a 59-minute 1970 feature by Bill Osco , who created the relatively high-budget hardcore/softcore (depending on the release) 1974 cult film Flesh Gordon and later, in 1976,

1781-443: A gay audience also developed, and the scenarios of the films adjust accordingly. Pornographic films attempt to present a sexual fantasy and the actors selected for a particular role are primarily selected on their ability to create that fantasy. The physical features of the actors and their ability to create the sexual mood of the film is the main factor in who is cast in certain roles. Most actors specialize in certain genres. Within

1918-510: A greater impact on women's sexual functioning than their menopausal status. It is therefore seen as important always to understand the "context of women's lives" when studying their sexuality. Reduced estrogen levels may be associated with increased vaginal dryness and less clitoral erection when aroused, but are not directly related to other aspects of sexual interest or arousal. In older women, decreased pelvic muscle tone may mean that it takes longer for arousal to lead to orgasm, may diminish

2055-400: A laboratory setting. This field of research looks at physical sexual responses in addition to mental and emotional experiences of sexual arousal. Various hypotheses and theories have been propounded in order to establish the biological bases for sexual arousal in humans. Ivan Tarkhanov showed, in experiments on cutting and artificial emptying of the seminal vesicles , that the latter played

2192-483: A lack of spontaneous desire should not be taken as an indication of female sexual dysfunction ; many women experience sexual arousal and responsive desire simultaneously when they are engaged in sexual activity. Frederick Toates presented a model of sexual motivation, arousal, and behavior in 2009 that combines the principles of incentive-motivation theory and hierarchical control of behavior . The basic incentive-motivation model of sex suggests that incentive cues in

2329-409: A male erection can occur during sleep ( nocturnal penile tumescence ) without conscious sexual arousal or due to mechanical stimulation (e.g., rubbing against the bed sheet) alone. A young man—or one with a strong libido—may experience enough sexual arousal for an erection to result from a passing thought, or just the sight of a passerby. Once erect, his penis may gain enough stimulation from contact with

2466-523: A mass-produced, cheap, but quality product. Vast amounts of this new pornography, both magazines and films, needed to be smuggled into other parts of Europe, where it was sold "under the counter" or (sometimes) shown in "members only" cinema clubs. In the United States, producers of pornographic films formed the Adult Film Association of America in 1969, after the release of Blue Movie by Andy Warhol , to fight against censorship, and to defend

2603-480: A medical or physical condition. The lack of sexual arousal may be due to a general lack of sexual desire or due to a lack of sexual desire for the current partner. A person may always have had no or low sexual desire or the lack of desire may have been acquired during the person's life. On the other hand, a person may be hypersexual , which is a desire to engage in sexual activities considered abnormally high in relation to normal development or culture, or suffering from

2740-420: A model of the process of sexual arousal in 1984, in which he conceptualized human sexual response to be composed of three independent but generally sequential components . The first stage, aesthetic response, is an emotional reaction to noticing an attractive face or figure. This emotional reaction produces an increase in attention toward the object of attraction, typically involving head and eye movements toward

2877-583: A movie from film arranged in a continuous loop). Denmark started producing comparatively big-budget theatrical feature film sex comedies such as Bordellet (1972), the Bedside -films (1970–1976) and the Zodiac -films (1973–1978), starring mainstream actors (a few of whom even performed their own sex scenes) and usually not thought of as "porno films" though all except the early Bedside -films included hardcore pornographic scenes. Several of these films still rank among

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3014-530: A number of ways, including paysites , video hosting services and peer-to-peer file sharing . While pornography had been traded electronically since the 1980s, the invention of the World Wide Web in 1991, as well as the opening of the Internet to the general public around the same time, led to an explosion in online pornography. Viv Thomas , Paul Thomas , Andrew Blake , Antonio Adamo , and Rocco Siffredi were prominent directors of pornographic films in

3151-442: A person's sexual partner will normally also know their partner's erotic stimuli and turn-offs. Some people feel embarrassed by sexual arousal and some are sexually inhibited . Some people do not feel aroused on every occasion that they are exposed to erotic stimuli, nor act in a sexual way on every arousal. A person can take an active part in a sexual activity without sexual arousal. These situations are considered normal, but depend on

3288-720: A rapid increase in testosterone in women who were not using hormonal contraception . In terms of brain activation, researchers have suggested that amygdala responses are not solely determined by level of self-reported sexual arousal; Hamann and colleagues found that women self-reported higher sexual arousal than men, but experienced lower levels of amygdala responses. During the late 1950s and early 1960s, William H. Masters and Virginia E. Johnson conducted multiple studies into human sexuality . In 1966, they published Human Sexual Response , detailing four stages of physiological changes in humans during sexual stimulation: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. Barry Singer presented

3425-577: A short peck on the lips ("the mysteries of the kiss revealed"). The kissing scene was denounced as shocking and obscene to early moviegoers and caused the Roman Catholic Church to call for censorship and moral reform, because kissing in public at the time could lead to prosecution. Perhaps in defiance and "to spice up a film", this was followed by many kiss imitators, including The Kiss in the Tunnel (1899) and The Kiss (1900). A tableau vivant style

3562-416: A shower sequence with a male erection and an orgy scene with close-up penetration footage (the camera viewpoint is from the ankles of the participants, and the close-ups leave no doubt as to what is taking place). Idioterne started a wave of international mainstream arthouse films featuring explicit sexual images, such as Catherine Breillat 's Romance , which starred pornstar Rocco Siffredi . In 1999,

3699-432: A similar way to VPG, but measures changes in clitoral blood volume, rather than vaginal vasocongestion. Thermography provides a direct measure of genital sexual arousal by measuring changes in temperature associated with increased blood flow to the vulvar tissues. Similarly, labial thermistor clips measure changes in temperature associated with genital engorgement; this method directly measures changes in temperature of

