79-423: Second Chadian Civil War may refer to: Chadian–Libyan War , which included a Chadian civil war Chadian Civil War (2005–2010) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Second Chadian Civil War . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to
158-678: A referendum for public approval to change Iran from a monarchy to an Islamic republic in March 1979, two months after the Islamic Revolution took power. While some political groups had suggested various names for the ideology of the Iranian revolution such as the Republic (without specifying Islam) or the Democratic Republic ; Khomeini called for Iranians to vote for the name Islamic Republic, "not
237-642: A free hand in Chad, legitimising its presence in that country; the treaty's first article committed the two countries to mutual defence, and a threat against one constituted a threat against the other. Beginning in October, Libyan troops, led by Khalifa Haftar and Ahmed Oun , airlifted to the Aouzou Strip operated in conjunction with Goukouni's forces to reoccupy Faya. The city was then used as an assembly point for tanks, artillery and armored vehicles that moved south against
316-545: A leading Islamic jurist ( faqih ) (such as Khomeini himself, who served as the first faqih "guardian" or Supreme Leader of Iran ) to provide political "guardianship" ( wilayat or velayat ) over the people and nation ( wilayat al-faqih ). All the Muslim world should be united in such a state. With it, the entire non-Muslim world will evidentially "capitulate" to its courage and vigor; without it, Islam would fall victim to heresy, "obsolescence and decay". The new government held
395-776: A limited supply of weapons. All this started changing in February 1977, when the Libyans provided Oueddei's men with hundreds of AK-47 assault rifles , dozens of RPGs , 81 and 82mm mortars and recoilless cannons . Armed with these weapons, the FAP attacked in June the Chadian Armed Forces ' (FAT) strongholds of Bardaï and Zouar in Tibesti and of Ounianga Kébir in Borkou . Oueddei took full control of
474-619: A result, the Chadian Armed Forces lost at least 20% of their manpower. In particular, the National and Nomadic Guard (GNN) was decimated by the fall of Fada and Faya . Oueddei used these victories to strengthen his position in the FROLINAT: during a Libyan-sponsored congress held in March in Faya-Largeau , the insurgency's main factions reunited themselves and nominated Goukouni Oueddei as
553-508: A small FAT garrison and turned towards N'Djamena. Against Goukouni Oueddei stood freshly arrived French forces. Already in 1977, after Oueddei's first offensives, Malloum had asked for a French military return in Chad , but President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing was at first reluctant to commit himself before the 1978 legislative elections ; also, France was afraid of damaging its profitable commercial and diplomatic relations with Libya . However,
632-526: A symbol of cultural identity, but indicated specific governmental system based on rule by Islamic jurists enforcing Islamic law. The system was based on The Jurist's Guardianship: Islamic Government , a work of the revolution's leader Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini , written before Khomeini came to power, and known by Khomeini's followers but not by the general public. It argued that rather than elections and legislators, Islam required traditional Islamic law ( sharia ), and proper enforcement of sharia required
711-436: A word more and not a word less". When an Iranian journalist asked Khomeini what exactly Islamic Republic meant, Khomeini stated that the term republic has the same sense as other uses and Islamic republic has considered both Islamic ideology and the choice of people. The day after the vote was complete, it was announced that 98.2% of the Iranian voters had voted to approve the new name. Unlike Khomeini's original vision,
790-526: Is a country in the Maghreb region of western North Africa . Mauritania was declared an independent state as the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, on November 28, 1960. Its legal system is "a mix of French civil law and Sharia Law", and its Penal Code punishes crimes against religion and “good morals” with "harsh sentences". " Heresy or apostasy (including in print) are "punishable by death". Pakistan
869-618: Is said to have secretly agreed on 28 November to cede the Aouzou Strip to Libya. In exchange, Gaddafi pledged 40 million pounds to the Chadian President and the two countries signed a Treaty of Friendship in December 1972. Gaddafi withdrew official support to the FROLINAT and forced its leader Abba Siddick to move his headquarters from Tripoli to Algiers . Good relations were confirmed in
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#1733085184349948-558: The Aouzou Strip in northern Chad, referring to an unratified treaty signed in 1935 by Italy and France (then the colonial powers of Libya and Chad , respectively). Such claims had been previously made when in 1954 Idris had tried to occupy Aouzou , but his troops were repelled by the French Colonial Forces . Though initially wary of the FROLINAT , Gaddafi had come to see by 1970 the organization as useful to his needs. With
