Misplaced Pages

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38-656: The Special Courts were mandated by the Special Representative of the UN Secretary General to try the following categories of crimes: To be eligible for investigation in front of the Special Panels the alleged crimes had to be committed in Timor-Leste or by/against a citizen of Timor Leste. Until 2003, there was generally only one panel of the court. In 2003, a second and a third panel were organised. Each of

76-618: A Coptic Christian family in Cairo, Boutros-Ghali was an academic by training and taught international law and international relations at Cairo University from 1949 to 1979. His political career began during the presidency of Anwar Sadat , who appointed him acting foreign minister in 1977. In that capacity, he helped negotiate the Camp David Accords and the Egypt–Israel peace treaty between Sadat and Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin . He

114-552: A papal conclave . Since 1981, the Security Council has voted in secret in a series of straw polls ; it then submits the winning candidate to the General Assembly for ratification. No candidate has ever been rejected by the General Assembly, and only once, in 1950 , has a candidate been voted upon despite a UNSC veto. In 2016, the General Assembly and the Security Council sought nominations and conducted public debates for

152-574: A PhD in international law from the Faculty of Law of Paris ( University of Paris ) and diploma in international relations from Sciences Po in 1949. During 1949–1979, he was appointed Professor of International Law and International Relations at Cairo University. He became President of the Centre of Political and Strategic Studies in 1975 and President of the African Society of Political Studies in 1980. He

190-601: A branch of Kyunghee University Seoul . Boutros-Ghali's political career developed during the presidency of Anwar Sadat . He was a member of the Central Committee of the Arab Socialist Union from 1974 to 1977. He served as Egypt's Minister of State for Foreign Affairs from 1977 until early 1991. He then became Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs for several months before moving to the UN. As Minister of State, he played

228-464: A part in the peace agreements between President Sadat and Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin . According to investigative journalist Linda Melvern , Boutros-Ghali approved a secret $ 26 million arms sale to the government of Rwanda in 1990, when he was foreign minister, the weapons stockpiled by the Hutu regime as part of the fairly public, long-term preparations for the subsequent genocide . He

266-464: A second term, with the exception of Boutros Boutros-Ghali , who was vetoed by the United States in the 1996 selection . While the position does not have a formal term limit , incumbent secretary-generals have avoided seeking a third term since the 1981 selection , when China cast a record 16 vetoes against a third term for Kurt Waldheim . The selection process is opaque and is often compared to

304-476: A variety of roles as suited to their preferences, skill set, or circumstances. The secretary-general's routine duties include overseeing the activities and duties of the secretariat; attending sessions with United Nations bodies; consulting with world leaders, government officials, and other stakeholders; and travelling the world to engage with global constituents and bring attention to certain international issues. The secretary-general publishes an annual report on

342-537: A veto, with Kurt Waldheim being the first. From 1997 to 2002, Boutros-Ghali was Secretary-General of La Francophonie , an organisation of French-speaking nations. From 2002 to 2005, he served as the chairman of the board of the South Centre , an intergovernmental research organisation of developing countries. Boutros-Ghali played a "significant role" in creating Egypt's National Council for Human Rights and served as its president until 2012. Boutros-Ghali supported

380-688: Is a townhouse at 3 Sutton Place, Manhattan , in New York City, United States. The townhouse was built for Anne Morgan in 1921 and donated to the United Nations in 1972. Formerly a member of the Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League until 1958 [REDACTED]   Timor-Leste Boutros Boutros-Ghali Boutros Boutros-Ghali ( / ˈ b uː t r ɒ s ˈ ɡ ɑː l i / ; Arabic : بطرس بطرس غالي , romanized :  Buṭrus Buṭrus Ghālī ; 14 November 1922 – 16 February 2016)

418-734: The Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly and was one of the initial signatories of the Campaign's appeal in 2007. In a message to the Campaign, he stressed the necessity to establish democratic participation of citizens at the global level. From 2009 to 2015, he also participated as a jury member for the Conflict Prevention Prize, awarded every year by the Fondation Chirac . Boutros-Ghali died aged 93 in

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456-514: The Liquiçá Church Massacre . The panel was made up of Judge Benfeito Mosso Ramos (Cape Verde) presiding, Judge Antero Luis (Portugal), and Judge Antonio Helder (East Timor). The Special Panels were criticised for the lack of ownership by East Timor. They suffered from a crisis in funding and a lack of support for the trials. Indonesia did not cooperate with the court and as most of the alleged perpetrators were from Indonesia this affected

494-674: The Yugoslav Wars . He received criticism over UN inaction in Angola and during the genocide in Rwanda, and the perceived ineffectiveness of the UN peacekeeping operation in Bosnia led to a NATO intervention . In 1996, Boutros-Ghali ran unopposed for a second term as secretary-general but the United States, long dissatisfied with his leadership, denied his bid by exercising its UN Security Council veto. After leaving