3836-453: A small number of closely linked brain mechanisms and therefore not subject to significant multivariate effects, cannot be subject to such a large sex difference as that apparent in pletysmographic studies. These neurologists cite the existence of significant volunteering bias among men but not women in erotica research, in particular that the overrepresentation of erectile dysfunction yet underrepresentation of sexuality-related shame in volunteers

3973-421: A still-larger market for porn, a market that is even less traditionally theatrical. By the 2000s, there were hundreds of adult film companies, releasing tens of thousands of productions, recorded directly on video, with minimal sets. The market was further expanded by webcams and webcam recordings, in which thousands of pornographic actors work in front of the camera to satisfy pornography consumers' demand. By

4110-572: A variety of media, depending on the demand and technology available, including traditional footage in various formats, home video , DVDs , mobile devices, Internet download , cable TV , in addition to other media. Pornography is often sold or rented on DVD; shown through Internet streaming, specialty channels and pay-per-view on cable and satellite; and viewed in rapidly disappearing adult theaters . Often due to broadcast or print censorship commissions; general public opinion; public decency laws; or religious pressure groups; overly sexualised content

4247-470: A variety of positions, including the 69 . El Sartorio is held currently in the Kinsey Institute 's film archive, the largest collection of stag films in the world. Because Pirou is nearly unknown as a pornographic filmmaker, credit is often given to other films for being the first. According to Patrick Robertson's Film Facts , "the earliest pornographic motion picture which can definitely be dated

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4384-405: A woman masturbating alone in her bedroom, and progresses to scenes of her with a man in the missionary position , fellatio , and penile anal penetration ." Pornographic movies were widespread in the silent movie era of the 1920s, and were often shown in brothels . Soon illegal, stag films , or blue films , as they were called, were produced underground by amateurs for many years starting in

4521-496: A year in revenue, distributing 60 films annually, and selling them in video stores, hotel rooms, on cable systems, and on the Internet. The Spanish-based studio Private Media Group was listed on the NASDAQ until November 2011. Video rentals soared from just under 80 million in 1985 to a half-billion by 1993. Some subsidiaries of major corporations are the largest pornography sellers, like News Corporation 's DirecTV . Comcast ,

4658-505: Is A L'Ecu d'Or ou la bonne auberge " made in France in 1908. The plot depicts a weary soldier who has a tryst with a servant girl at an inn. He also notes that "the oldest surviving pornographic films are contained in America's Kinsey Collection. One film demonstrates how early pornographic conventions were established. The German film Am Abend (1910) is a ten-minute film which begins with

4795-458: Is a large-scale business with revenues of nearly $ 100 billion, which includes the production of various media and associated products and services . The industry employs thousands of performers along with support and production staff. It is also followed by dedicated industry publications and trade groups as well as the mainstream press, private organizations ( watchdog groups ), government agencies, and political organizations. According to

4932-477: Is a necessity of life, just as air, food, and warmth." And yet there is no empirical evidence in support of such a parallel, Imieliński says. Sensations of hunger and thirst occur due to certain states of physiological insufficiency. The feeling of hunger results from the lack of glucose, fats and amino acids in blood. The feeling of thirst occurs in response to reduction of the water content of tissues. None of similar states of physiological deficiency responsible for

5069-507: Is applicable to humans remains unknown. Unambiguous experimental evidence for the existence of the Tarkhanov regularity in human sexual behaviour has never been obtained. Another explanation of sexual arousal is offered by the approach, which Kazimierz Imieliński calls the "psychohydraulic model of sexuality". This point of view likens human sexuality to a steam boiler, with biological processes or internal irritants creating sexual tension. If

5206-468: Is at least as fast as male erection. They also argue that the appearance of a greater individual variability in female genital response than in male genital response is consistent with a representative female sample and a male sample subject to bias that leaves much of the individual variability unstudied, with a reference to the neurological observation that all brain structures display significant individual variability in both sexes and that no brain structure

5343-429: Is complex, with a wide range of factors increasing or decreasing sexual arousal. Physiological responses, such as heart rate , blood pressure , and erection , are often discordant with self-reported subjective perceptions of arousal. This inconsistency suggests that psychological or cognitive aspects also have a strong effect on sexual arousal. The cognitive aspects of sexual arousal in men are not completely known, but

5480-464: Is consistent with the hypothesis that genital response to both sexual relevance and appeal allows for a stronger erectile function than response only to appeal and that a majority of the male population are ashamed of their responses to unappealing stimuli, accounting for the discrepancy between the report from most heterosexual couples that male erection is faster than female lubrication and the appearance on pletysmography volunteers that female lubrication

5617-602: Is generally not permitted to be shown in mainstream media , or on free-to-air television. Films with risqué content have been produced since the invention of motion picture in the 1880s. Production of such films was profitable, and a number of producers began to specialize in their production. Various groups within society considered such depictions immoral , labeled them "pornographic", and attempted to have them suppressed under other obscenity laws , with varying degrees of success. Such films continued to be produced, and could only be distributed by underground channels . Because

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5754-471: Is likely that the man will continue to ejaculate and orgasm fully, with or without further stimulation. Equally, if sexual stimulation stops before orgasm, the physical effects of the stimulation, including the vasocongestion , will subside in a short time. Repeated or prolonged stimulation without orgasm and ejaculation can lead to discomfort in the testes (corresponding to the slang term " blue balls " ). After orgasm and ejaculation, men usually experience

5891-494: Is merely portraying a sexual relationship on-screen as part of their acting performance. The State did not appeal to the United States Supreme Court making the decision binding in California, where most pornographic films are made today. At present, no other state in the United States has either implemented or accepted this legal distinction between commercial pornography performers versus prostitutes as shown in

6028-553: Is more commonly found amongst men than women. Heterosexual men experience much higher genital and subjective arousal to women than to men. This pattern is reversed for homosexual men. Studies have found that women have a non-category-specific genital response pattern of sexual arousal, meaning their genital responses are only modestly related to their preferred category. On the other hand, female subjective responses are category-specific, because they typically report their highest level of arousal to their preferred stimulus, although