1027-454: The Aouzou Strip , the northernmost part of Chad, which he claimed as part of Libya on the grounds of an unratified treaty of the colonial period. In 1972 his goals became, in the evaluation of historian Mario Azevedo , the creation of a client state in Libya's "underbelly", an Islamic republic modelled after his Jamahiriya , that would maintain close ties with Libya, and secure his control over
1106-594: The Chadian Air Force stop its bombings. An international peace conference was held in Kano in Nigeria, in which Chad's bordering states participated along with Malloum, Habré, and Goukouni. The Kano Accord was signed on 16 March by all those present, and Malloum resigned, replaced by a Council of State under the chairmanship of Goukouni. This was a result of Nigerian and French pressures on Goukouni and Habré to share power;
1185-554: The FROLINAT because of long-standing strong links between the two sides of the Chad–Libya border . To preserve relations with Chad's former colonial master and current protector, France , Idris limited himself to granting the rebels sanctuary in Libyan territory and to providing only non-lethal supplies. All this changed with the Libyan coup d'état of 1 September 1969 that deposed Idris and brought Muammar Gaddafi to power. Gaddafi claimed
1264-678: The House of the People and the House of Elders . The Islamic prefix to Republic was considered symbolic as it was a name supported by pro-Mujahideen delegates during the assembly of forming the constitution . From 1996 to the re-establishment of the Islamic republic in 2001, Afghanistan was ruled by the Taliban , a militant group based in Kandahar , who governed Afghanistan as an Islamic theocracy officially known as
1343-751: The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan . In 2021, the Taliban initiated a month-long insurgency to effectively end the Islamic republic and ultimately, re-establish the Islamic Emirate in August 2021. The Islamic Republic continued to be recognized by the United Nations as the legitimate government of Afghanistan both from 1996 to 2001 and from 2021 onwards. In December 2015, the then-president Yahya Jammeh declared The Gambia to be an Islamic republic. Jammeh said that
1422-622: The Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation . Also, unlike the other countries, Iran uses the IRI acronym (Islamic Republic of Iran) as part of official acronyms. The creation of the Islamic Republic of Iran was a dramatic, historical event, following the overthrow of the Pahlavi dynasty in 1979 by the Islamic revolution led by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini . "Islamic" in the country's title was not
1501-455: The Taliban ), prefer the title "Islamic emirate", as emirates were common throughout Islamic history and "republic" has a Western origin — coming from the Roman (from Latin res publica 'public affair') indicating that the "supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives", with no mention of obedience to God or sharia law. The term is currently is used in
1580-510: The Tibesti with this attack after Bardaï , besieged since 22 June, surrendered on 4 July 1977, while Zouar was evacuated. The FAT lost 300 men, and piles of military supplies fell into the hands of the rebels. Ounianga was attacked on 20 June, but was saved by the French military advisors present there. As it had become evident that the Aouzou Strip was being used by Libya as a base for deeper involvement in Chad, Malloum decided to bring
1659-691: The Aouzou Strip; expulsion of the French from the region; and use of Chad as a base to expand his influence in Central Africa. Libyan involvement with Chad can be said to have started in 1968, during the Chadian Civil War , when the insurgent Muslim National Liberation Front of Chad ( FROLINAT ) extended its guerrilla war against the Christian President François Tombalbaye to the northerly Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Prefecture (BET). Libya's king Idris I felt compelled to support
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#17330851843491738-714: The Chadian regular forces took place at Faya-Largeau , the capital of the BET . The city, defended by 5,000 Chadian soldiers, fell on 18 February 1978 after sharp fighting to a force of 2,500 rebels, supported by possibly as many as 4,000 Libyan troops. The Libyans do not seem to have directly participated in the fighting; in a pattern that was to repeat itself in the future, the Libyans provided armor, artillery and air support. The rebels also were much better armed than before, displaying Strela-2 surface-to-air missiles . Goukouni Oueddei 's forces captured about 2,500 prisoners in 1977 and 1978; as
1817-566: The French in particular saw this as part of their strategy to cut all ties between Goukouni and Gaddafi. A few weeks later, the same factions formed the Transitional Government of National Unity (GUNT), kept together to a considerable extent by the common desire to see Libya out of Chad. Despite signing the Kano Accord, Libya was incensed that the GUNT did not include any of the leaders of
