Misplaced Pages

#395604

71-524: Translating the word " religion " into Japanese has been controversial from the beginning, with some scholars arguing it was a Christian concept that did not apply to Shinto. Kozaki Hiromichi first translated the English word "religion" as shūkyō ( 宗教 ) Before that, Yukichi Fukuzawa translated it as shūmon ( 宗門 ) and shūshi ( 宗旨 ) , and Masanao Nakamura translated it as hōkyō ( 法教 ) According to Genchi Kato: In other words, Shinto

142-539: A Missionary Office was established within the Department of Divinities . The Missionary Office was established, and Nakayama Tadayasu was appointed as the missionary director and Fukuha Yoshishige as the vice-director. Fukuha served as Ministry of Divinities , the de facto chief executive officer after the Ministry of Divinities was renamed Ministry of Divinities . This was followed by the issuance of an imperial decree in

213-482: A Church, all those who adhere to them". Sacred things are not, however, limited to gods or spirits. On the contrary, a sacred thing can be "a rock, a tree, a spring, a pebble, a piece of wood, a house, in a word, anything can be sacred". Religious beliefs, myths, dogmas and legends are the representations that express the nature of these sacred things, and the virtues and powers which are attributed to them. Echoes of James' and Durkheim's definitions are to be found in

284-484: A concrete deity or not" to which the individual feels impelled to respond with solemnity and gravity. Sociologist Émile Durkheim , in his seminal book The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life , defined religion as a "unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things". By sacred things he meant things "set apart and forbidden—beliefs and practices which unite into one single moral community called

355-489: A definition of religion. There are, however, two general definition systems: the sociological/functional and the phenomenological/philosophical. The concept of religion originated in the modern era in the West . Parallel concepts are not found in many current and past cultures; there is no equivalent term for religion in many languages. Scholars have found it difficult to develop a consistent definition, with some giving up on

426-692: A full-scale movement was launched to restore the Shinto priesthood by returning the teaching positions of the so-called " Minsha ( 民社 ) priests" below the rank of prefectures and shrines. This movement was somewhat successful, and on April 26, 1899, the Shrine Division, which was only a division of the Bureau of Shrines and Temples of the Ministry of Home Affairs, was upgraded to the Bureau of Shrines . The Bureau of Religions also being split off to deal with other religions such as Sect Shinto . On June 13, 1913,

497-443: A similar union between imperial law and universal or Buddha law, but these later became independent sources of power. Though traditions, sacred texts, and practices have existed throughout time, most cultures did not align with Western conceptions of religion since they did not separate everyday life from the sacred. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the terms Buddhism, Hinduism, Taoism, Confucianism, and world religions first entered

568-500: A social or political issue that could move public opinion, because it was a debate within the realm of universities and academia, and never developed into a political movement. That said, there are modern objections to this, and P. Burger, in The Sacred Canopy. The Meiji Constitution said that subjects will have freedom of religion as long as it does not inferfere with their duties as subjects, this has been interpreted as making

639-655: A subject of interest to philosophers and theologians. The word myth has several meanings: Ancient polytheistic religions, such as those of Greece, Rome , and Scandinavia , are usually categorized under the heading of mythology . Religions of pre-industrial peoples, or cultures in development, are similarly called myths in the anthropology of religion . The term myth can be used pejoratively by both religious and non-religious people. By defining another person's religious stories and beliefs as mythology, one implies that they are less real or true than one's own religious stories and beliefs. Joseph Campbell remarked, "Mythology

710-600: A transcendent deity and all else, between the creator and his creation, between God and man. The anthropologist Clifford Geertz defined religion as a: ... system of symbols which acts to establish powerful, pervasive, and long-lasting moods and motivations in men by formulating conceptions of a general order of existence and clothing these conceptions with such an aura of factuality that the moods and motivations seem uniquely realistic. Alluding perhaps to Tylor's "deeper motive", Geertz remarked that: ... we have very little idea of how, in empirical terms, this particular miracle

781-450: A wide variety of academic disciplines, including theology , philosophy of religion , comparative religion , and social scientific studies. Theories of religion offer various explanations for its origins and workings, including the ontological foundations of religious being and belief. The term religion comes from both Old French and Anglo-Norman (1200s CE ) and means respect for sense of right, moral obligation, sanctity, what