6165-401: Is pleasurable and painful at the same time. With an increase of sexual excitation, the tension increases and becomes wholly unpleasurable. This condition becomes so unbearable that the individual is forced to seek release from these tensions and liberation from the painful feelings. ... The pain of tension which accompanies the increase in the intensity of the instinctual drives changes, with

6302-415: Is pornography that depicts penetration or extreme fetish acts, or both. It contains graphic sexual activity and visible penetration. A pornographic work is characterized as hardcore if it has any hardcore content. Pornographic films are generally classified into subgenres which describe the underlying theme or sexual fantasy which the film and actors attempt to create. Subgenres can also be classified into

6439-580: Is primarily based on what is popular among audiences. In 1989, Seiko increased its production in action films, by the time the genre was on the rise. Among its notable action movies produced were Ang Lihim ng Golden Buddha and Alyas Baby Face , as well as biographical films Ako ang Batas: General Karingal , Canary Brothers and Lt. Col. Alejandro Yanquling , and DZRH -based dramas Kunin Mo ang Ulo ni Ismael , Kasalanan ang Buhayin Ka and Lumaban Ka, Itay . A majority of

6576-420: Is usually denied in most states' local prostitution laws, which do not specifically exclude performers from such inclusion. In some cases, some states have ratified their local state laws for inclusion to prevent California's Freeman decision to be applied to actors who are paid a fee for sexual actions within their state borders. One example is the state of Texas whose prostitution law specifically states: In

6713-470: Is usually the most prominent and reliable sign of sexual arousal in males. In a woman, sexual arousal leads to increased blood flow to the clitoris and the rest of the vulva , as well as vaginal transudation - the seeping of moisture through the vaginal walls, which serves as lubrication . In males: It is normal to correlate the erection of the penis with male sexual arousal. Physical or psychological stimulation, or both, leads to vasodilation and

6850-636: Is variable only in females and not in males. Sexual arousal results in a combination of physiological and psychological factors, like genital sexual response and subjective experience of sexual arousal. The degree to which genital and subjective sexual response correspond is termed concordance . Arousal non-concordance is when there is no link, for example, in morning erection, which happens both with men ( nocturnal penile tumescence ) and women ( nocturnal clitoral tumescence ), or in cases of rape where research confirms reports of an arousal non-concordance orgasm or orgasm alike event can take place – presumably as

6987-460: The Internet further changed the way pornography was distributed. Previously, videos were ordered from an adult bookstore or through mail-order; with the Internet, people could watch pornographic movies on their computers, and instead of waiting weeks for an order to arrive, a movie could be downloaded within minutes (or, later, within a few seconds). Pornography can be distributed over the Internet in

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7124-481: The Liberated series, directed by Mac Alejandre , which became among the most important films in the history of Seiko. Seiko produced movies later like Bridal Shower (2003), the mockumentary Bikini Open (2005), the family comedy I Wanna Be Happy (2006) and the psycho-erotic thriller Silip (2007). Seiko Films also co-produced the award-winning Foster Child (2007) by director Brilliante Mendoza . In 2007, Seiko

7261-464: The Pathé brothers from French produced sources. In 1911, Saturn was dissolved by the censorship authorities which destroyed all the films they could find, though some have since resurfaced from private collections. There were a number of American films in the 1910s which featured female nudity . At the beginning of the 20th century, Argentina may have been the first center of pornographic film production in

7398-605: The Supreme Court of the United States is personal possession in the home ( Stanley v. Georgia ). Sexual arousal Mental stimuli and physical stimuli such as touch, and the internal fluctuation of hormones , can influence sexual arousal. Sexual arousal has several stages and may not lead to any actual sexual activity beyond a mental arousal and the physiological changes that accompany it. Given sufficient sexual stimulation, sexual arousal reaches its climax during an orgasm . It may also be pursued for its own sake, even in

7535-410: The breasts , nipples , buttocks and/or genitals , and further sexual activity . Erotic stimuli may originate from a source unrelated to the object of subsequent sexual interest. For example, many people may find nudity , erotica or pornography sexually arousing. This may generate a general sexual interest that is satisfied by sexual activity. When sexual arousal is achieved by or dependent on

7672-399: The $ 2.6–3.9 billion figure (without the cellphone component). USA Today claimed in 2003 that websites such as Danni's Hard Drive and Cybererotica.com generated $ 2 billion in revenue in that year, which was allegedly about 10% of the overall domestic porn market at the time. The adult movies income (from sale and rent) was once estimated by AVN Publications at $ 4.3 billion but

7809-484: The 1900s and was a frequent visitor to the pornographic cinemas in the Barracas neighborhood. The Argentine film El Sartorio (also known as El Satario ) is perhaps the oldest known pornographic film, a theory held by several authors. Filmed between 1907 and 1912 on the riverside of Quilmes or Rosario , the film depicts six nude nymphs who are surprised by a satyr or faun, who captures one of them and then has sex in

7946-409: The 1940s. Processing the film took considerable time and resources, with people using their bathtubs to wash the film when processing facilities (often tied to organized crime) were unavailable. The films were then circulated privately or by traveling salesmen, but anyone caught viewing or possessing them risked a prison sentence. The post-war era saw technological developments that further stimulated

8083-545: The 1969 film Blue Movie , one of the first to be reviewed by The New York Times . Other notable American hardcore feature films of the 1970s include Deep Throat (1972), Behind the Green Door (1972), The Devil in Miss Jones (1973), Radley Metzger 's The Opening of Misty Beethoven (1976) and Debbie Does Dallas (1978). These were shot on film and screened in mainstream movie theaters. In Britain, Deep Throat

8220-610: The 1980s, pornography on home video achieved wider distribution. The rise of the Internet in the late 1990s and early 2000s changed the way pornographic films were distributed, complicating censorship regimes around the world and legal prosecutions of "obscenity". Pornographic films are typically categorized as either softcore or hardcore pornography . In general, softcore pornography is pornography that does not depict explicit sexual activity , sexual penetration or extreme fetishism . It generally contains nudity or partial nudity in sexually suggestive situations. Hardcore pornography

