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52-398: Scuppernong River may refer to: Scuppernong River (North Carolina) Scuppernong River (Wisconsin) [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to

104-590: A blackwater river that flows through Tyrrell County and Washington County , North Carolina , into the Albemarle Sound . The river shares its name with the Scuppernong grapes native to the area. The river has a history closely linked to colonization and agricultural utilization. Currently, the Pocosin Lakes National Wildlife Refuge and Pettigrew State Park can be found on the banks of

156-645: A cypress swamp. This article about a location in Tyrrell County , North Carolina is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about a location in Washington County , North Carolina is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to a river in North Carolina is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Farm Security Administration The Farm Security Administration ( FSA )

208-511: A different kind of relocation as orders were issued for internment of Japanese Americans. FSA photographers would be transferred to the Office of War Information during the last years of the war and completely disbanded at the war's end. Photographers like Howard R. Hollem , Alfred T. Palmer , Arthur Siegel and OWI's Chief of Photographers John Rous were working in OWI before FSA's reorganization there. As

260-750: A few thousand people from 9 million acres (36,000 km ) and build several greenbelt cities, which planners admired as models for a cooperative future that never arrived. The main focus of the RA was to now build relief camps in California for migratory workers, especially refugees from the drought-stricken Dust Bowl of the Southwest. This move was resisted by a large share of Californians, who did not want destitute migrants to settle in their midst. The RA managed to construct 95 camps that gave migrants unaccustomed clean quarters with running water and other amenities, but

312-598: A government agent. Family needs were on the agenda, as the FSA set up a health insurance program and taught farm wives how to cook and raise children. Upward of a third of the amount was never repaid, as the tenants moved to much better opportunities in the cities. The FSA was also one of the authorities administering relief efforts in the U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico during the Great Depression. Between 1938 and 1945, under

364-543: A rare and endangered species of wolf native to southeast North America, also live in the area. Other terrestrial animals that may be seen near the Scuppernong River include white-tailed deer and bobcats .   Alligators and North American river otters can be found in the water. Many notable bird species live around the river, including American woodcocks , red-cockaded woodpeckers , wood ducks , and bald eagles . Migratory bird species spend their winters in

416-721: A result of both teams coming under one unit name, these other individuals are sometimes associated with RA-FSA's pre-war images of American life. Though collectively credited with thousands of Library of Congress images, military ordered, positive-spin assignments like these four received starting in 1942, should be separately considered from pre-war, depression triggered imagery. FSA photographers were able to take time to study local circumstances and discuss editorial approaches with each other before capturing that first image. Each one talented in her or his own right, equal credit belongs to Roy Stryker who recognized, hired and empowered that talent. These 15 photographers, some shown above, all played

468-401: A significant role, not only in producing images for this project, but also in molding the resulting images in the final project through conversations held between the group members. The photographers produced images that breathed a humanistic social visual catalyst of the sort found in novels, theatrical productions, and music of the time. Their images are now regarded as a "national treasure" in

520-443: A style that we today call "documentary photography." The FSA photography has been influential due to its realist point of view, and because it works as a frame of reference and an educational tool from which later generations could learn. Society has benefited and will benefit from it for more years to come, as this photography can unveil the ambiguous and question the conditions that are taking place. The RA and FSA are well known for

572-633: Is a boat ramp that provides access to the Scuppernong River. The ramp is managed by the North Carolina Wildlife Commission. The Pocosin Lakes National Wildlife Refuge abuts the river. The primary purpose of the refuge is habitat conservation, but there are recreation opportunities like the Scuppernong River Interpretive Boardwalk. The boardwalk is wheelchair accessible and meanders through

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624-639: The Bankhead-Jones Farm Tenant Act . This law authorized a modest credit program to assist tenant farmers to purchase land, and it was the culmination of a long effort to secure legislation for their benefit. Following the passage of the act, Congress passed the Farm Security Act into law. The Farm Security Act officially transformed the RA into the Farm Security Administration (FSA). The FSA expanded through funds given by

676-519: The Great Plains displaced thousands of tenant farmers , sharecroppers , and laborers , many of whom (known as " Okies " or "Arkies") moved on to California . The FSA operated camps for them, such as Weedpatch Camp as depicted in The Grapes of Wrath . The RA and the FSA gave educational aid to 455,000 farm families during the period 1936–1943. In June, 1936, Roosevelt wrote: "You are right about

728-647: The Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration , it oversaw the purchase of 590 farms with the intent of distributing land to working and middle-class Puerto Ricans. The FSA resettlement communities appear in the literature as efforts to ameliorate the wretched condition of southern sharecroppers and tenants, but those evicted to make way for the new settlers are virtually invisible in the historic record. The resettlement projects were part of larger efforts to modernize rural America. The removal of former tenants and their replacement by FSA clients in