532-454: The 15 votes in the Security Council, but the sole opposing vote was a US veto. After four deadlocked meetings of the Security Council, France offered a compromise in which Boutros-Ghali would be appointed to a short term of two years, but the United States rejected the French offer. Finally, Boutros-Ghali suspended his candidacy, becoming the second Secretary-General ever to be denied re-election by

570-505: The Somalia crisis by undertaking a personal vendetta against Mohamed Farrah Aidid and his Habar Gidir clan, favouring their rivals, the Darod , the clan of the former dictator Siad Barre . In Bowden's opinion, it was believed that he demanded the 12 July 1993 US helicopter attack on a meeting of Habar Gidir clan leaders, who were meeting to discuss a peace initiative put forward by the leader of

608-616: The UN Mission in Mogadishu , retired US Admiral Jonathan Howe . Bowden further suggests that most of the clan elders were eager to arrange peace and rein in the subversive activities of their clan leader Aidid. Still, after this attack on a peaceful meeting, the clan was resolved to fight the Americans and the UN, leading to the Battle of Mogadishu on 3–4 October 1993. Boutros-Ghali ran unopposed for

646-581: The UN's role as peacekeeper. Although the goals were consistent with those of US president George H. W. Bush , he nevertheless repeatedly clashed with the United States, especially with his efforts to enlist the support of the US, to involve UN more deeply in the civil wars in Somalia (1992) and in Rwanda (1994). The United States refused to send peace enforcement units under UN leadership. Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad called on Boutros-Ghali to resign for failing to take any firm action to help resolve

684-449: The UN, Boutros-Ghali served as the first Secretary-General of La Francophonie from 1997 to 2002. He then became chairman of the South Centre , an intergovernmental think tank for developing countries. He died in 2016, in Cairo at the age of 93. Boutros Boutros-Ghali was born in Cairo , Egypt , on 14 November 1922 into a Coptic Orthodox Christian family . His father Yusuf Butros Ghali was

722-592: The United Nations . The role of the secretary-general and of the secretariat is laid out by Chapter XV (Articles 97 to 101) of the United Nations Charter . However, the office's qualifications, selection process and tenure are open to interpretation; they have been established by custom. The secretary-general is appointed by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council . As

760-435: The United States was trying to eliminate both of the leading candidates, Boutros-Ghali won a clear victory in round 5. Boutros-Ghali's term in office remains controversial. In 1992, he submitted An Agenda for Peace , a suggestion for how the UN could respond to violent conflict. He set three goals: for the UN to be more active in promoting democracy, for the UN to conduct preventative diplomacy to avert crises, and to expand

798-889: The accused was that they were Indonesian nationals and the government of Indonesia refused to turn them over to East Timor or the United Nations forces. Special Panels held 55 trials involving 88 accused persons. Four persons were acquitted and 84 were convicted, with 24 of the 84 pleading guilty. When the United Nations ceased funding the Special Panels and the Serious Crimes Unit, there were 514 outstanding cases for which investigations had been conducted but no indictments issued and 50 cases for which no investigations had yet been conducted. These cases which were not tried include 828 cases of alleged murder, 60 alleged cases of rape, and over 100 cases of alleged torture or other serious violence. The second Special Panel heard testimony on

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836-454: The appointment of "the best candidate", due regard should be given to regional (continental) rotation of the appointee's national origin and to gender equality, although no woman has yet served as secretary-general. All appointees to date have been career diplomats . The length of the term is discretionary, but all secretaries-general since 1971 have been appointed to five-year terms. Every secretary-general since 1961 has been re-selected for

874-464: The conflict in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Boutros-Ghali was criticised for the UN's failure to act during the 1994 Rwandan genocide , during which over a half million people were killed. Boutros-Ghali also appeared unable to muster support in the UN for intervention in the continuing Angolan Civil War . One of the hardest tasks during his term was dealing with the crisis of the Yugoslav Wars after

912-472: The court's ability to convict offenders. There were criticisms of the process which included suggestion the trials fell short of international standards. UN Secretary General The secretary-general of the United Nations ( UNSG or UNSECGEN ) is the chief administrative officer of the United Nations and head of the United Nations Secretariat , one of the six principal organs of

950-423: The customary second term in 1996, despite efforts by the United States to unseat him. US ambassador Madeleine Albright asked Boutros-Ghali to resign and offered to establish a foundation for him to run, an offer that other Western diplomats called "ludicrous". American diplomatic pressure also had no effect, as other members of the Security Council remained unwavering in their support for Boutros-Ghali. He won 14 of

988-450: The disintegration of the former Yugoslavia . The UN peacekeeping force was ineffective in Bosnia and Herzegovina, leading to the intervention by NATO in December 1995. His reputation became entangled in the larger controversies over the effectiveness of the UN and the role of the United States in the UN . The US journalist Mark Bowden argues that he was responsible for an escalation of