1896-407: The Islamic Republic is a "republic" with elections (Khomeini had originally described his "Islamic government" as "not ... based on the approval of laws in accordance with the opinion of the majority"); it has many of the trappings of a modern state—a president, cabinet and legislature (Khomeini mentioned none of these except for the legislature, which his government would not have because "no one has
1975-551: The Libyan forces of their habitual infantry, exactly when they found themselves confronting a mobile army, well provided now by the United States , Zaire and France with anti-tank and anti-air missiles, thus cancelling the Libyan superiority in air and other firepower. What followed was the Toyota War , in which the Libyan forces were routed and expelled from Chad, putting an end to the conflict. Gaddafi initially intended to annex
2054-708: The Quran and Sunnah, in this Part referred to as the Injunctions of Islam, and no law shall be enacted which is repugnant to such Injunctions". provisional government The Chechen Republic of Ichkeria used an Islamic republic government system from 1996 to 2000. Between 1978 and 2001, the Comoros was the Federal and Islamic Republic of the Comoros . The Turkic Uyghur - and Kirghiz -controlled Turkish Islamic Republic of East Turkestan
2133-556: The US Central Intelligence Agency . Relations between Goukouni and Gaddafi started deteriorating. Libyan troops were stationed in various points of northern and central Chad, in numbers that had reached about 14,000 troops by January and February 1981. These forces created considerable annoyance in the GUNT by supporting Acyl's faction in its disputes with the other militias, including the clashes held in late April with Goukouni's FAP. There were also attempts to Libyanize
2212-705: The Volcan Army and had not recognized Libyan claims on the Aouzou Strip. Since 13 April 1979 there had been some minor Libyan military activity in northern Chad, and support was provided to the secessionist movement in the south. However, a major response came only after 25 June, when the ultimatum of Chad's neighbors for the formation of a new, more inclusive coalition government expired. On 26 June, 2,500 Libyan troops invaded Chad, heading for Faya-Largeau. The Chadian government appealed for French help. The Libyan forces were first stymied by Goukouni's militiamen and then forced to retreat by French reconnaissance planes and bombers. In
2291-518: The Zairean peace force. While the FAN was supplied economically and militarily by Sudan and Egypt, Goukouni received the armed support of Kamougué's FAT and Acyl's CDR shortly after the beginning of the battle and was provided with Libyan artillery. On 6 June 1980, the FAN assumed control of the city of Faya. This alarmed Goukouni, and he signed, on 15 June, a Treaty of Friendship with Libya. The treaty gave Libya
2370-519: The capital between Habré's FAN and pro-Libyan groups became progressively more serious. On 22 March 1980, a minor incident, as in 1979, triggered the Second Battle of N'Djamena . In ten days, the clashes between the FAN and Goukouni's FAP, which both had 1,000–1,500 troops in the city, caused thousands of casualties and the flight of about half the capital's population. The few remaining French troops, who left on 4 May, proclaimed themselves neutral, as did
2449-500: The capital of N'Djamena. An attack started on 6 December 1980, spearheaded by Soviet T-54 and T-55 tanks and reportedly coordinated by advisors from the Soviet Union and East Germany, bringing the fall of the capital on 16 December. The Libyan force, numbering between 7,000 and 9,000 men of regular units and the paramilitary Pan-African Islamic Legion , 60 tanks, and other armored vehicles, had been ferried across 1,100 kilometers of
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2528-492: The capital to fight alongside Habré. By 16 March 1979, when the first international peace conference took place, an estimated 2,000–5,000 people had been killed and 60,000–70,000 forced to flee. The greatly diminished Chadian army left the capital in the rebels' hands and reorganized itself in the south under the leadership of Wadel Abdelkader Kamougué . During the battle, the French garrison stood passively by, even helping Habré in certain circumstances, as when they demanded that
2607-507: The capital, was to be completed by 31 December. The Libyans were to be replaced by an OAU Inter-African Force (IAF). Gaddafi complied, and by 16 November all Libyan forces had left Chad, redeploying in the Aouzou Strip. Libya's prompt retreat took many observers by surprise. One reason lay in Gaddafi's desire to host the OAU's annual conference in 1982 and assume the organization's presidency. Another
