Misplaced Pages

#263736

24-663: Schulschiff Deutschland (Training ship Germany/School ship Germany) is a German full-rigged sail training ship, maintained as a historical monument and museum ship . She was employed as a school ship for the merchant marine beginning in 1927. The ship is moored at the Neuer Hafen in Bremerhaven , in the Federal State of Bremen , Germany . Since the name Deutschland was at the time of its construction already assigned to an unbuilt naval warship (a pocket battleship , later renamed

48-421: A full-rigged ship did not usually have a lateral (square) course on the mizzen mast below the mizzen topmast. Instead, the lowest sail on the mizzen was usually a fore/aft sail—originally a lateen sail, but later a gaff sail called a spanker or driver. The key distinction between a ship and a barque (in modern usage) is that a ship carries a square-rigged mizzen topsail (and therefore that its mizzen mast has

72-516: A gaff rig has a shorter mast than a Bermudan rig . In short-ended craft with full body, heavy displacement and moderate ballast ratio, it is difficult to set enough sail area in the Bermudan rig without a mast of excessive height and a centre of effort (CE) too high for the limited stability of the hull . Because of its low aspect ratio , the gaff rig is less prone to stalling if oversheeted than something taller and narrower. Whilst reaching ,

96-463: A given hull design. A sail hoisted from a gaff is called a gaff-rigged (or, less commonly, gaff rigged or gaffrigged ) sail . Gaff rig remains the most popular fore-aft rig for schooner and barquentine mainsails and other course sails , and spanker sails on a square rigged vessel are always gaff rigged. On other rigs, particularly the sloop , ketch and yawl , gaff rigged sails were once common but have now been largely replaced by

120-436: A topsail yard and a cross-jack yard) whereas the mizzen mast of a barque has only fore-and-aft rigged sails. The cross-jack yard was the lowest yard on a ship's mizzen mast. Unlike the corresponding yards on the fore and main mast it did not usually have fittings to hang a sail from: its purpose was to control the lower edge of the topsail. In the rare case, the cross-jack yard did carry a square sail, that sail would be called

144-433: A vessel is said to have a ship rig or be ship-rigged , with each mast stepped in three segments: lower, top, and topgallant. Other large, multi-masted sailing vessels may be regarded as "ships" while lacking one of the elements of a full-rigged ship, such as having one or more masts support only a fore-and-aft sail or a mast of only two segments. The masts of a full-rigged ship, from bow to stern , are: If

168-399: Is another rig with a four-sided fore-aft sail . Unlike the gaff rig where the head hangs from a spar along its edge, this rig supports the leech of the sail by means of a spar named a sprit . The forward end of the sprit is attached to the mast but bisects the face of the sail, with the after end of the sprit attaching to the peak and/or the clew of the sail. For a given sail area

192-735: The Lützow ), its official name is Schulschiff Deutschland . The ship carries 25 sails with a total sail area of 1950 square meters. The top speed on engine is 12 knots , and on sail 18.2 knots. Schulschiff Deutschland was launched on 14 June 1927 at the Joh. C. Tecklenborg shipyard in Geestemünde (today Bremerhaven ) for the Deutscher Schulschiff-Verein (German Training Ship Association) as its fourth merchant marine training ship. From 1927 to 1939 she undertook training trips overseas and in

216-457: The Bermuda rig sail, which, in addition to being simpler than the gaff rig, usually allows vessels to sail closer to the direction from which the wind is blowing (i.e. "closer to the wind"). The gaff is hoisted by two halyards : Additionally, a gaff vang may be fitted. It is a line attached to the end of the gaff which prevents the gaff from sagging downwind. Gaff vangs are difficult to rig on

240-488: The aft -most sail, so are typically only found on schooners or ketches, and then only on the foresail or mainsail. A triangular fore-and-aft sail called a jib-headed topsail may be carried between the gaff and the mast . Gunter-rigged boats are similar, smaller vessels on which a spar (commonly, but incorrectly called the gaff) is raised until it is nearly vertical, parallel to the mast and close adjacent to it. Topsails are never carried on gunter rigs. The spritsail

264-399: The mizzen topgallant staysail . In light winds studding sails (pronounced "stunsls") may be carried on either side of any or all of the square rigged sails except royals and skysails. They are named after the adjacent sail and the side of the vessel on which they are set, for example main topgallant starboard stu'nsail . One or more spritsails may also be set on booms set athwart and below

SECTION 10

#1733085929264

288-432: The sail is four-cornered, fore-and-aft rigged , controlled at its peak and, usually, its entire head by a spar (pole) called the gaff . Because of the size and shape of the sail, a gaff rig will have running backstays rather than permanent backstays. The gaff enables a fore-and-aft sail to be four sided, rather than triangular. A gaff rig typically carries 25 percent more sail than an equivalent Bermuda rig for

