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54-560: Człuchów lies in a forested area in the southwest of the Pomeranian Voivodeship, at the intersection of Highway 25 from Koszalin to Bydgoszcz and Highway 22 from Gorzów Wielkopolski to Elbląg . The nearest city is Chojnice , 15 kilometres (9 miles) to the east. There are four lakes within the town limits: Urzędowe, Miejskie, Miejskie Małe, Rychnowskie. Human settlement in Człuchów dates back to prehistoric times. Several traces of

108-446: A church tower . The town began to grow economically after the completion through Schlochau of Reichsstraße 1 , a roadway from Berlin to Königsberg . The town also received a boost to its development after the opening of a railway from Neustettin ( Szczecinek ) to Konitz ( Chojnice ) in 1878. Schlochau's main street was illuminated by 1844 and businesses began to be established near the easterly-located train station. The town's hospital

162-629: A Polish school was established, and in 1640 a gymnasium was founded, which as today's I Liceum Ogólnokształcące is one of the oldest high schools in Pomerania. During the Thirty Years' War it was captured and plundered by the Swedes and Austrians . After the war, from 1653, the town was part of Brandenburg , from 1701 of Prussia and from 1871 to 1945 of Germany. During the Seven Years' War , in 1759 it

216-646: A conflict between the city of Koszalin and the Pomeranian duke Bogislaw X broke out, resulting in the kidnapping and temporary imprisonment of the duke in Koszalin. As a result of German colonization , the town became mostly German-speaking, putting indigenous Slavic speakers at disadvantage. In 1516 local Germans enforced a ban on buying goods from Slavic speakers. It was also forbidden to accept native Slavs to craft guilds, which indicates ethnic discrimination. In 1531 riots took place between supporters and opponents of

270-487: A son of the voivode of Kalisz . The Order began constructing a fortress known as Schlochau on a hill east of the settlement; the fortress, the Order's second-largest after Marienburg ( Malbork ), was completed in 1367. By 1323 it was used as a komturei ( bailiwick ) by the crusaders and consisted of three support buildings and the main castle . The fortress was so well-developed that Grand Master Heinrich von Dusemer granted

324-703: A vassal state of Poland , which separated from Poland after the fragmentation of Poland into smaller duchies, and became a vassal of Denmark in 1185 and a part of the Holy Roman Empire from 1227. In 1214, Bogislaw II , Duke of Pomerania , made a donation of a village known as Koszalice/Cossalitz by Chełmska Hill in Kołobrzeg Land to the Norbertine monastery in Białoboki near Trzebiatów . New, mostly German , settlers from outside of Pomerania were invited to settle

378-799: Is a city in northwestern Poland , in Western Pomerania . It is located 12 kilometres (7 miles) south of the Baltic Sea coast, and intersected by the river Dzierżęcinka . Koszalin is also a county-status city and capital of Koszalin County of West Pomeranian Voivodeship . Human settlement in Koszalin dates back to prehistoric times. Various traces of human settlement of the Funnelbeaker , Globular Amphora and Lusatian cultures and from ancient Roman times and Early Middle Ages were discovered during archaeological excavations . The territory became part of

432-580: Is known to be the oldest festival of young cinema in Poland. Among the filmmakers who debuted with their films at the festival are Krzysztof Zanussi , Krzysztof Kieślowski , Agnieszka Holland , Filip Bajon and Barbara Sass . Koszalin is twinned with: Szczecinek Szczecinek ( Polish: [ʂt͡ʂɛˈt͡ɕinɛk] ; German : Neustettin ) is a historic city in Middle Pomerania , northwestern Poland , capital of Szczecinek County in

486-539: Is located on the hill. At the entrance to the sanctuary there is a monument dedicated to the Polish November insurgents of 1831, who, imprisoned by Prussian authorities, built a road connecting Koszalin with nearby Sianów . Koszalin's most distinctive landmark is the Gothic St. Mary's Cathedral, dating from the early 14th century. Positioned in front of the cathedral is a monument commemorating John Paul II's visit to