8357-511: The 1990s. In 1998, the Danish , Oscar -nominated film production company Zentropa became the world's first mainstream film company to openly produce hardcore pornographic films, starting with Constance (1998). That same year, Zentropa also produced Idioterne (1998), directed by Lars von Trier , which won many international awards and was nominated for a Golden Palm in Cannes. The film includes

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8494-475: The 2000s, the fortunes of the pornography industry had changed. With reliably profitable DVD sales being largely supplanted by streaming media delivery over the Internet , competition from bootleg, amateur and low-cost professional content on the Internet had made the industry substantially less profitable, leading to it shrinking in size. At the same time this gave rise to video sharing platforms such as Pornhub , XVideos and xHamster . Globally, pornography

8631-418: The 8mm market of his models undressing and posing topless, popularly known as "glamour home movies". To Marks, the term "glamour" was a euphemism for nude modeling/photography. Starting in 1961, Lasse Braun was a pioneer in quality colour productions that were, in the early days, distributed by making use of his father's diplomatic privileges. Braun was able to accumulate funds for his lavish productions from

8768-572: The Danish TV channel Kanal København started broadcasting hardcore films at night, uncoded and freely available to any viewer in the Copenhagen area (as of 2009, this is still the case, courtesy of Innocent Pictures , a company started by Zentropa). Once people could watch adult movies in the privacy of their own homes, a new adult market developed that far exceeded the scope of its theater-centric predecessor. The Internet served as catalyst for creating

8905-513: The Florida case where sex film maker Clinton Raymond McCowen, aka "Ray Guhn", was indicted on charges of "soliciting and engaging in prostitution" for his creation of pornography films which included "McCowen and his associates recruited up to 100 local men and women to participate in group sex scenes, the affidavit says." The distinction that California has in its legal determination in the Freeman decision

9042-575: The Kinsey Institute, explores the individual variability of sexual response . They postulate that this variability depends on the interaction between an individual's sexual excitation system (SES) and sexual inhibition system (SIS). Popularized by Emily Nagoski 's self-help book Come as You Are , the SES has been described as the sexual response's 'accelerator' and the SIS as the 'brake'. The SIS/SES questionnaire

9179-578: The SESII-W (the Sexual Excitation/Sexual Inhibition Inventory for Women) was created by Graham and associates. Female focus groups found that the context of the emotional relationship between sexual partners was not fully represented in the original SIS/SES questionnaire. A factor analysis of this questionnaire revealed only two factors: sexual excitation (SE) and sexual inhibition (SI). This may point to internal inconsistencies in

9316-427: The SESII-W found that bisexual women scored higher on SES than the other groups and heterosexual women scored higher on the sexual inhibition factor than both the lesbian and bisexual women. More studies need to be done using the dual control model to gain a more broad view of sexual orientation and sexual arousability. One way to study sexual arousal in women and men is to conduct sexual psychophysiological research in

9453-460: The SIS/SES questionnaire regarding gender. One lower order factor in the SESII-W labeled Arousal Contingency was particularly relevant; this factor explains the easy disruption of sexual arousal. Regardless of the difference in these two questionnaires, both surveys' scores show normal distribution verifying the hypothesis that there is a normal individual variation in sexual arousal and inhibition. In

9590-551: The Sun (1960), Nude on the Moon (1961) and Diary of a Nudist (1961). She also produced a series of sexploitation films. In the 1960s, social and judicial attitudes towards the explicit depiction of sexuality began to change. For example, Swedish film I Am Curious (Yellow) (1967) included numerous frank nude scenes and simulated sexual intercourse. In one particularly controversial scene, Lena kisses her lover's flaccid penis. The film

9727-532: The U.S.. The prosecution of Harold Freeman was initially planned as the first in a series of legal cases to effectively outlaw the production of such movies. In the late 1990s, pornographic films were distributed on DVD. These offered better quality picture and sound than the previous video format ( videotape ) and allowed innovations such as "interactive" videos that let users choose such variables as multiple camera angles, multiple endings and computer-only DVD content. The introduction and widespread availability of

9864-426: The United States, federal law prohibits the sale, distribution or dissemination of obscene materials through the mail, over the broadcast airwaves, on cable or satellite TV, on the Internet, over the telephone or by any other means that cross state lines. Most states also have specific laws banning the sale or distribution of obscene pornography within state borders. The only protection for obscene material recognized by

10001-596: The X-rated musical-comedy film Alice in Wonderland . The 1971 film Boys in the Sand represented a number of pornographic firsts. As the first generally available gay pornographic film, the film was the first to include on-screen credits for its cast and crew (albeit largely under pseudonyms), to parody the title of a mainstream film (in this case, The Boys in the Band ), and, after

10138-467: The absence of an orgasm. Depending on the situation, a person can be sexually aroused by a variety of factors, both physical and mental. A person may be sexually aroused by another person or by particular aspects of that person, or by a non-human object. The physical stimulation of an erogenous zone or acts of foreplay can result in arousal, especially if it is accompanied with the anticipation of imminent sexual activity. Sexual arousal may be assisted by

10275-440: The age of big-budget productions, and the beginning of the mainstreaming of pornography. It soon went back to its earthy roots and expanded to cover nearly every fetish possible, since the production of pornography was now inexpensive. Instead of hundreds of pornographic films being made each year, thousands were being made, including compilations of just the sex scenes from various videos. One could now not only watch pornography in

10412-466: The arrival of the home video cassette recorder in the late 1970s and early 1980s, the pornographic movie industry experienced massive growth and spawned adult stars like Traci Lords , Seka , Christy Canyon , Ginger Lynn , Nina Hartley , and directors such as Gregory Dark . By 1982, most pornographic films were being shot on the cheaper and more convenient medium of videotape . Many film directors resisted this shift at first because videotape produced