780-461: The 75,000 people who had the benefit of these camps were a small share of those in need and could only stay temporarily. After facing enormous criticism for his poor management of the RA, Tugwell resigned in 1936. On January 1, 1937, with hopes of making the RA more effective, the RA was transferred to the Department of Agriculture through executive order 7530. On July 22, 1937, Congress passed

832-563: The Bankhead-Jones Farm Tenant Act. One of the activities performed by the RA and FSA was the buying out of small farms that were not economically viable, and the setting up of 34 subsistence homestead communities, in which groups of farmers lived together under the guidance of government experts and worked a common area. They were not allowed to purchase their farms for fear that they would fall back into inefficient practices not guided by RA and FSA experts. The Dust Bowl in

884-418: The FSA help tenant farmers purchase farms, and purchase loans of $ 191 million were made, which were eventually repaid. A much larger program was $ 778 million in loans (at effective rates of about 1% interest) to 950,000 tenant farmers. The goal was to make the farmer more efficient so the loans were used for new machinery, trucks, or animals, or to repay old debts. At all times, the borrower was closely advised by

936-827: The FSA project. Walker Evans , Dorothea Lange , and Gordon Parks were three of the most famous FSA alumni. The FSA was also cited in Gordon Parks' autobiographical novel, A Choice of Weapons . The FSA's photography was one of the first large-scale visual documentations of the lives of African-Americans. These images were widely disseminated through the Twelve Million Black Voices collection, published in October 1941, which combined FSA photographs selected by Edwin Rosskam and text by author and poet Richard Wright . Fifteen photographers (ordered by year of hire) would produce

988-459: The New Deal wanted to portray. Stryker's agenda focused on his faith in social engineering, the poor conditions among tenant cotton farmers, and the very poor conditions among migrant farm workers; above all, he was committed to social reform through New Deal intervention in people's lives. Stryker demanded photographs that "related people to the land and vice versa" because these photographs reinforced

1040-632: The Prints and Photographs Division of the Library of Congress. The library has placed all 164,000 developed negatives online. From these, some 77,000 different finished photographic prints were originally made for the press, plus 644 color images, from 1600 negatives. The RA also funded two documentary films by Pare Lorentz : The Plow That Broke the Plains , about the creation of the Dust Bowl, and The River , about

1092-552: The RA's position that poverty could be controlled by "changing land practices." Though Stryker did not dictate to his photographers how they should compose the shots, he did send them lists of desirable themes, for example, "church", "court day", and "barns". Stryker sought photographs of migratory workers that would tell a story about how they lived day-to-day. He asked Dorothea Lange to emphasize cooking, sleeping, praying, and socializing. RA-FSA made 250,000 images of rural poverty. Fewer than half of those images survive and are housed in

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1144-529: The Scuppernong River led to the creation of the Somerset Canal between the two bodies of water completed in 1788. The canal, constructed by slave labor, served multiple purposes including drainage, irrigation, and powering mills. This site is also the location of Somerset place which was built in 1787 and designated as a North Carolina historic site in 1969. The area became a hub for exports, particularly rice, wheat, corn, lumber, shingles, and slaves. Over time,

1196-534: The Scuppernong River region was from 1584 to 1587. At the time of European exploration in North Carolina, the Mequopen Native American village, part of the Carolina Algonkian settlements, was present on the south bank of the Scuppernong River. European settlements along the river were smaller residences often separated, until Thomas Pollock established the first plantation along the lower portion of

1248-466: The Scuppernong River. Both lakes are Carolina Bays . Managing water systems in the region is growing increasingly difficult due to climate change, higher demand for water, and land-use modifications. Wetlands around the river have been ditched and drained. Ditching has degraded the soil, resulting in low habitat value and elevated wildfire risk. There are paddle trails on the river, but they are currently lacking in information and signage. There

1300-535: The United States economy first went into an economic recession . Although the country spent two months with declining gross domestic product (GDP), the effects of a declining economy were not felt until the Wall Street Crash in October 1929 , and a major worldwide economic downturn ensued. Although its causes are still uncertain and controversial, the net effect was a sudden and general loss of confidence in

1352-567: The United States, which is why this project is regarded as a work of art. Together with John Steinbeck 's The Grapes of Wrath (not a government project) and documentary prose (for example Walker Evans and James Agee 's Let Us Now Praise Famous Men ), the FSA photography project is most responsible for creating the image of the Depression in the United States. Many of the images appeared in popular magazines. The photographers were under instruction from Washington, DC, as to what overall impression