540-619: Is situated about 150 kilometres (93 miles) to the west. The initial name was "Neustettin" ( Polish : Nowy Szczecin , German: Neustettin , Latin : Stetin Nova ). It was also known as "Klein Stettin" (Polish: Mały Szczecin , German: Klein Stettin ). In 1707 the town was known in Polish as Nowoszczecin , while the Mały Szczecin name gradually developed into the modern name Szczecinek . The town

594-475: The Eastern Front grew closer near the end of the war, the town's authorities began evacuating Schlochau. The Soviet Red Army reached the district's borders by the end of January 1945, but German resistance prevented them from capturing Schlochau until 17 February 1945, with the town 60% destroyed in the process. Its remaining German-speaking population was expelled to Germany after the war in accordance with

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648-567: The Lusatian and Pomeranian cultures were discovered during archaeological excavations within the town limits. The territory became part of the emerging Polish state in the 10th century under its first historic ruler Mieszko I . By the beginning of the 13th century Człuchów was a small settlement located at the intersection of two trade routes. In 1312 the Teutonic Knights purchased the settlement for 250 silver marks from Nicholas of Poniec ,

702-498: The Middle Ages a Slavic stronghold existed in present-day Szczecinek. It was part of the early Polish state in the 10th century, and as a result of the 12th-century fragmentation of Poland, it became part of the separate Duchy of Pomerania . In 1310, the castle at the site of a former stronghold, and town were founded under Lübeck law by Duke Wartislaw IV of Pomerania and modelled after Szczecin ( German : Stettin ) which

756-747: The Nazi Party took power in Germany in 1933, a Gestapo station was established in the city and mass arrests of Nazi opponents were carried out. After the Nazis had closed down Dietrich Bonhoeffer 's seminar in Finkenwalde (Zdroje, Szczecin) in 1937, Bonhoeffer chose the town as one of the sites where he illegally continued to educate vicars of the Confessing Church . During the Second World War Köslin

810-673: The Potsdam Agreement as the town became again part of Poland under its historic Polish name Człuchów . From 1975 to 1998 it was administratively located in the Słupsk Voivodeship . The gmina Człuchów is 362 square kilometres (140 sq mi) and contains the following villages besides the town: Człuchów is twinned with: Koszalin Koszalin ( Polish: [kɔˈʂalin] ; Kashubian : Kòszalëno ; German: Köslin , pronounced [kœsˈliːn] )

864-524: The Protestant Reformation . In 1534 the city became mostly Lutheran under the influence of Johannes Bugenhagen . In 1568, John Frederick, Duke of Pomerania and bishop of Cammin , started constructing a residence, finished by his successor Casimir VI of Pomerania in 1582. After the 1637 death of the last Pomeranian duke, Bogislaw XIV , the city passed to his cousin, Bishop Ernst Bogislaw von Croÿ of Kammin. Occupied by Swedish troops during

918-521: The Province of Pomerania . The Fürstenthum District was dissolved on 1 September 1872 and replaced with the Cöslin District on December 13. Between 1829 and 1845, a road connecting Cöslin (Koszalin) with Stettin (Szczecin) and Danzig (Gdańsk) was built. Part of this road, from Cöslin (Koszalin) to the nearby town of Sianów , was built in 1833 by around one hundred former Polish insurgents . In 1869,

972-574: The Thirty Years' War in 1637, some of the city's inhabitants sought refuge in nearby Poland. The city was granted to Brandenburg-Prussia after the Treaty of Westphalia (1648) and the Treaty of Stettin (1653) , and with all of Farther Pomerania became part of the Brandenburgian Pomerania . Now renamed Cöslin as part of the Kingdom of Prussia , the city was heavily damaged by a fire in 1718, but

1026-631: The West Pomeranian Voivodeship , with a population of more than 40,000 (2011). It is an important railroad junction , located along the main Poznań - Kołobrzeg line, which crosses less important lines to Chojnice and Słupsk . The town's total area is 48.63 square kilometres (18.78 square miles). The turbulent history of Szczecinek reaches back to the High Middle Ages , when the area was ruled by Pomeranian dukes and princes. The majority of