2686-539: The complete reunification of the movement. When the unification was accomplished, and Gaddafi pressed again for the adoption of The Green Book , the dissensions in the Revolution's Council became manifest, with many proclaiming their loyalty to the movement's original platform approved in 1966 when Ibrahim Abatcha was made first secretary-general, while others, including Acyl, fully embraced the Colonel's ideas. In N'Djamena,
2765-404: The coup was partly motivated by opposition to Tombalbaye's appeasement of Libya, Gaddafi considered it a menace to his influence and resumed supplying the FROLINAT. In April 1976, there was a Gaddafi-backed attempted assassination of Malloum, and in the same year, Libyan troops started making forays into central Chad in the company of FROLINAT forces. Libyan activism began generating concerns in
2844-511: The desert from Libya's southern border, partly by airlift and tank transporters and partly under its own power. The border itself was 1,000 to 1,100 kilometers from Libya's main bases on the Mediterranean coast. Wright states that the Libyan intervention demonstrated an impressive logistical ability, and provided Gaddafi with his first military victory and substantial political achievement. While forced into exile and with his forces confined to
2923-505: The exception of Acyl. Most observers believe that the reasons behind Goukouni's accepting the accord may be found in a mix of threats, intense pressure and the financial help promised by Gaddafi. Just before he visited the Libyan capital, Goukouni had sent two of his commanders to Libya for consultations; at Tripoli, Goukouni learned from Gaddafi that they had been assassinated by "Libyan dissidents", and that if Goukouni did not want to risk losing Libyan favour and lose power, he should accept
3002-587: The first time with the active participation of Libyan ground units, Goukouni's FAP unleashed the Ibrahim Abatcha offensive on 29 January 1978 against the last outposts held by the government in northern Chad: Faya-Largeau , Fada and Ounianga Kébir . The attacks were successful, and Oueddei and the Libyans assumed control of the BET Prefecture . The decisive confrontation between the Libyan-FAP forces and
3081-473: The following years, with Gaddafi visiting the Chadian capital N'Djamena in March 1974; in the same month a joint bank was created to provide Chad with investment funds. Six months after the signing of the 1972 treaty, Libyan troops moved into the Strip and established an airbase just north of Aouzou, protected by surface-to-air missiles. A civil administration was set up, attached to Kufra , and Libyan citizenship
3160-546: The frontier zones of Darfur , Habré remained defiant. On 31 December 1980 he announced in Dakar he would resume fighting as a guerrilla against the GUNT. On 6 January 1981, a joint communiqué was issued in Tripoli by Gaddafi and Goukouni that Libya and Chad had decided "to work to achieve full unity between the two countries". The merger plan caused a strong adverse reaction in Africa, and
3239-496: The government request and that international mediators should accept the decision of Chad's legitimate government. In a meeting held in May, Goukouni became more accommodating, declaring that while Libyan withdrawal was not a priority, he would accept the decisions of the OAU. Goukouni could not at the time renounce Libyan military support, necessary for dealing with Habré's FAN, which was supported by Egypt and Sudan and funded through Egypt by
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3318-547: The ground. Of key importance in these battles was the complete air superiority the French could count on, as the Libyan Air Force pilots refused to fight them. Only a few months after the failed offensive against the capital, major dissensions in the FROLINAT shattered all vestiges of unity and badly weakened Libyan power in Chad. On the night of 27 August, Ahmat Acyl , leader of the Volcan Army , attacked Faya-Largeau with
3397-497: The grounds of "historical rights". Gaddafi's answer was to officially recognize on 17 September the FROLINAT as the sole legitimate government of Chad. In October, Chadian Foreign Minister Baba Hassan denounced Libya's "expansionist ideas" at the United Nations . Through French pressure on Libya and the mediation of Nigerien President Hamani Diori , the two countries resumed diplomatic relations on 17 April 1972. Shortly after, Tombalbaye broke diplomatic relations with Israel and
3476-640: The intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Chadian_Civil_War&oldid=1162454961 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan War [REDACTED] Anti-Libyan Chadian factions [REDACTED] France Inter-African Force [REDACTED] NFSL [REDACTED] Libya [REDACTED] Pro-Libyan Chadian factions Pro-Libyan Palestinian and Lebanese groups The Chadian–Libyan War
3555-644: The issue of the Strip's occupation before the UN and the Organisation of African Unity . Malloum also decided he needed new allies; he negotiated a formal alliance with Habré , the Khartoum Accord, in September. This accord was kept secret until 22 January 1978, when a Fundamental Charter was signed, following which a National Union Government was formed on 29 August 1978 with Habré as Prime Minister. The Malloum-Habré accord