SECTION 10

#1732883945396

852-559: A word or even a concept of religion in the original languages and neither did the people or the cultures in which these sacred texts were written. For example, there is no precise equivalent of religion in Hebrew, and Judaism does not distinguish clearly between religious, national, racial, or ethnic identities. One of its central concepts is halakha , meaning the walk or path sometimes translated as law, which guides religious practice and belief and many aspects of daily life. Even though

923-535: Is a religion since its introduction. In Japan, there was a deep-rooted sense of caution against foreign religions , and problems arose accordingly. Christian missionary activity , which began at the beginning of the Meiji era, was also divided into different denominations, and problems arose as a result. It is believed that the Shinto side adopted the Secular Shrine Theory in part because they argued that Shinto

994-400: Is accomplished. We just know that it is done, annually, weekly, daily, for some people almost hourly; and we have an enormous ethnographic literature to demonstrate it. The theologian Antoine Vergote took the term supernatural simply to mean whatever transcends the powers of nature or human agency. He also emphasized the cultural reality of religion, which he defined as: ... the entirety of

1065-461: Is also the product of the dominant Western religious mode, what is called the Judeo-Christian climate or, more accurately, the theistic inheritance from Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The theistic form of belief in this tradition, even when downgraded culturally, is formative of the dichotomous Western view of religion. That is, the basic structure of theism is essentially a distinction between

1136-554: Is derived from religare , as re- ("again") + ligare ("bind; connect"), which was made prominent by Augustine of Hippo , following the interpretation of Lactantius in Divinae institutiones , IV, 28. They have known me for a long time and can testify, if they are willing, that I conformed to the strictest sect of our religion, living as a Pharisee. The word shūkyō ( 宗教 ) comes from Buddhism, according to Buddhist scholar Hajime Nakamura . In Buddhism, it means "the teaching of

1207-508: Is derived from religare : re (meaning "again") + ligare ("bind" or "connect"), which was made prominent by St. Augustine following the interpretation given by Lactantius in Divinae institutiones , IV, 28. The medieval usage alternates with order in designating bonded communities like those of monastic orders : "we hear of the 'religion' of the Golden Fleece , of a knight 'of

1278-462: Is different from Buddhism and Christianity , that is, it is unique to Japan. On the contrary, from the Buddhist and Christian sides, the argument was that Shinto is a religion because it has an object of veneration. Of course, during that time, the religious and non-religious nature of Shinto shrines was debated not as a legal issue but purely as a matter of religious studies. However, it never became

1349-546: Is found in texts from the 17th century due to events such as the splitting of Christendom during the Protestant Reformation and globalization in the Age of Exploration , which involved contact with numerous foreign cultures with non-European languages. Some argue that regardless of its definition, it is not appropriate to apply the term religion to non-Western cultures, while some followers of various faiths rebuke using

1420-550: Is no scholarly consensus over what precisely constitutes a religion. Different religions may or may not contain various elements ranging from the divine , sacredness , faith , and a supernatural being or beings. The origin of religious belief is an open question, with possible explanations including awareness of individual death, a sense of community, and dreams. Religions have sacred histories , narratives , and mythologies , preserved in oral traditions, sacred texts , symbols , and holy places , that may attempt to explain

1491-549: Is often thought of as other people's religions, and religion can be defined as misinterpreted mythology." Proclamation of the Great Doctrine The Proclamation of the Great Doctrine ( 大教宣布 , Taikyō senpu ) was issued in the name of Emperor Meiji on January 3, 1870 (February 3). It declared Shinto (the "way of the gods") as the guiding principle of the state. The concept of Divinity

SECTION 20

#1732883945396

1562-526: Is possible to understand why scientific findings and philosophical criticisms (e.g., those made by Richard Dawkins ) do not necessarily disturb its adherents. The origin of religious belief is an open question, with possible explanations including awareness of individual death, a sense of community, and dreams. Traditionally, faith , in addition to reason , has been considered a source of religious beliefs. The interplay between faith and reason, and their use as perceived support for religious beliefs, have been

1633-467: Is sacred, reverence for the gods. It is ultimately derived from the Latin word religiō . According to Roman philosopher Cicero , religiō comes from relegere : re (meaning "again") + lego (meaning "read"), where lego is in the sense of "go over", "choose", or "consider carefully". Contrarily, some modern scholars such as Tom Harpur and Joseph Campbell have argued that religiō