1080-533: The 19th-century Polish poets Cyprian Norwid and Adam Mickiewicz . Nearby cities: Nearby villages: The climate is oceanic ( Köppen : Cfb ) with some humid continental characteristics ( Dfb ), usually categorized if the 0 °C isotherm is used (for the same classification). Being in Western Pomerania and near the Baltic Sea , it has a much more moderate climate than the other large Polish cities . The summers are warm and practically never hot as in

1134-651: The Saint Joseph church was built by local Poles . The town became part of the German Empire in 1871 during the unification of Germany . The railroad from Stettin through Cöslin and Stolp (Słupsk) to Danzig was constructed from 1858 to 1878. A military cadet school created by Frederick the Great in 1776 was moved from Kulm (Chełmno) to the city in 1890. The Kösliner Zeitung was as a local newspaper published in Köslin. After

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1188-507: The Soviets . As early as March 1945 a Polish police unit was established, consisting of former forced labourers and prisoners of war , however, the Soviets, still present in the city, plundered local industrial factories in April. From May 1945, life in the destroyed city was being organized, the first post-war schools, shops and service premises were established. In 1946, the first public library

1242-723: The castle and founded the Baroque Saint James church. From 1655-57 during the Swedish invasion of Poland, known as the Deluge , the previously impregnable castle was captured by the Kingdom of Sweden and the town was heavily damaged. In 1770 Człuchów had 135 houses. The town was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia in the First Partition of Poland in 1772 and was referred to as "Schlochau", while fires in 1786 and 1793 destroyed numerous houses. King Frederick William II of Prussia allowed

1296-634: The city was captured by the Red Army . Under the border changes forced by the Soviet Union in the post-war Potsdam Agreement , Koszalin became part of Poland as part of the so-called Recovered Territories . The city's German population that had not yet fled was expelled to the remainder of post-war Germany in accordance to the Potsdam Agreement. The city was resettled by Poles and Kashubians , many of whom had been expelled from Polish territory annexed by

1350-533: The city's architecture survived World War II and, subsequently, its entire Old Town was proclaimed a national heritage monument of Poland. Szczecinek lies in eastern part of West Pomeranian Voivodeship . Historically, it was included within Western Pomerania . In 2010, the city boundaries were expanded as the town merged with the following villages in Gmina Szczecinek: Gałowo , Marcelin , Godzimierz , Turowo , Parsęcko , Buczek and Żółtnica . In

1404-564: The city, including a subcamp of the Stalag II-B POW camp . Polish forced labourers constituted up to 10% of the city's population during the war. Germany also operated a prison in the city, with forced labour subcamps in the region. After crushing the Warsaw Uprising , the Germans brought several transports of Poles from Warsaw to the city, mainly women and children. On 4 March 1945,

1458-613: The city. Other city landmarks include the Park of the Dukes of Pomerania ( Park Książąt Pomorskich ), the Koszalin Museum, the main post office, the 16th-century Wedding Palace and the Culture Centre 105 ( Centrum Kultury 105 ). The city also has monuments dedicated to Polish national heroes: Józef Piłsudski , Władysław Anders , Kazimierz Pułaski , Władysław Sikorski , as well monuments of

1512-617: The country. The city has organised an annual film festival since 1973 titled Koszalin Festival of Film Debuts "The Youth and Film" ( Polish : Koszaliński Festiwal Debiutów Filmowych "Młodzi i Film" ) with the aim to promote young filmmakers. Since 2007, the festival has been a competition review of Polish debuts ( feature and short films , documentaries and animations ). Besides the competition, there are retrospectives, workshops, and discussions about young cinema entitled "Honesty to Honesty" (Polish: Szczerość za szczerość ). The festival