3634-496: The local population, which made many conclude that "unification" for Libya meant Arabization and the imposition of Libyan political culture, in particular of The Green Book . Amid fighting in October between Gaddafi's Islamic Legionnaires and Goukouni's troops, and rumors that Acyl was planning a coup d'état to assume the leadership of the GUNT, Goukouni demanded on 29 October 1981 the complete and unequivocal withdrawal of Libyan forces from Chadian territory, which, beginning with
3713-454: The merger plan. The level of opposition caused Gaddafi and Goukouni to downplay the importance of the communiqué, speaking of a "union" of peoples, and not of states, and as a "first step" towards closer collaboration. But the damage had been done, and the joint communiqué badly weakened Goukouni's prestige as a nationalist and a statesman. In response to the increasing international pressure, Goukouni stated that Libyan forces were in Chad at
3792-489: The move was designed to distance the West African state from its colonial past, that no dress code would be imposed and that citizens of other faiths would be allowed to practice freely. However, he later ordered all female government employees to wear headscarves before rescinding the decision shortly after. The announcement of an Islamic republic has been criticized as unconstitutional by at least one opposition group. After
3871-563: The name for a form of Islamic theocratic government enforcing sharia , or laws compatible with sharia. The term has also been used for a sovereign state taking a compromise position between a purely Islamic caliphate and a secular , nationalist republic . There are also a number of states where Islam is the state religion and that are (at least partly) ruled by Islamic laws, but carry only "republic" in their official names, not "Islamic republic" — examples include Iraq , Yemen and Maldives . Other supporters of strict sharia law (such as
3950-572: The name in 1956 before Islam was yet to be declared the state religion, this happened at the adoption of the 1973 constitution . Iran officially uses the full title in all governance names referring to the country (e.g. the Islamic Republic of Iran Army or the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting ); as opposed to its equivalents in Pakistan which are called the Pakistan Armed Forces and
4029-576: The official title of three states — the Islamic Republics of Iran , Pakistan , and Mauritania . Pakistan first adopted the title under the constitution of 1956. Mauritania adopted it on 28 November 1958. Iran adopted it after the 1979 Iranian Revolution that overthrew the Pahlavi dynasty . Despite having similar names, the countries differ greatly in their governments and laws. Iran and Mauritania are religious theocratic states. Pakistan adopted
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#17330851843494108-517: The protest. Gaddafi halted the advance of Oueddei because of pressure from France , then an important supplier of Libya's weapons. Malloum and Gaddafi restored diplomatic relations on 24 February 1978 in Sabha, Libya , where an international peace conference was held which included as mediators Niger's president, Seyni Kountché , and Sudan's vice-president, Abu al-Gasim Mohamed Ibrahim. Under severe pressure from France , Sudan and Zaire , Malloum
4187-502: The rapid deterioration of the situation in Chad resolved the President on 20 February 1978 to start Opération Tacaud , which by April brought 2,500 troops to Chad to secure the capital from the rebels. The decisive battle took place at Ati , a town 430 kilometres northeast of N'Djamena . The town's garrison of 1,500 soldiers was attacked on 19 May 1978 by the FROLINAT insurgents, equipped with artillery and modern weapons. The garrison
4266-802: The return of the area to the control of the Republic of China in 1934, followed by the executions of the Turkic Muslim Emirs Abdullah Bughra and Nur Ahmad Jan Bughra . The Chinese Muslim General Ma Zhongying then entered the Id Kah Mosque in Kashgar and lectured the Turkic Muslims on being loyal to the Nationalist Government . Afghanistan was an Islamic republic from 1990 to 1996 , and from 2001 to 2021 . The 1990 constitution
4345-402: The right to legislate ... except ... the Divine Legislator"). Some, however, have argued that the legislature (and president, etc.) has been kept in a subordinate position in keeping with Khomeini's idea of government being a guardianship by jurists. According to the constitution , the Islamic Republic of Iran is a system based on the following beliefs: The Islamic Republic of Mauritania
4424-419: The same month, the factions excluded by the GUNT founded a counter-government, the Front for Joint Provisional Action (FACP), in northern Chad with Libyan military support. The fighting with Libya, the imposition by Nigeria of an economic boycott, and international pressure led to a new international peace conference in Lagos in August, in which all eleven factions present in Chad participated. A new accord