1704-411: Is thought to have been based on their concern about the situation in which Shinto was becoming divided due to ritual god disputes, etc., which resembled "religious theological disputes" in the new terminology of the time, and the fact that Shinto could not maintain its national status without stopping such divisions. According to Yoshio Keino of Keio University , the government did not originally present

1775-481: The Abrahamic religions Christianity, Islam, and Judaism , while others are arguably less so, in particular folk religions , indigenous religions , and some Eastern religions . A portion of the world's population are members of new religious movements . Scholars have indicated that global religiosity may be increasing due to religious countries having generally higher birth rates. The study of religion comprises

1846-541: The Bureau of Religions which was run under the Home Ministry , which had jurisdiction over religions other than Shinto shrines, was transferred to the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture . The debate was whether Shinto shrines are "non-religious" or "religious". In particular, if shrines were religious, the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture has jurisdiction over it, and if they were secular

1917-825: The Bureau of Shinto Affairs in order to proselytize and founded the Izumo Taisha-kyo . After the Satsuma Rebellion , the Satsuma Domain and other Shizoku began to focus on the management of Shinto shrines dedicated to their Ujigami . And with that, the Priests emerged as the Freedom and People's Rights Movement . In June 1887 , Shinto priests in Kyushu organized the Saikai Rengo-kai, which appealed to Shintoists throughout

1988-555: The Home Ministry Bureau of Shrines around 1930, it was stated that: Originally, the Meiji government was aiming for a politics of " Unity of ritual and government " due to the " Proclamation of the Great Doctrine ", but due to the conflict between the "Buddhist side" and the "Shinto side" over the teaching profession , "the joint mission of God and Buddha was prohibited". It begins with the transfer of each religious administration to

2059-533: The Home Ministry would have had jurisdiction over them. Some have also arisen as a result of policies taken by the government to bring religious organizations under the rule of law. Meiji Shrine priest and general Ichinohe Hyoe advocated categorizing Shinto as a religion As the wartime atmosphere became more intense through the February 26 Incident , May 15 Incident , etc., discussions on secular shrine theory were silenced. After discussion and deliberation by

2130-516: The Imperial Cult separate. On January 24, 1882, a Home Ministry notice stated that shrines were not religious (Secular Shrine Theory). However, Shinto funeral rites under Prefectural shrines were allowed, and the priests of the great shrines were not considered clergy. It was argued that In the "On the Relationship between Religious Bills and Shrines", which appears to have been prepared by

2201-553: The medieval period . In the Quran, the Arabic word din is often translated as religion in modern translations, but up to the mid-1600s translators expressed din as "law". The Sanskrit word dharma , sometimes translated as religion, also means law. Throughout classical South Asia , the study of law consisted of concepts such as penance through piety and ceremonial as well as practical traditions . Medieval Japan at first had

Secular Shrine Theory - Misplaced Pages Continue

2272-574: The origin of life , the universe , and other phenomena. Religious practices may include rituals , sermons , commemoration or veneration (of deities or saints ), sacrifices , festivals , feasts , trances , initiations , matrimonial and funerary services, meditation , prayer , music , art , dance , or public service . There are an estimated 10,000 distinct religions worldwide, though nearly all of them have regionally based, relatively small followings. Four religions— Christianity , Islam , Hinduism , and Buddhism —account for over 77% of

2343-527: The religion of Avys '". In classic antiquity, religiō broadly meant conscientiousness , sense of right , moral obligation , or duty to anything. In the ancient and medieval world, the etymological Latin root religiō was understood as an individual virtue of worship in mundane contexts; never as doctrine , practice, or actual source of knowledge . In general, religiō referred to broad social obligations towards anything including family, neighbors, rulers, and even towards God . Religiō

2414-687: The "books, articles, and websites" listed in the Sources section (in accordance with Article 32 of the Japan Copyright Law). religion Antiquity Medieval Early modern Modern Iran India East-Asia Religion is a range of social - cultural systems , including designated behaviors and practices, morals , beliefs , worldviews , texts , sanctified places , prophecies , ethics , or organizations , that generally relate humanity to supernatural , transcendental , and spiritual elements —although there

2485-488: The 1500s to distinguish the domain of the church and the domain of civil authorities ; the Peace of Augsburg marks such instance, which has been described by Christian Reus-Smit as "the first step on the road toward a European system of sovereign states ." Roman general Julius Caesar used religiō to mean "obligation of an oath" when discussing captured soldiers making an oath to their captors. Roman naturalist Pliny