10549-434: The assumption that men are always sexually interested in what causes genital arousal removes its own falsifiability by explaining all contradictory data away as "denial", making the theory untestable. While there is disagreement among neurologists on whether or not it is possible to categorically distinguish male brains and female brains by measuring many variables in the brain, neurologists agree that all single variables in

10686-414: The attempted elucidation of their role in other animals' sexual behaviour has been the object of experimental effort. No generalisation has yet appeared, however. The study performed by Beach & Wilson ( University of California, Berkeley ) in 1964 discovered that these glands do not participate in the regulation of sexual arousal of male rats in the similar manner. Whether the regularity observed in frogs

10823-411: The attractive object. The second stage, approach response, progresses from the first and involves bodily movements towards the object. The final genital response stage recognizes that with both attention and closer proximity, physical reactions result in genital tumescence. Singer also stated that there is an array of other autonomic responses, but acknowledges that the research literature suggests that

10960-497: The average film targeted at a heterosexual male audience, the primary focus is on the sexually attractive appearance of female actress or actresses, meanwhile most male performers in heterosexual pornography are selected less for their looks and more so for their sexual prowess. They are presented as being able to fulfill the proxy fantasy of the male watching audience. In the United States, the Supreme Court held in 1969 that State laws making mere private possession of obscene material

11097-449: The brain display more individual variation and overlap between the sexes than differences between the sexes. For instance, men and women alike are capable of classifying sex acts as sexual no matter if they find them appealing or not, making a genital response to unappealing erotic stimuli a single mechanism step. It is therefore argued by neurologists that category specificity of genital response to erotical imagery, being determined by one or

11234-464: The characteristics of the performers or the type of sexual activity on which it concentrates and not necessarily on the market to which each subgenre appeals. The subgenres usually conform to certain conventions , and each may appeal to a particular audience. Production of erotic films commenced almost immediately after the invention of the motion picture. Two of the earliest pioneers were Frenchmen Eugène Pirou and Albert Kirchner . Kirchner, under

11371-402: The clandestine 'stag film' trade, Dave Thompson recounts ample evidence that such an industry first had sprung up in the brothels of Buenos Aires and other South American cities by the turn of the 20th century, and then quickly spread through Central Europe over the following few years. In his biography of Eugene O'Neill , Louis Sheaffer recounts that the playwright traveled to Buenos Aires in

11508-425: The comfort and privacy of one's own home, but also find more choices available to satisfy specific fantasies and fetishes. Similarly, the camcorder spurred changes in pornography in the 1980s, when people could make their own amateur sex movies, whether for private use, or for wider distribution. The de facto result of the 1987 legal case California v. Freeman effectively legalized hardcore pornography in

11645-584: The country's adult entertainment is often estimated at $ 10–13 billion, of which $ 4–6 billion are legal. The figure is often credited to a study by Forrester Research and was lowered in 1998. In 2007 The Observer newspaper also gave a figure of $ 13 billion. Other sources, quoted by Forbes (Adams Media Research, Veronis Suhler Communications Industry Report, and IVD), even taking into consideration all possible means (video networks and pay-per-view movies on cable and satellite, websites, in-room hotel movies, phone sex, sex toys, and magazines) mention

11782-423: The crucial role in the generation of sexual excitement in frogs. Proceeding from these experimental results, Tarkhanov put forward a hypothesis that filling and evacuation of the seminal vesicles were the main biological cause, which led to sexual arousal and its disappearance in humans and other mammals. Ever since Tarkhanov's findings demonstrated sexual arousal in frogs to result from the state of seminal vesicles,

11919-411: The discharge, into the pleasure of relaxation. After a certain time, the same process begins anew. Such an approach assumes sexual arousal to be a spontaneous desire that appears periodically like sensations of hunger and thirst. Drawing a parallel between these sensations and sexual excitation is widely accepted now: "Everyone must experience sexuality in some way to survive. ... In this sense sex

12056-463: The enjoyment of the well-to-do class of [Europe]." Writing about the origins of underground cinema, Arthur Knight and Hollis Alpert explain that hardcore films were shipped by boat from Argentina to private buyers, mostly in France and England, but also in more distant places such as Russia and the Balkans. In Black and White and Blue (2008), one of the most scholarly attempts to document the origins of

12193-514: The environment invade the nervous system, which results in sexual motivation. Positive sexual experiences enhance motivation, while negative experiences reduce it. Motivation and behaviour are organized hierarchically ; each are controlled by a combination of direct (external stimuli) and indirect (internal cognitions) factors. Excitation and inhibition of behavior act at various levels of this hierarchical structure. For instance, an external stimulus may directly excite sexual arousal and motivation below

12330-668: The figure obtaining is unclear. According to the 2001 Forbes data, the annual income distribution is the following: The Online Journalism Review , published by the Annenberg School of Communication at the University of Southern California , weighed in with an analysis that favored Forbes' number. The financial extent of adult films, distributed in hotels, is hard to estimate—hotels keep statistics to themselves or do not keep them at all. The world's largest adult movie studio Vivid Entertainment generates an estimated $ 100 million

12467-460: The films produced throughout the 1990s are focused on this genre. Sex trip (ST) was among Seiko's primary focus. It was in 1995 when it increased its production in ST films, with Rosanna Roces , Priscilla Almeda, Natasha Ledesma, Leandro Baldemor and Gardo Versoza in its stable of talents. Seiko made Rosanna Roces a popular sex symbol. This would be Seiko's focus starting in 2000. In 2003, Seiko released

12604-524: The first country to abolish all censorship laws, enabling pornography, including hardcore pornography. The example was followed by toleration in the Netherlands, also in 1969. There was an explosion of pornography commercially produced in those countries, including, at the very beginning, child pornography and bestiality porn. Now that being a pornographer was legal, there was no shortage of businessmen who invested in plant and equipment capable of turning out