4503-409: The secretary-general. Malloum's reaction to the Goukouni–Gaddafi offensive was to sever diplomatic relations with Libya on 6 February 1978 and bring before the UN Security Council the issue of Libyan involvement. He raised again the question of Libya's occupation of the Aouzou Strip ; on 19 February, however, after the fall of Faya-Largeau , Malloum was forced to accept a ceasefire and withdraw
4582-410: The simultaneous presence of two armies—Prime Minister Habré's FAN and President Malloum's FAT—set the stage for the battle of N'Djamena , which was to bring about the collapse of the State and the ascent to power of the Northern elite. A minor incident escalated on 12 February 1979 into heavy fighting between Habré and Malloum's forces, and the battle intensified on 19 February when Goukouni's men entered
4661-483: The start, Habré isolated himself from the other members of the GUNT, which he treated with disdain. Habré's hostility to Libya's influence in Chad united itself with his ambition and ruthlessness: observers concluded that the warlord would never be content with anything short of the highest office. It was thought that sooner or later an armed confrontation between Habré and the pro-Libyan factions would take place, and more importantly, between Habré and Goukouni. Clashes in
4740-549: The strongest faction into which the FROLINAT had split, the Command Council of the Armed Forces of the North (CCFAN). The insurgents split on the issue of Libyan support in October 1976, with a minority leaving the militia and forming the Armed Forces of the North (FAN), led by the anti-Libyan Hissène Habré . The majority, willing to accept an alliance with Gaddafi, was commanded by Goukouni Oueddei . The latter group soon renamed itself People's Armed Forces (FAP). In those years, Gaddafi's support had been mostly moral, with only
4819-507: The support of Soviet bloc nations, particularly East Germany , he trained and armed the insurgents, and provided them with weapons and funding. On 27 August 1971 Chad accused Egypt and Libya of backing a coup against then-president François Tombalbaye by recently amnestied Chadians. On the day of the failed coup, Tombalbaye cut all diplomatic relations with Libya and Egypt , and invited all Libyan opposition groups to base themselves in Chad, and started laying claims to Fezzan on
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#17330851843494898-401: The support of Libyan troops in what was an attempt by Gaddafi to remove Goukouni from the leadership of the FROLINAT, replacing him with Acyl. The attempt backfired, as Goukouni reacted by expelling all Libyan military advisors present in Chad, and started searching for a compromise with France. The reasons for the clash between Gaddafi and Goukouni were both ethnic and political. The FROLINAT
4977-417: The war delineated itself in 1978, with the Libyans providing armour, artillery and air support and their Chadian allies the infantry, which assumed the bulk of the scouting and fighting. This pattern was radically changed in 1986, towards the end of the war, when most Chadian forces united in opposing the Libyan occupation of northern Chad with a degree of unity never previously witnessed in Chad. This deprived
5056-574: Was Libya's difficult situation in Chad where, without some popular and international acceptance of Libyan presence, it would have been difficult to take the concrete risk of causing a war with Egypt and Sudan, with U.S. support. Gaddafi had not renounced the goals he had set for Chad, but he had to find a new Chadian leader, as Goukouni had proved himself unreliable. Islamic republic Political Militant [REDACTED] Islam portal The term Islamic republic has been used in different ways. Some Muslim religious leaders have used it as
5135-461: Was a series of military campaigns in Chad between 1978 and 1987, fought between Libyan and allied Chadian forces against Chadian groups supported by France, with the occasional involvement of other foreign countries and factions. Libya had been involved in Chad's internal affairs prior to 1978 and before Muammar Gaddafi 's rise to power in Libya in 1969, beginning with the extension of the Chadian Civil War to northern Chad in 1968. The conflict
5214-402: Was actively promoted by Sudan and Saudi Arabia , both of which feared a radical Chad controlled by Gaddafi . The two nations saw in Habré, with his good Muslim and anti-colonialist credentials, the only chance to thwart Gaddafi's plans. The Malloum-Habré accord was perceived by Gaddafi as a serious threat to his influence in Chad , and he increased the level of Libyan involvement. For
5293-407: Was adopted. Pakistan only uses the Islamic name on its passports, visas and coins. Although Islamic Republic is specifically mentioned in the constitution of 1973, all government documents are prepared under the name of the Government of Pakistan . The Constitution of Pakistan , Part IX, Article 227 states: "All existing laws shall be brought in conformity with the Injunctions of Islam as laid down in