2556-520: The Elder used the term religiō to describe the apparent respect given by elephants to the night sky . Cicero used religiō as being related to cultum deorum (worship of the gods). In Ancient Greece , the Greek term threskeia ( θρησκεία ) was loosely translated into Latin as religiō in late antiquity . Threskeia was sparsely used in classical Greece but became more frequently used in

2627-508: The English language. Native Americans were also thought of as not having religions and also had no word for religion in their languages either. No one self-identified as a Hindu or Buddhist or other similar terms before the 1800s. "Hindu" has historically been used as a geographical, cultural, and later religious identifier for people indigenous to the Indian subcontinent . Throughout its long history, Japan had no concept of religion since there

2698-494: The Ministry of Interior. The following is a description of the situation that led to the "separation of religious and political affairs" from the "Shinto controversy". The separation of religious and political affairs is said to have been proposed by the Shinto side, and was led by Maruyama Sakura  [ ja ] and others. Following the dissolution of the Great Teaching Institute , the Bureau of Shinto Affairs

2769-600: The Religious System Research Committee established by the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture , a report was submitted to the legislature on the enactment of the Religious Organizations Law , with the aim of bringing religious organizations under the legal system and having them observe the rules that they have voluntarily established. However, it was repeatedly rejected by the majority. However, through persistent persuasion, with

2840-538: The West (or even in the West until after the Peace of Westphalia ). The MacMillan Encyclopedia of Religions states: The very attempt to define religion, to find some distinctive or possibly unique essence or set of qualities that distinguish the religious from the remainder of human life, is primarily a Western concern. The attempt is a natural consequence of the Western speculative, intellectualistic, and scientific disposition. It

2911-588: The abolition of Missionary Office forced a review of the Taikyo Mission, and the Taikyo Institute , which aimed to rebuild and strengthen the line of the Taikyo Mission, was established the following year. The following year, the Taikyo Institute was established with the aim of rebuilding and strengthening the line of the Taikyo Mission. In the proclamation, there was a promotion of three great teachings: These are still kept by Shintō Taikyō . The "Taikyo"

Secular Shrine Theory - Misplaced Pages Continue

2982-422: The belief in spiritual beings exists in all known societies. In his book The Varieties of Religious Experience , the psychologist William James defined religion as "the feelings, acts, and experiences of individual men in their solitude, so far as they apprehend themselves to stand in relation to whatever they may consider the divine". By the term divine James meant "any object that is god like , whether it be

3053-430: The beliefs and traditions of Judaism are found in the ancient world, ancient Jews saw Jewish identity as being about an ethnic or national identity and did not entail a compulsory belief system or regulated rituals. In the 1st century CE, Josephus had used the Greek term ioudaismos (Judaism) as an ethnic term and was not linked to modern abstract concepts of religion or a set of beliefs. The very concept of "Judaism"

3124-405: The clans that still functioned as local governments, and the conflicts among national scholars within the Ministry of Divinities, combined with the demand from the west to stop the suppression of Christianity, led to the continued sluggish movement toward Shinto nationalization The establishment of the Ministry of Religion on March 14, 1872 (April 21, 1872), the separation of Miyanaka rituals , and

3195-601: The communication of supernatural beliefs, defining religion as: ... the communicated acceptance by individuals of another individual’s “supernatural” claim, a claim whose accuracy is not verifiable by the senses. Friedrich Schleiermacher in the late 18th century defined religion as das schlechthinnige Abhängigkeitsgefühl , commonly translated as "the feeling of absolute dependence". His contemporary Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel disagreed thoroughly, defining religion as "the Divine Spirit becoming conscious of Himself through

3266-541: The country, arousing strong sympathy and emerging as a nationwide organized movement of Shinto priests . On November 17, 1887, representatives from each prefecture met at the Imperial Classic Research Institute, and each committee member formed an association of priests, and the movement to revive the Shinto priests was launched nationwide. Also, in March 1890, rumors circulated in Shinto circles that Shinto

3337-450: The finite spirit." Edward Burnett Tylor defined religion in 1871 as "the belief in spiritual beings". He argued that narrowing the definition to mean the belief in a supreme deity or judgment after death or idolatry and so on, would exclude many peoples from the category of religious, and thus "has the fault of identifying religion rather with particular developments than with the deeper motive which underlies them". He also argued that

