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27-485: The agreement was widely accepted by Catholics across Ireland, many of whom believed their previous rising had been authorised by the old King . However it was opposed by Owen Roe O'Neill and much of his Ulster Army who instead formed a temporary alliance with the Anglo-Irish Parliamentary forces, relieving their besieged garrison at Derry . When this agreement expired O'Neill's forces then changed sides. In

54-684: A guerilla war . Ormonde and a group of leading Irish Catholics went into exile along with a number of troops. Four regiments that fought at the Battle of the Dunes were broadly drawn from former members of the Allied forces of 1649, topped up by fresh recruits from Ireland. Ormond was ultimately restored as Lord Lieutenant while many Catholics successfully appealed to the Court of Claims to have land returned to them that had been confiscated by Cromwell due to their service in

81-530: A "favoured minority" of Irish Catholics – mostly Old English Royalists – recovered all or most of their pre-war estates. Examples of this include Ormonde and his relatives, and supporters like Richard Bellings or Randal MacDonnell, 1st Marquess of Antrim . The people who had been militant Irish Confederates during the wars – who had rejected an alliance with the Royalists, or sought better terms from Charles I in return for an alliance – got little or nothing from

108-517: Is ones who had been Royalists in the civil wars and had not carried out massacres of Protestant settlers – but only on the condition that the Cromwellian settlers be compensated with an equal amount of land elsewhere in Ireland. Since there was simply not enough land available for this to work, only the richer or grander Catholic landowners recovered their estates under this act. These included

135-520: The Parliamentarians . The Act of 1652 said (paragraphs VI, VII VIII) that anyone who fought against the parliament in Ireland during the civil wars would lose some lands. In practice, Protestant Royalists in Ireland could avoid confiscation by paying fines, while Catholics could not. Although some Parliamentarians talked about deporting all of the Irish people to Connacht, they only ever got around to

162-500: The Viscount Dillon , Donough MacCarty, 1st Earl of Clancarty , Murrough O'Brien, 1st Earl of Inchiquin , Luke, the heir of Christopher Plunket, 2nd Earl of Fingall and Edmund , the heir of Richard Butler, 3rd Viscount Mountgarret . A further complication arose as the buyers of confiscated land in 1652–59 were third parties who expected that their purchases for cash were legal and were protected by privity of contract . This act

189-678: The Cromwellian settlers give up a portion of their allotted land to "Old English" and "innocent Catholics", as would be determined by Commissioners. However, the Irish Parliament was still Protestant only, until the session of 1666, as Catholics had been barred from voting or standing for election under the Commonwealth. As a result, the Parliament amended the Act of Settlement 1652 so that land could be returned to "innocent Catholics" – that

216-774: The Irish Catholics and Royalists and the Scottish Covenanters had all come to see the London Parliament as their greatest threat. Following the defeat of his supporters during the Second Civil War , Charles I was executed by the English Parliament who declared both England and Ireland to be a republic . In Ulster, O'Neill moved to relieved the besieged troops of Charles Coote who were trapped in Derry . Meanwhile

243-523: The Irish Restoration of 1660 had occurred without bloodshed because of their approval. Historian Jane Ohlmeyer argued that the matter of religion was not as important as one's rank in the 1660s. Richer and grander families tended to be supported by King Charles, regardless of religion. Some Protestant landed families were crypto-Catholics. Other grantees included the King's brother James, Duke of York , who

270-775: The Moderate and Clerical factions of the Irish Confederacy. The former Spanish mercenary Owen Roe O'Neill who commanded the Ulster Army , had intervened on behalf of the anti-Treaty forces which thwarted the implementation of the agreement. Meanwhile the situation of Charles in Britain had declined. He surrendered to the Scottish Covenanters in 1646 who then handed him over to the English Parliamentary forces. By late 1648

297-578: The Royalist alliance. Proclamation of Dungannon Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.133 via cp1102 cp1102, Varnish XID 111174360 Upstream caches: cp1102 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Fri, 29 Nov 2024 08:39:04 GMT Act of Settlement 1662 The Act of Settlement 1662 (14 & 15 Chas. 2 Sess. 4. c. 2 (I))

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324-732: The Settlement of his Kingdom of Ireland , and the satisfaction of the several interests of adventurers, soldiers, and other his subjects there. When the Rump Parliament in London passed the Act of Settlement 1652 after the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland , its purpose was two-fold. First, it was to provide for summary execution of the leaders and supporters of the Irish Rebellion of 1641 . Second, it

351-501: The allies secured many of the town and cities across Ireland and Ormonde's troops advanced to lay siege to the capital Dublin . However even before the arrival of Oliver Cromwell 's reinforcements, his local Irish commander Michael Jones routed the coalition forces at the Battle of Rathmines . Cromwell then took the offensive, storming Drogheda and then Wexford . In the north the Catholic Ulster Army now changed sides to join

378-824: The government. Meanwhile a Civil War broke out in England between the King and his opponents. In 1643 a truce with the Confederates known as the Cessation of Arms had freed Anglo-Irish Royalist troops to fight in the English Civil War. After lengthy negotiations the First Ormonde Peace was agreed in 1646 between Charles' envoy and the Irish Confederates. This however provoked a civil war in Catholic Ireland between