12741-402: The genital and other regions may lead to a sex flush in some men. As sexual stimulation continues, orgasm begins, when the muscles of the pelvic floor , the vasa deferentia (between the testicles and the prostate), the seminal vesicles and the prostate gland itself may begin to contract in a way that forces sperm and semen into the urethra inside the penis. Once this has started, it

12878-404: The genital response is the most reliable and convenient to measure in males. In 2000, Rosemary Basson presented an alternative model to the human sexual response cycle that is specific to women's sexual response . She argues that gender differences in sex drive , sexual motivation, sexual concordance, and capacity for orgasm underlie the need for an alternative model of sexual response. While

13015-419: The growth of a mass market and amateur film-making, particularly the introduction of the 8 mm and super-8 film gauges, popular for the home movie market. Entrepreneurs emerged to meet the demand. In Britain, in the 1950s, Harrison Marks produced films which were considered risqué, and which today would be described as "soft core". In 1958, as an offshoot of his magazines, Marks began making short films for

13152-477: The heritability of both factors of SIS, but research suggests that SES variability is down to environmental factors. The majority of studies investigating sexual functioning use heterosexual participants exclusively, limiting the generalizability of the dual control model. One study comparing heterosexual and gay men found that gay men had similar scores for SIS2, but scored significantly higher for SIS1 and SES. Heterosexual, lesbian, and bisexual women's scores on

13289-411: The human sexual response cycle begins with desire, followed by arousal, orgasm, and finally resolution, Basson's alternative model is circular and begins with women feeling a need for intimacy , which leads her to seek out and be receptive to sexual stimuli; women then feel sexual arousal, in addition to sexual desire . The cycle results in an enhanced feeling of intimacy. Basson emphasizes the idea that

13426-512: The increased blood flow engorges the three spongy areas that run along the length of the penis (the two corpora cavernosa and the corpus spongiosum ). The penis grows enlarged and firm, the skin of the scrotum is pulled tighter, and the testicles are pulled up against the body. However, the relationship between erection and arousal is not one-to-one (arousal non-concordance). After their mid-forties, some men report that they do not always have an erection when they are sexually aroused. Equally,

13563-424: The industry against obscenity charges. In the 1970s, there was a more tolerant judicial attitude to non-mainstream films. Mainstream theatres did not usually screen even softcore films, leading to a rise of adult theaters in the United States and many other countries. There was also a proliferation of coin-operated "movie booths" in sex shops that displayed pornographic "loops" (so called because they projected

13700-557: The inside of his clothing to maintain and encourage it for some time. As sexual arousal and stimulation continues, it is likely that the glans or head of the erect penis will swell wider and, as the genitals become further engorged with blood, their color deepens and the testicles can grow up to 50% larger. As the testicles continue to rise, a feeling of warmth may develop around them and the perineum . With further sexual stimulation, their heart rate increases, blood pressure rises and breathing becomes quicker. The increase in blood flow in

13837-675: The intensity of orgasms, and then cause more rapid resolution. The uterus typically contracts during orgasm and, with advancing age, those contractions may actually become painful. Psychological sexual arousal involves appraisal and evaluation of a stimulus, categorization of a stimulus as sexual, and an affective response. The combination of cognitive and physiological states elicits psychological sexual arousal. Some suggest that psychological sexual arousal results from an interaction of cognitive and experiential factors, such as affective state, previous experience, and current social context. The relationship between sexual desire and arousal in men

13974-475: The internal organs also occur including to the internal shape of the vagina and to the position of the uterus within the pelvis . Other changes include an increase in heart rate as well as in blood pressure , feeling hot and flushed and perhaps experiencing tremors. A sex flush may extend over the chest and upper body. If sexual stimulation continues, then sexual arousal may peak into orgasm . After orgasm, some women do not want any further stimulation and

14111-412: The labia. More recently, laser doppler imaging (LDI) has been used as a direct measure of genital sexual arousal in women. LDI functions by measuring superficial changes in blood flow in the vulvar tissues. The most obvious response involved with sexual behaviour in males is penile erection . The use of the volume (or circumference) change during penile erection as a convenient measure of sexual arousal

14248-458: The level of this tension reaches threshold, sexual arousal occurs as the expression of necessity to let off steam. Gary F. Kelly ( Clarkson University ) describes this model as follows: For centuries, the assumption was made that the longing for sexual interaction was innate, and an inner drive model was used to explain it. It has been suggested that this model was much like a metaphor for a steam boiler. Internal sexual "steam" would build up until

14385-642: The magnitude of arousal need not be consistent. That is, the hypothesis is that vaginal lubrication can take place as a protective mechanism even in a non-preferred sexual situation, such as when sexual activity is non-consensual . Other researchers argue that since the research is done on people who volunteer to be studied, the observed levels of category specificity may not represent the population, that there may be different cultural expectations of sexual interests being linked to genital arousal that make men with non-category specific genital arousal less likely to appear as test subjects. There researchers also argue that

14522-411: The maturity, age, culture and other factors influencing the person. However, when a person fails to be aroused in a situation that would normally produce arousal and the lack of arousal is persistent, it may be due to a sexual arousal disorder or hypoactive sexual desire disorder . There are many reasons why a person fails to be aroused, including a mental disorder, such as depression , drug use , or

14659-627: The most seen films in Danish film history and all remain favourites on home video. In 1969, Blue Movie by Andy Warhol was the first adult erotic film depicting explicit sex to receive wide theatrical release in the United States. The film was a seminal film in the Golden Age of Porn and, according to Warhol, a major influence in the making of Last Tango in Paris , an internationally controversial erotic drama film, starring Marlon Brando , and released

14796-423: The name "Léar", directed the earliest surviving erotic film for Pirou. The 7-minute 1896 film Le Coucher de la Mariée had Louise Willy  [ af ; ca ; fr ; vo ] performing a bathroom striptease . Other French filmmakers also considered that profits could be made from this type of risqué films, showing women disrobing. Also in 1896. Fatima's Coochie-Coochie dance  [ fr ; nl ]