3408-410: The government to cooperate. It was the successor to Shimaji Mokurai  [ ja ] 's theory that Shinto is not a religion, and the political powers that be were forced to confirm it, and to forbid all religious speech, teaching, and religious acts (such as funeral rites) by priests involved in state ceremonies. This would have completely blocked the way for "Shinto as a religious belief" to become

3479-424: The linguistic expressions, emotions and, actions and signs that refer to a supernatural being or supernatural beings. Peter Mandaville and Paul James intended to get away from the modernist dualisms or dichotomous understandings of immanence/transcendence, spirituality/materialism, and sacredness/secularity. They define religion as: ... a relatively-bounded system of beliefs, symbols and practices that addresses

3550-514: The name of the Emperor Meiji of the time, which set forth the principle of "clarifying the doctrine of jikkyo and proclaiming the way of godliness. In direct opposition to Christianity , it proposed the promotion of Shinto and national protection through Missionary Offices. However, the confusion caused by the movement to abolish Buddhism , the conflict with the Confucian - Buddhist philosophy of

3621-856: The national religion". Also, in the Penal Code of the time, the Peace Preservation Law and Lèse-majesté to the Emperor of Japan and Jingu , especially the Special Higher Police suppression of other religions existed. With this shift secular shrine theory came to be replaced by a more authoritarian form of State Shinto 葦津珍彦 (2006-11-01). 新版 国家神道とは何だったのか (in Japanese). 神社新報社. ISBN   9784915265105 . The following materials have been quoted, processed, and verified. Other materials have been quoted, processed, and verified from

SECTION 50

#1732883945396

3692-492: The national religion. It is not clear who the primary proponents on the Shinto side were. Originally, the word " Shūkyō ( 宗教 ) " was a translation of the English word " religion ", and there is no clear definition of the concept. The Shinto side referred to Shinto as the "national religion" or "main religion", but there was no such theory that Shinto was a part of a religion. The non-religious theory of Maruyama Sakura and others

3763-583: The nature of existence, and in which communion with others and Otherness is lived as if it both takes in and spiritually transcends socially-grounded ontologies of time, space, embodiment and knowing. According to the MacMillan Encyclopedia of Religions , there is an experiential aspect to religion which can be found in almost every culture: ... almost every known culture [has] a depth dimension in cultural experiences ... toward some sort of ultimacy and transcendence that will provide norms and power for

3834-516: The passage of the Religious Organizations Law by Law No. 77 of April 8, 1939, the legislature legally abandoned the 'Secular Shrine Theory'. Because Sect Shinto was now required by law to be designated and approved. On November 9, 1940, the Ministry of the Interior reorganized its Bureau of Religions and established the Institute of Divinities , which was able to maintain "Secular Shrine Theory as

3905-428: The possibility of a definition. Others argue that regardless of its definition, it is not appropriate to apply it to non-Western cultures. An increasing number of scholars have expressed reservations about ever defining the essence of religion. They observe that the way the concept today is used is a particularly modern construct that would not have been understood through much of history and in many cultures outside

3976-419: The rest of life. When more or less distinct patterns of behavior are built around this depth dimension in a culture, this structure constitutes religion in its historically recognizable form. Religion is the organization of life around the depth dimensions of experience—varied in form, completeness, and clarity in accordance with the environing culture. Anthropologists Lyle Steadman and Craig T. Palmer emphasized

4047-457: The sect", that is, the "teaching" of the "sect", which means the ultimate principle or truth, and religion existed as a subordinate concept of Buddhism . Christian theologians have traditionally held that the meaning and wording of the word religion has been continued in its original meaning from Latin , which is the way it is used today. The Christian position in Japan has always been that Shinto

4118-413: The term superstitio (which meant too much fear or anxiety or shame) to religiō at times. When religiō came into English around the 1200s as religion, it took the meaning of "life bound by monastic vows" or monastic orders. The compartmentalized concept of religion, where religious and worldly things were separated, was not used before the 1500s. The concept of religion was first used in

4189-506: The theory of non-religious shrines, but it was actively promoted by the Buddhist side. This is because the situation at the time was that the definition of religion was "proselytizing and conducting funerals. Among them, Yamada Akiyoshi , the Minister of the Interior, adopted the theory of non-religious shrines presented by the Shinto side, including Maruyama Sakura. Later, Senge Takatomi left