312-444: The CE being set further back, will encourage a small craft to bear up into the wind, i.e. strong weather helm . The boat builder can compensate for this at design stage, e.g. by shifting the keel slightly aft, or having two jibs to counter the effect. The gaff-cutter is in fact a very popular sailplan for small craft. The helmsman can reduce weather helm significantly, simply by sheeting out

336-609: The North and Baltic Seas. During World War II cruises were limited, and these trips were only held in the Baltic Sea. Her brief stint as a hospital ship in the final months of World War II saved her from having to be delivered to the Allies as war reparation. Between 1949 and 1952, she served three years as a hostel before becoming a stationary training ship in Bremen for seamen students. In 1994 she

360-573: The Second World War the ship made regular ocean voyages. In the winter destinations were overseas (mostly in German colonial Africa and in South America), while in the summer ports in the North and Baltic Sea were destinations. From 1927 to 1939, twelve overseas trips were made. From 1928 to 1944 seventeen North Sea and Baltic Sea tours were made. Between trips Elsfleth was the ship's base as owing to

384-414: The bowsprit. One or two spankers are carried aft of the aftmost mast, if two they are called the upper spanker and lower spanker . A fore-and-aft topsail may be carried above the upper or only spanker, and is called the gaff sail . To stop a full-rigged ship, except when running directly down wind, the sails of the foremast are oriented in the direction perpendicular to those of the mainmast. Thus,

408-539: The cross-jack rather than the mizzen course. The full set of sails, in order from bottom to top, are: The division of a sail into upper and lower sails was a matter of practicality, since undivided sails were larger and, consequently, more difficult to handle. Larger sails necessitated hiring, and paying, a larger crew. Additionally, the great size of some late-19th and 20th century vessels meant that their correspondingly large sails would have been impossible to handle had they not been divided. Jibs are carried forward of

432-475: The draft of the ship its registered home port of Oldenburg could not be used. For Sail Bremerhaven 2005, the Schulschiff Deutschland was re-entered on the ship list. The three sister ships of Schulschiff Deutschland also survive: Full-rigged A full-rigged ship or fully rigged ship is a sailing vessel with a sail plan of three or more masts , all of them square-rigged . Such

456-407: The foremast, are tacked down on the bowsprit or jib-boom and have varying naming conventions. Staysails may be carried between any other mast and the one in front of it or from the foremast to the bowsprit. They are named after the mast from which they are hoisted, so for example a staysail hoisted to the top of the mizzen topgallant on a stay running to the top of the main topmast would be called

480-403: The mainsail. Sheeting out may appear to create an inefficient belly in the sail, but it is often a pragmatic alternative to having a heavy helm. A swing keel lifted halfway is the perfect treatment for weather helm on a gaffer. The usual adjustments to mast rake, or even bowsprit length may be made to a gaffer with persistent heavy weather (or lee) helm. On a gaff-rigged vessel, any heading where

504-483: The masts are of wood, each mast is in three or more pieces. They are (in order, from bottom up): On steel-masted vessels, the masts are not constructed in the same way, but the corresponding sections of the mast are still named after the traditional wooden sections. The lowest and normally largest sail on a mast is the course sail of that mast, and is referred to simply by the mast name: Foresail, mainsail, mizzen sail, jigger sail or more commonly forecourse etc. Even

SECTION 20

#1733085929264

528-425: The masts cancel out of their push on the ship. This allows the crew to stop and quickly restart the ship without retracting and lowering the sails, and to dynamically compensate for the push of the wind on the masts themselves and the yards. Running downwind the sails still need to be lowered to bring the ship to a halt. Gaff rig Gaff rig is a sailing rig (configuration of sails, mast and stays) in which

552-437: The wind is within 20 degrees of dead aft is considered a run . When running with a gaff rig, the CE of the mainsail may actually be overboard of the hull, in a stiff wind the craft may want to broach . Running goose winged with a balloon staysail poled out to windward will balance the CE; Nick Skeates circumnavigated Wylo II with this configuration. In light winds, or when racing, a watersail may also be set. Since 1972,

576-624: Was protected by law as a floating monument and renovated in 1995/1996 in Bremen-Vegesack. Until July 2001 ship mechanic students lived on board, taking their classroom training in a school center in Bremen. With the cessation of such training in Bremen, this aspect of the ship's Nautical School was closed. Schulschiff Deutschland is located in Bremerhaven where she can be viewed as a maritime memorial, used as overnight accommodation, or booked for events. For training in maritime practice up until

#263736