14933-446: The nation's largest cable company, once pulled in $ 50 million from adult programming. Revenues of companies such as Playboy and Hustler were small by comparison. Pornographic films are produced and directed at a target audience, who buy and view the films. Traditionally, the audience of pornographic films have been straight males, the male actor typically acted as a proxy for the viewer. A typical pornographic film focuses on

15070-403: The original SIS/SES questionnaire, statistically significant gender differences are seen despite considerable overlap in scores between men and women. On average, males score higher on sexual excitation and lower than females on both facets of sexual inhibition. The differences in scores between genders have not been explained beyond the theoretical level. The source of individual variability on

15207-429: The other three. Erotic stimuli which can result in sexual arousal can include conversation, reading, films or images, or a smell or setting, any of which can generate erotic thoughts and memories in a person. Given the right context, these may lead to the person desiring physical contact, including kissing , cuddling , and petting of an erogenous zone. This may in turn make the person desire direct sexual stimulation of

15344-532: The periodical appearance of sexual arousal has been revealed in human sexuality. Sexual arousal in women is characterized by vasocongestion of the genital tissues, including internal and external areas (e.g., vaginal walls , clitoris , and labia ). There are a variety of methods used to assess genital sexual arousal in women. Vaginal photoplethysmography (VPG) can measure changes in vaginal blood volume or phasic changes in vasocongestion associated with each heartbeat. Clitoral photoplethysmography functions in

15481-523: The physiological measurements of sexual arousal. Studies have found temperature change specific to the genitals during sexual arousal, which supports the validity of this measure. Category-specificity refers to a person showing sexual arousal to the categories of people they prefer to have sex with. Sexual arousal studies involving category-specificity look at genital responses (physiological changes), as well as subjective responses (what people report their arousal levels to be). Category-specific sexual arousal

15618-407: The porno business does $ 100 million a year in gross retain volume." According to the 1986 Attorney General's Commission on Pornography, American adult entertainment industry has grown considerably over the past thirty years by continually changing and expanding to appeal to new markets, though the production is considered to be low-profile and clandestine. As of 2013 the total current income of

15755-617: The pornographic film industry smaller and reduced profitability. The global pornographic film industry is dominated by the United States, with the San Fernando Valley area of Los Angeles being the heart of the industry. In 1975, the total retail value of all the hardcore pornography in the United States was estimated at $ 5–10 million. The 1979, Revision of the Federal Criminal Code stated that "in Los Angeles alone,

15892-490: The pressure became so great that the drive to release it was very strong. This view also assumed that there was some adverse physical consequence of not releasing the pressure. The "psychohydraulic model of sexuality" has been formulated most definitely in psychoanalysis : The instinct causes tensions within the central nervous system, which spread out over the whole being; it is urgent and irresistible in nature and constantly repeats itself. ... An erection, for example,

16029-490: The profit gained with so-called loops, ten-minute hardcore movies which he sold to Reuben Sturman , who distributed them to 60,000 American peep show booths. Braun was always on the move, and made his hardcore movies in a number of countries, including Spain, France, Sweden, Denmark and the Netherlands. In December 1960, American female director Doris Wishman began producing a series of eight pornographic films, or nudist films without sex scenes, including Hideout in

16166-408: The reported difference in levels of arousal is typically much smaller than those in men. A possible explanation for the non-category specific genital arousal in women, which also accounts for their high individual variation, is the "preparation hypothesis". This hypothesis suggests that, provided there is enough of an increase in vaginal blood flow for vaginal lubrication to occur in a sexual context,

16303-717: The right stimulation in the right circumstances, there are physical and psychological changes to women's sexual arousal and responses as they age. Older women produce less vaginal lubrication and studies have investigated changes to degrees of satisfaction, frequency of sexual activity, to desire, sexual thoughts and fantasies , sexual arousal, beliefs about and attitudes to sex, pain, and the ability to reach orgasm in women in their 40s and after menopause . Other factors have also been studied including socio-demographic variables, health, psychological variables, partner variables such as their partner's health or sexual problems, and lifestyle variables. It appears that these other factors often have

16440-1000: The sex of the actors portrayed in the stimulus, and men may be more likely than women to objectify the actors. There are reported differences in brain activation to sexual stimuli, with men showing higher levels of amygdala and hypothalamic responses than women. This suggests the amygdala plays a critical role in the processing of sexually arousing visual stimuli in men. Research suggests that cognitive factors like sexual motivation, perceived gender role expectations, and sexual attitudes play important roles in women's self-reported levels of sexual arousal. In her alternative model of sexual response, Basson suggests that women's need for intimacy prompts them to engage with sexual stimuli, which leads to an experience of sexual desire and psychological sexual arousal. Psychological sexual arousal also has an effect on physiological mechanisms; Goldey and van Anders showed that sexual cognitions impact hormone levels in women, such that sexual thoughts result in

16577-437: The sexual arousal quickly dissipates. Suggestions have been published for continuing the sexual excitement and moving from one orgasm into further stimulation and maintaining or regaining a state of sexual arousal that can lead to second and subsequent orgasms. Some women have experienced such multiple orgasms quite spontaneously. While young women may become sexually aroused quite easily, and reach orgasm relatively quickly with

16714-494: The sexual excitation and inhibition systems is not known definitively. Even less is known about how these systems develop in individuals. Age of first masturbation has been used as a measure to assess sexual development. Age of masturbatory onset is much more variable in girls than boys, whose tend to be close to puberty. Researchers have not determined whether this gender difference is biological in nature or influenced by sociocultural values. One twin-study has found evidence for

16851-422: The state does involve the appraisal and evaluation of the stimulus, categorization of the stimulus as sexual, and an affective response. Research suggests that cognitive factors, such as sexual motivation, perceived gender role expectations, and sexual attitudes, contribute to sex differences observed in subjective sexual arousal. Specifically, while watching heterosexual erotic videos , men are more influenced by