4260-513: The word to describe their own belief system. The concept of "ancient religion" stems from modern interpretations of a range of practices that conform to a modern concept of religion, influenced by early modern and 19th century Christian discourse. The concept of religion was formed in the 16th and 17th centuries, despite the fact that ancient sacred texts like the Bible , the Quran , and others did not have

4331-502: The world's population, and 92% of the world either follows one of those four religions or identifies as nonreligious , meaning that the remaining 9,000+ faiths account for only 8% of the population combined. The religiously unaffiliated demographic includes those who do not identify with any particular religion, atheists , and agnostics , although many in the demographic still have various religious beliefs. Many world religions are also organized religions , most definitively including

SECTION 60

#1732883945396

4402-400: The writings of Josephus in the 1st century CE. It was used in mundane contexts and could mean multiple things from respectful fear to excessive or harmfully distracting practices of others, to cultic practices. It was often contrasted with the Greek word deisidaimonia , which meant too much fear. Religion is a modern concept. The concept was invented recently in the English language and

4473-439: The writings of, for example, Frederick Ferré who defined religion as "one's way of valuing most comprehensively and intensively". Similarly, for the theologian Paul Tillich , faith is "the state of being ultimately concerned", which "is itself religion. Religion is the substance, the ground, and the depth of man's spiritual life." When religion is seen in terms of sacred, divine, intensive valuing, or ultimate concern, then it

4544-416: Was also included as a religion in order to restore it to its original state. And behind the nationwide movement in the 1890s to revive the Shinto priesthood was a sense of "crisis" among Shinto priests and those involved in the Shinto religion against a government that was promoting a skeletonization of the "state's suzerainty" of Shinto shrines. When rumors of the religious ordinances began to circulate,

4615-621: Was established, and in 1881 , the Shinto priests of the Ise sect, Yoritsune Tanaka  [ ja ] and others, and the priest of the Izumo sect, Senge Takatomi , argued over the ritual deity This led to an imperial request to Emperor Meiji . The Jōdo Shinshū side did not stand idly by and watch this chaotic situation, and following Shimaji Mokurai  [ ja ] , Atsumi Kaien  [ ja ] , Akamatsu Renjo  [ ja ] and other theoreticians went out one after another to advise

4686-540: Was invented by the Christian Church , and it was in the 19th century that Jews began to see their ancestral culture as a religion analogous to Christianity. The Greek word threskeia , which was used by Greek writers such as Herodotus and Josephus, is found in the New Testament . Threskeia is sometimes translated as "religion" in today's translations, but the term was understood as generic "worship" well into

4757-434: Was most often used by the ancient Romans not in the context of a relation towards gods, but as a range of general emotions which arose from heightened attention in any mundane context such as hesitation , caution, anxiety , or fear , as well as feelings of being bound, restricted, or inhibited. The term was also closely related to other terms like scrupulus (which meant "very precisely"), and some Roman authors related

4828-515: Was no corresponding Japanese word, nor anything close to its meaning, but when American warships appeared off the coast of Japan in 1853 and forced the Japanese government to sign treaties demanding, among other things, freedom of religion, the country had to contend with this idea. According to the philologist Max Müller in the 19th century, the root of the English word religion, the Latin religiō ,

4899-532: Was not included in the translation of "religion". In the Taishō era (1912–1926), the origin of the word "religion" was traced back to Latin , which came from Christian studies . The classical etymology of the word, traced to Cicero himself, derives it from relegere : prefix re- ("again") + lego ("read"), where lego is in the sense of "go over", "choose", or "consider carefully". Modern scholars such as Tom Harpur and Joseph Campbell have argued that religio

4970-424: Was originally used to mean only reverence for God or the gods, careful pondering of divine things, piety (which Cicero further derived to mean diligence). Müller characterized many other cultures around the world, including Egypt, Persia, and India, as having a similar power structure at this point in history. What is called ancient religion today, they would have only called law. Scholars have failed to agree on

5041-586: Was placed on the Emperor , and Shinto become designated as the state religion of the Japanese Empire , which was designated as a state with " unity of religion and rule ". After the Meiji Restoration , the theory of unification of ritual and government increased, centering on Kokugaku scholars of the Hirata Atsutane school, which dedicated itself to the restoration of Shinto, and on July 8, 1869,

#395604