405-550: The land-owning class. The 1652 Act ordered that all confiscated lands east of the Shannon ( Ulster , Leinster and Munster ) be cleared and the inhabitants transplant themselves to the west (to Connacht and County Clare ), to be replaced by Puritan settlers (who were later to be known as Dissenters ). As a result of this Settlement, Irish Catholic landholding fell from 60% before the Irish Confederate Wars to 8–9% during

432-426: The newer landowners would be dispossessed without compensation. The Cromwellian Settlement of 1652 was repealed and all lands taken after the 1641 Rebellion would revert to the heirs of the former owners. The supporters of William III and Mary II , who won the war, proposed to indict over 3,900 of their enemies and confiscate their property, and in the ensuing "Williamite Settlement" over 2,000 lost their property to

459-723: The number fell further to just 5 per cent. However, many of the 95% in 1800 had been Catholic and changed religion to keep their lands, such as the Barons of Dunsany . Many Protestants in Ireland felt that the Restoration Settlements were far too lenient towards those Irish Catholics who had rebelled against the sovereignty of King Charles in 1641 and had been justly punished for it by the loss of their property and power. They had bought their new properties at market rates, competing against other bidders, and expected that privity of contract would apply as usual. As in England and Scotland,

486-579: The other allies, but were routed and virtually destroyed at the Battle of Scarrifholis . The Scottish Covenanter Army in the North had previously been smashed at the Lisnagarvey . Ormonde left Ireland, turning over command to the Catholic Royalist Lord Clanricarde . However organised resistance effectively ceased following the loss of Galway and further resistance was largely carried out by

513-844: The period of Commonwealth rule (mostly in Connacht). A number of formerly Catholic landowners also saved their land by converting to the state religion . On the Irish Restoration of the Monarchy, those (notably the Duke of Ormonde ) who had taken the Royalist side pleaded with the King for the injustices to be undone. Accordingly, the Parliament of Ireland (in Dublin) passed a new Act of Settlement 1662 which ordered that

540-642: The settlement. Many of them regarded it as a betrayal by the Stuart monarchy, which they all had fought for at some point in the Civil Wars. The Catholic poet Dáibhí Ó Bruadair concluded that the Restoration was "Purgatory" for Irish Catholics, while the former Confederate and Catholic Bishop Nicholas French wrote a pamphlet about Charles II titled, The Unkind Deserter of Loyal men and true Friends . In 1600, Catholics had owned 90 per cent of land in Ireland, by 1641, this

567-600: The wake of the vigorous Cromwellian conquest of Ireland the combined forces of the alliance were comprehensively defeated and Ireland was under republican control until the 1660 restoration . A number of the surviving soldiers loyal to Charles II later served in his Royalist Army in Exile . While proclaiming their loyalty to Charles I , the Catholic Confederates had followed the 1641 Rebellion by seizing strongholds throughout Ireland and seeking to secure concessions from

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594-521: Was 41 per cent (the fall due largely to the rise of the Plantation of Ulster ) but by the time of the accession of James II in 1685, after the Cromwellian Settlement , the proportion of Irish land owned by Catholics had fallen to 22 per cent; after the restrictive Treaty of Limerick (1691), that number had been reduced to 14 per cent, and by 1800, after more restrictive anti-Catholic Penal Laws ,

621-405: Was awarded 130,000 acres in Ireland and became a Catholic. The final awards of land were not concluded by King Charles until about 1670. As neither "side" was happy with the outcome, and as the Irish gentry remained divided, the next conflict engendered much more radical proposals by each side. In 1689 James II's Patriot Parliament approved an Act of Attainder in which 2,000 (some say 3,000) of

648-535: Was needed to find a workable solution. The Act of Explanation stated that Cromwellian settlers (with some named exceptions) had to give up one-third of the lands they had received after 1652 to compensate innocent Catholics. This was a very complicated process, as most of the new owners had bought their land from the Cromwellian grantees, and so numerous contracts had to be unwound. Many of these buyers were not settlers but people who had already been living in Ireland before 1641. By this measure, what has been described as

675-691: Was passed by the Irish Parliament in Dublin. It was a partial reversal of the Cromwellian Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652 , which punished Irish Catholics and Royalists for fighting against the Parliamentarians in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms by the wholesale confiscation of their lands and property. The Act describes itself An act for the better execution of His Majesty's gracious declaration for

702-551: Was passed on 30 May 1662. Also in 1662 the Irish version of the Tenures Abolition Act 1660 was enacted, that formally ended Feudalism in Ireland. A Court of Claims, headed by Sir Richard Raynsford , was set up to investigate who was eligible for recovery of their lands. Unfortunately, the Commissioners found that too many Catholics were "innocent" and a further Act of Explanation 1665 (17 & 18 Chas. 2. c. 2 (I))

729-566: Was to confiscate sufficient land in Ireland as was necessary to repay the loans advanced by the City of London under the Adventurers' Acts of the 1640s to pay for the war, and to reward the soldiers who had engaged in the war, almost all of whom sold on their interests to third parties. By 1652 the policy was achieved by the confiscation of almost all Catholic-owned land in Ireland, something that also served to punish Irish Catholics for their resistance to

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