16988-477: The time necessary for sexual arousal. Researchers studied the time required for an individual to reach the peak of sexual arousal while watching sexually explicit movies or pictures and came to the conclusion that on average women and men took almost the same time for sexual arousal — around 10 minutes. The time needed for foreplay is strongly individual and varies from one occasion to the next depending on circumstances. Unlike many animals, humans do not have

17125-595: The use of objects, it is referred to as sexual fetishism , or in some instances a paraphilia . There is a common belief that women need more time to achieve arousal. However, recent scientific research has shown that there is no considerable difference for the time men and women require to become fully aroused. Scientists from McGill University Health Centre in Montreal (in Canada) used the method of thermal imaging to record baseline temperature change in genital area to define

17262-470: The viewer. Pornographic films represent sexual fantasies and usually include erotically stimulating material such as nudity ( softcore ) and sexual intercourse ( hardcore ). A distinction is sometimes made between "erotic" and "pornographic" films on the basis that the latter category contains more explicit sexuality , and focuses more on arousal than storytelling; the distinction is highly subjective. Pornographic films are produced and distributed on

17399-405: The viewing of such films carried a social stigma , they were viewed at brothels , adult movie theaters, stag parties , home, private clubs, and night cinemas. In the 1970s, during the Golden Age of Porn , pornographic films were semi-legitimized, to the point where actors not known for appearances in such productions would be cast members (though rarely participating in the explicit scenes); by

17536-420: The woman's subjective sensation of being sexually aroused: the findings usually are that in some cases there is a high correlation, while in others, it is surprisingly low. Further stimulation can lead to additional vaginal wetness and further engorgement and swelling of the clitoris and the labia , along with increased redness or darkening of the skin in these areas as blood flow increases. Further changes to

17673-589: The world. It is considered that the porn film was born in France practically at the same time as the cinematographic medium, but it was in Buenos Aires where the clandestine production of these films, known as stag films or smokers, was capitalized. Around 1905, Pathé and Gaumont moved the production of porn to Argentina to avoid censorship by the French government. These films were not intended for local or popular consumption, but were "sophisticated entertainment for

17810-985: Was Panlaban: Dos por Dos , starring Rex Lapid and Bomber Moran and written and directed by Mike Relon Makiling. Since then, after the People Power Revolution , Seiko Films immediately became one of the major film production studios in the late 80s, alongside Monteverde's Regal Films and Vic Del Rosario's Viva Films . The film production is home to its homegrown stars, mostly Regal babies like Romnick Sarmenta , Sheryl Cruz , Rey "PJ" Abellana and Gretchen Barretto as well as talents inside Seiko like Jestoni Alarcon , Ian Veneracion , John Regala , Cesar Montano and Rita Avila . Among its most memorable productions during its early years are The Life Story of Julie Vega and Blusang Itim , as well as horror flicks Huwag Mong Buhayin ang Bangkay , and Hiwaga sa Balete Drive . Robbie Tan explained that his decision-making process when it comes to greenlighting film projects

17947-489: Was developed to assess an individual's SIS and SES levels. A factor analysis of the SIS/SES questionnaire, revealed a single excitation factor and two inhibition factors. These inhibition factors were interpreted as SIS1 (inhibition due to the threat of performance failure) and SIS2 (inhibition due to the threat of performance consequences). The SIS/SES questionnaire was originally developed for men though it has since proven its statistical validity among women. Despite this,

18084-583: Was exhibited in mainstream cinemas, but in 1969 it was banned in Massachusetts allegedly for being pornographic. The ban was challenged in the courts, with the Supreme Court of the United States ultimately declaring that the film was not obscene, paving the way for other sexually explicit films. Another Swedish film Language of Love (1969) was also sexually explicit, but was framed as a quasi-documentary sex educational film , which made its legal status uncertain though controversial. In 1969, Denmark became

18221-466: Was first developed by Kurt Freund . This measurement of blood flow to the male genitals is known as penile plethysmography. This is commonly measured using a strain gauge, a simple mercury strain gauge encompassed in a ring of rubber. The ring surrounds the penis , but does not constrict or cause discomfort. The measure has been found by some to be a reliable and valid measurement of male arousal. More recently, thermography has been developed to measure

18358-458: Was not approved in its uncut form until 2000 and not shown publicly until June 2005. In the U.S. Miller v. California was an important court case in 1973. The case established that obscenity was not legally protected, but the case also established the Miller test , a three-pronged test to determine obscenity (which is not legal) as opposed to indecency (which may or may not be legal). With

18495-471: Was released as a short nickelodeon kinetoscope /film featuring a gyrating belly dancer named Fatima. Her gyrating and moving pelvis was censored, one of the earliest films to be censored. At the time, there were numerous risque films that featured exotic dancers. In the same year, The May Irwin Kiss contained the first kiss on film. It was a 47-second film loop, with a close-up of a nuzzling couple followed by

18632-879: Was reportedly suspended by the Movie and Television Review and Classification Board (MTRCB) due to the prominence of the production of erotic films. It was later revealed that it closed down due to intense competition with major film outlets. Since then, Tan shifted his focus on his wallet business. ABS-CBN currently owns the rights to Seiko Films' library. This is a list of some films produced by Seiko that were remade into television series: Pornographic films Pornographic films ( pornos ), erotic films , adult films , sex films , 18+ films , or also known as blue films (in British English and other English-speaking countries), are films that represent sexually explicit subject matter in order to arouse , fascinate, or satisfy

18769-685: Was used in short film Birth of The Pearl  [ cy ] (1901) featuring an unnamed long-haired young model wearing a flesh-colored body stocking in a direct frontal pose that provides a provocative view of the female body. The pose is in the style of Botticelli 's The Birth of Venus . In Austria, cinemas organised men-only nights (called Herrenabende ) at which adult films were shown. Johann Schwarzer formed his Saturn-Film production company which between 1906 and 1911 produced 52 erotic productions, each of which contained young local women fully nude, to be shown at those screenings. Before Schwarzer's productions, erotic films were provided by

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