5372-448: Was any sort of formal agreement and that Tombalbaye had found it expedient not to mention the occupation of a part of his country. Libya was unable to exhibit the original copy of the agreement when the case of the Aouzou Strip was brought before the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in 1993. The rapprochement was not to last long, as on 13 April 1975 a coup d'état removed Tombalbaye and replaced him with General Félix Malloum . As
5451-415: Was created as a homeland for the Muslims of British India , when British India was given independence, making Islam its raison d'être. It was the first country to adopt the adjective Islamic to modify its republican status under its otherwise secular constitution in 1956. Despite this definition, the country did not have a state religion until 1973, when a new constitution, more democratic and less secular,
5530-415: Was declared in 1933 as an independent Islamic republic by Sabit Damulla Abdulbaki and Muhammad Amin Bughra . However, the Chinese Muslim 36th Division of the National Revolutionary Army defeated their armies and destroyed the republic during the Battles of Kashgar , Yangi Hissar and Yarkand . The Chinese Muslim Generals Ma Fuyuan and Ma Zhancang declared the destruction of the rebel forces and
5609-403: Was divided between Arabs, like Acyl, and Toubous , like Goukouni and Habré. These ethnic divisions also reflected a different attitude towards Gaddafi and his Green Book . In particular, Goukouni and his men had shown themselves reluctant to follow Gaddafi's solicitations to make The Green Book the official policy of the FROLINAT, and had first tried to take time, postponing the question until
5688-486: Was extended to the few thousand inhabitants of the area. From that moment, Libyan maps represented the area as part of Libya. The exact terms by which Libya gained Aouzou remain partly obscure and are debated. The existence of a secret agreement between Tombalbaye and Gaddafi was revealed only in 1988 when the Libyan leader exhibited an alleged copy of a letter in which Tombalbaye recognizes Libyan claims. Against this, scholars like Bernard Lanne have argued that there never
5767-426: Was for Gaddafi nothing more than a strategy to strengthen his protégé Oueddei ; it also weakened considerably Malloum's prestige among southern Chadians, who saw his concessions as a proof of his weak leadership. On 15 April 1978, only a few days after signing the ceasefire, Oueddei left Faya-Largeau , leaving there a Libyan garrison of 800 men. Relying on Libyan armor and air power, Goukouni's forces conquered
5846-500: Was forced to sign the Benghazi Accord, which recognized the FROLINAT and agreed on a new ceasefire, on 27 March. The agreement called for the creation of a joint Libya – Niger military committee tasked with implementation; through this committee, Chad legitimized Libyan intervention in its territory. The accord also contained a condition dear to Libya: the termination of all French military presence in Chad . The stillborn accord
5925-401: Was immediately condemned by France, which on 11 January offered to strengthen its garrisons in friendly African states and on 15 January placed its Mediterranean fleet on alert. Libya answered by threatening to impose an oil embargo, while France threatened to react if Libya attacked another bordering country. The accord was also opposed by all GUNT ministers present with Goukouni at Tripoli, with
6004-467: Was imposed by the Mohammad Najibullah government and eliminated communism. The constitution formed in 2004 was very similar to the 1964 Constitution of Afghanistan , created when Afghanistan was a constitutional Islamic monarchy . It consisted of three branches, the executive, the legislative and the judicial. The National Assembly was the legislature, a bicameral body having two chambers,
6083-450: Was marked by a series of four separate Libyan interventions in Chad, taking place in 1978, 1979, 1980–1981 and 1983–1987. On all of these occasions, Gaddafi had the support of a number of factions participating in the civil war, while Libya's opponents found the support of the French government , which intervened militarily to support the Chadian government in 1978, 1983 and 1986. The pattern of
6162-486: Was relieved by the arrival of a Chadian task force supported by armor and, more importantly, of the French Foreign Legion and the 3rd Regiment of Marine Infantry. In a two-day battle, the FROLINAT was repelled with heavy losses, a victory that was confirmed in June by another engagement at Djedaa . The FROLINAT admitted defeat and fled north, having lost 2,000 men and left the "ultramodern equipment" they carried on
6241-486: Was signed on 21 August, under which a new GUNT was to be formed, open to all factions. The French troops were to leave Chad and be replaced by a multinational African peace force. The new GUNT took office in November, with Goukouni President, Kamougué vice-president, Habré Defence Minister and Acyl Foreign Minister. Despite the presence of Habré, the new composition of the GUNT had enough pro-Libyans to satisfy Gaddafi. From
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