1404-516: The West Coast to Internment camps. The FSA controlled the agricultural part of the evacuation. Starting in March 1942 they were responsible for transferring the farms owned and operated by Japanese Americans to alternate operators. They were given the dual mandate of ensuring fair compensation for Japanese Americans, and for maintaining correct use of the agricultural land. During this period, Lawrence Hewes Jr

1456-399: The aid of The Nature Conservancy . Each October, Tyrrell County hosts an annual Scuppernong River Festival, a local tradition since 1991. The festival brings in thousands of people to celebrate the river through car shows, food trucks, and live music. The Scuppernong River region has diverse plants and wildlife that are characteristic of North Carolina wetlands. The forested areas near

1508-773: The bulk of work on this project. Their diverse, visual documentation elevated government's mission from the "relocation" tactics of a Resettlement Administration to strategic solutions which would depend on America recognizing rural and already poor Americans, facing death by depression and dust. FSA photographers: Arthur Rothstein (1935), Theodor Jung (1935), Ben Shahn (1935), Walker Evans (1935), Dorothea Lange (1935), Carl Mydans (1935), Russell Lee (1936), Marion Post Wolcott (1936), John Vachon (1936, photo assignments began in 1938), Jack Delano (1940), John Collier (1941), Marjory Collins (1941), Louise Rosskam (1941), Gordon Parks (1942) and Esther Bubley (1942). With America's entry into World War II, FSA would focus on

1560-426: The criteria used to select new settlers. Alternatives could only become visible through political or legal action—capacities sharecroppers seldom had. In succeeding decades, though, these modernizing assumptions created conditions for Delta African Americans on resettlement projects to challenge white supremacy. The documentary photography genre describes photographs that would work as a time capsule for evidence in

1612-425: The establishment of settlements like Elizabeth Town and Columbia further expanded trade networks along the Scuppernong River. As trade increased within the areas surrounding the Scuppernong River, legislators passed a resolution to help improve navigation of the river. The project continuing from 1879 to 1885 included the dredging of a channel through the river’s mouth and a turning basin at eight sharp bends, and

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1664-556: The farmers who suffer through their own fault... I wish you would have a talk with Tugwell about what he is doing to educate this type of farmer to become self-sustaining. During the past year, his organization has made 104,000 farm families practically self-sustaining by supervision and education along practical lines. That is a pretty good record!" The FSA's primary mission was not to aid farm production or prices. Roosevelt's agricultural policy had, in fact, been to try to decrease agricultural production to increase prices. When production

1716-458: The future or a certain method that a person can use for a frame of reference. Facts presented in a photograph can speak for themselves after the viewer gets time to analyze it. The motto of the FSA was simply, as Beaumont Newhall insists, "not to inform us, but to move us." Those photographers wanted the government to move and give a hand to the people, as they were completely neglected and overlooked, thus they decided to start taking photographs in

1768-774: The importance of the Mississippi River . The films were deemed "culturally significant" by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry . During World War II, the FSA was assigned to work under the purview of the Wartime Civil Control Administration, a subagency of the War Relocation Authority . These agencies were responsible for relocating Japanese Americans from their homes on

1820-481: The influence of their photography program, 1935–1944. Photographers and writers were hired to report and document the plight of poor farmers. The Information Division (ID) of the FSA was responsible for providing educational materials and press information to the public. Under Roy Stryker , the ID of the FSA adopted a goal of "introducing America to Americans." Many of the most famous Depression-era photographers were fostered by

1872-400: The intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scuppernong_River&oldid=796184187 " Category : Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Scuppernong River (North Carolina) The Scuppernong River is

1924-484: The lifestyle of very poor landowning farmers, and a program to purchase submarginal land owned by poor farmers and resettle them in group farms on land more suitable for efficient farming. Reactionary critics, including the Farm Bureau , strongly opposed the FSA as an alleged experiment in collectivizing agriculture —that is, in bringing farmers together to work on large government-owned farms using modern techniques under

1976-519: The lower Mississippi alluvial plain—the Delta—reveals core elements of New Deal modernizing policies. The key concepts that guided the FSA's tenant removals were: the definition of rural poverty as rooted in the problem of tenancy; the belief that economic success entailed particular cultural practices and social forms; and the commitment by those with political power to gain local support. These assumptions undergirded acceptance of racial segregation and

2028-507: The military, and industrial corporations. In total, the black-and-white portion of the collection consists of about 175,000 black-and-white film negatives, encompassing both negatives that were printed for FSA/OWI use and those that were not printed at the time. Color transparencies also made by the FSA/OWI are available in a separate section of the catalog, FSA/OWI Color Photographs. The FSA stressed "rural rehabilitation" efforts to improve