1026-487: The first time. However, the Security Council voted in private and followed the same process as previous selections, leading the president of the General Assembly to complain that it "does not live up to the expectations of the membership and the new standard of openness and transparency". The role of the secretary-general is described as combining the functions and responsibilities of an advocate, diplomat, civil servant, and chief executive officer. The UN Charter designates

1064-519: The office as the "world's most visible bully pulpit " or as the "world's moderator". Examples include Dag Hammarskjöld 's promotion of an armistice between the warring parties of Arab-Israel conflict , Javier Perez de Cuellar 's negotiation of a ceasefire in the Iran-Iraq War , and U Thant 's role in deescalating the Cuban Missile Crisis . The official residence of the secretary-general

1102-578: The panels was composed of two international judges and one East Timorese judge. International judges came from Brazil , Burundi , Cape Verde , Germany , Italy , Portugal , Uganda , and the United States . Shortly after the Special Panels was formed, the Serious Crimes Unit was also created by UNTAET to investigate and prosecute the crimes in question. The Special Panels issued indictments for almost 400 people. A major hurdle in trying some of

1140-476: The recommendation must come from the Security Council, any of the five permanent members of the council can veto a nomination. Most secretaries-general are compromise candidates from middle powers and have little prior fame. Unofficial qualifications for the job have been set by precedent in previous selections. The appointee may not be a citizen of any of the Security Council's five permanent members. The General Assembly resolution 51/241 in 1997 stated that, in

1178-442: The secretary-general as the "chief administrative officer" of the UN and allows them to perform "such other functions as are entrusted" by other United Nations organs. The Charter also empowers the secretary-general to inform the Security Council of "any matter which in his opinion may threaten the maintenance of international peace and security". These provisions have been interpreted as providing broad leeway for officeholders to serve

Special Panels for Serious Crimes (East Timor) - Misplaced Pages Continue

1216-510: The secretary-general's powers are informal and left open to individual interpretation; some appointees have opted for more activist roles, while others have been more technocratic or administrative. The secretary-general is often reliant upon the use of their "good offices", described as "steps taken publicly and in private, drawing upon his independence, impartiality and integrity, to prevent international disputes from arising, escalating or spreading". Consequently, observers have variably described

1254-551: The son of Boutros Ghali Bey then Pasha (also his namesake), who was Prime Minister of Egypt from 1908 until he was assassinated in 1910. His mother, Safela Mikhail Sharubim, was daughter of Mikhail Sharubim (1861–1920), a prominent public servant and historian. The young boy was brought up by a Slovenian nanny, one of the so-called Aleksandrinke  [ sl ] ; he was closer to Milena, "his invaluable friend and confidant", than to his own mother. Boutros-Ghali graduated from Cairo University in 1946. He received

1292-570: The work of the UN, which includes an assessment of its activities and an outline future priorities. The secretary-general is also the chairman of the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination (CEB), a body composed of the heads of all UN funds, programmes, and specialised agencies, which meets twice a year to discuss substantive and management issues facing the United Nations System . Many of

1330-597: Was a Fulbright Research Scholar at Columbia University from 1954 to 1955, Director of the Centre of Research at The Hague Academy of International Law from 1963 to 1964, and Visiting Professor at the Faculty of Law of Paris from 1967 to 1968. In 1986, he received an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Law at Uppsala University , Sweden. He was also the Honorary Rector of the Graduate Institute of Peace Studies,

1368-608: Was acting foreign minister until early 1991, when he served as deputy foreign minister for a few months. Boutros-Ghali was elected secretary-general by the United Nations General Assembly in 1991 and began his term in 1992, succeeding Javier Pérez de Cuéllar . His tenure was marked by controversy and crises, which included the Somali Civil War , the Rwandan Civil War , the continuing Angolan Civil War and

1406-469: Was an Egyptian politician and diplomat who served as the sixth Secretary-General of the United Nations from 1992 to 1996. Prior to his appointment as secretary-general, Boutros-Ghali was the acting Minister of Foreign Affairs of Egypt between 1977 and 1979. He oversaw the United Nations over a period coinciding with several world crises, including the breakup of Yugoslavia and the Rwandan genocide . Born to

1444-561: Was serving as UN secretary-general when the killings occurred four years later. Boutros-Ghali ran for Secretary-General of the United Nations in the 1991 selection. The top post in the UN was opening up as Javier Pérez de Cuéllar of Peru reached the end of his second term, and Africa was next in the rotation. Boutros-Ghali tied Bernard Chidzero of Zimbabwe in the first two rounds of polling, edged ahead by one vote in round 3, and fell behind by one vote in round 4. After several countries withdrew their support for Chidzero, fed by fears that

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