2080-646: The removal of sand banks along the river that would obstruct maritime travel up and down the river. After the Civil War, the Collins and Pettigrew plantations situated next to the Scuppernong River saw decreasing use, except for tenant farmers. This led to the acquisition of a large section of the plantation by the Farm Security Administration to become the Scuppernong Farms in 1937. This land eventually

2132-407: The river are riverine swamp forests. Common tree species in these forests are bald cypress , black gum , water tupelo , Atlantic white cedar , ti-ti , wax myrtle , and red maple . Pitcher plants , lizard's tail and royal fern can be found in the understory. The Scuppernong region is home to one of the largest populations of black bears in the southeast United States. Red wolves ,

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2184-556: The river in the summer of 1697. Soon after European settlement boomed and eventually led to the establishment of Tyrrell County that encompassed Washington and Dare Counties and a smaller portion of Martin County in 1729. The establishment of the Lake Company, founded by Josiah Collins Sr., Nathaniel Allen, and Dr. Samuel Dickenson helped support the region’s development. The company’s acquisition of 100,000 acres between Lake Phelps and

2236-505: The river. The River is celebrated annually through the Scuppernong River Festival. Native American activity around the Scuppernong River dates back to 9000 BC. Native American settlement within this area was mostly temporary until 300 to 1000 BC and continued to grow from 1000 BC to 800 AD. Native Americans found during that time were mostly likely linked to the Carolina Algonkian tribe. The first European exploration within

2288-614: The social reformers had left and FSA was replaced by a new agency, the Farmers Home Administration , which had the goal of helping finance farm purchases by tenants—and especially by war veterans—with no personal oversight by experts. It became part of Lyndon Johnson 's war on poverty in the 1960s, with a greatly expanded budget to facilitate loans to low-income rural families and cooperatives, injecting $ 4.2 billion into rural America. The Great Depression began in August 1929, when

2340-657: The supervision of experts. After the Conservative coalition took control of Congress, it transformed the FSA into a program to help poor farmers buy land, and that program continues to operate in the 21st century as the Farmers Home Administration . The projects that were combined in 1935 to form the Resettlement Administration (RA) started in 1933 as an assortment of programs tried out by the Federal Emergency Relief Administration . The RA

2392-463: The surrounding wetlands. There are crab populations capable of sustaining a major crabbing industry. The upper Scuppernong River is a spawning ground for inland fish species and a large variety of fish live in the river. The Scuppernong River was a tributary to the Roanoke River during the last glacial maximum. The river flows into Bull Bay. Lake Phelps and Lake Pungo are located southeast of

2444-746: Was a New Deal agency created in 1937 to combat rural poverty during the Great Depression in the United States . It succeeded the Resettlement Administration (1935–1937). The FSA is famous for its small but highly influential photography program, 1935–1944, that portrayed the challenges of rural poverty. The photographs in the Farm Security Administration/Office of War Information (FSA/OWI) Photograph Collection form an extensive pictorial record of American life between 1935 and 1944. This U.S. government photography project

2496-473: Was discouraged, though, the tenant farmers and small holders suffered most by not being able to ship enough to market to pay rents. Many renters wanted money to buy farms, but the Agriculture Department realized there already were too many farmers, and did not have a program for farm purchases. Instead, they used education to help the poor stretch their money further. Congress, however, demanded that

2548-484: Was headed by Rexford Tugwell , an economic advisor to President Franklin D. Roosevelt . However, Tugwell's goal moving 650,000 people into 100,000,000 acres (400,000 km ) of exhausted, worn-out land was unpopular among the majority in Congress. This goal seemed socialistic to some and threatened to deprive powerful farm proprietors of their tenant workforce. The RA was thus left with only enough resources to relocate

2600-605: Was headed for most of its existence by Roy Stryker , who guided the effort in a succession of government agencies: the Resettlement Administration (1935–1937), the Farm Security Administration (1937–1942), and the Office of War Information (1942–1944). The collection also includes photographs acquired from other governmental and nongovernmental sources, including the News Bureau at the Offices of Emergency Management (OEM), various branches of

2652-458: Was leased and then deeded to North Carolina for the creation of Pettigrew State Park in 1947. The procurement of this land to the state led to many preservation events as in 1963 the 12,000 acre Pungo National Wildlife Refuge was established and in 1967 Somerset Place was established as a Historical Landmark. In 1990 the Pocosin Lakes National Wildlife Refuge was established and the Scuppernong River section of Pettigrew State Park in 2004 with

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2704-495: Was the regional director and in charge of these activities. After the war started and millions of factory jobs in the cities were unfilled, no need for FSA remained. In late 1942, Roosevelt moved the housing programs to the National Housing Agency, and in 1943, Congress greatly reduced FSA's activities. The photographic unit was subsumed by the Office of War Information for one year, then disbanded. Finally in 1946, all

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