1566-574: The emerging Polish state under Mieszko I around 967. According to the Medieval Chronicle of Greater Poland ( Kronika Wielkopolska ) Koszalin was one of the Pomeranian cities captured and subjugated by Duke Bolesław III Wrymouth of Poland in 1107 (other towns included Kołobrzeg , Kamień and Wolin ). Afterwards, in the 12th century the area became part of the Griffin -ruled Duchy of Pomerania ,

1620-557: The fastest growing city in Poland. In years 1975-98 it was the capital of the smaller Koszalin Voivodeship . As a result of the Local Government Reorganization Act (1998) Koszalin became part of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship (effective 1 January 1999) regardless of an earlier proposal for a new Middle Pomeranian Voivodeship covering approximately the area of former Koszalin Voivodeship (1950–75). In 1991, Koszalin

1674-588: The lake and the sea and the castle of Unieście in 1353. Thence, it participated in the Baltic Sea trade as a member of the Hanseatic League (from 1386), which led to several conflicts with the competing seaports of at Kołobrzeg and Darłowo . From 1356 until 1417/1422, the city was part of the Duchy of Pomerania-Wolgast . In 1446 Koszalin fought a victorious battle against the nearby rival city of Kołobrzeg . In 1475

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1728-546: The north of the town. Encouraged by the Polish starosta Latal and the town's German-speaking populace, Człuchów converted to Lutheranism in 1550 during the Protestant Reformation . During the Counter-Reformation and encouraged by the Polish government, the town's main church was reclaimed by Catholics in 1609. By the end of the 16th century Człuchów had 45 houses. In the mid-17th century starost Jakub Wejher renovated

1782-459: The south and the winters are often more moderate than the northeast and east, although still cold, yet it is not as mild as Western Europe . Daily averages below freezing point can be found in January and February, while in the summer they are between 15 and 16 °C, relatively cool. The average annual precipitation is 704 mm, distributed during the year. Koszalin is one of the sunniest cities in

1836-408: The sovereign in neighboring Kołobrzeg , they moved their residence there, while the administration of the diocese was done from Koszalin. In 1278 a Cistercian monastery was established, which took care of the local parish church and St. Mary chapel on Chełmska Hill. The city obtained direct access to the Baltic Sea when it gained the village of Jamno (1331), parts of Lake Jamno , a spit between

1890-466: The territory. In 1248, the eastern part of Kołobrzeg Land, including the village, was transferred by Duke Barnim I to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kammin . On 23 May 1266, Kammin bishop Hermann von Gleichen granted a charter to the village, granting it Lübeck law , local government, autonomy and multiple privileges to attract German settlers from the west. When in 1276 the bishops became

1944-523: The town Kulm law in 1348. In 1454, King Casimir IV Jagiellon reincorporated the town to the Kingdom of Poland , and then the Teutonic Knights renounced any claims in the peace treaty of 1466. Człuchów was a county seat in the Pomeranian Voivodeship . The seat of local starosts was located in the castle. Many Jews immigrated to the town afterward, creating an enclosed Jewish quarter in

1998-402: The town at the beginning of World War II in 1939. During the war, three forced labour camps were established and operated by the Germans in the town, and its prisoners were mostly Poles and Russians . In September 1944, the Germans made the first arrests of local members of the Polish underground organization "Odra", ultimately crushing it in the following weeks. In February 1945, the town

2052-611: The town belonged to the Province of Posen-West Prussia , but with that province's dissolution in 1938 Schlochau became part of Province of Pomerania . In that year the Nazis built a center for 600 members of the Hitler Youth . During World War II , the Polish resistance conducted espionage of German activity in the town. The Germans operated a forced labour subcamp of the Stalag II-B prisoner-of-war camp for over 300 Allied POWs. As

2106-579: The town led directly to the burning down of the synagogue on 18 February of that year. In 1914 the Regional Museum was established. In 1923 the Catholic Church of the Holy Spirit was built, then called the "Polish Church", as it was co-financed by local Poles . After the Nazis took power in Germany in the 1930s, new military barracks were built, and the invasion of Poland was carried out from

2160-468: The union of Brandenburg and Poland. During the Thirteen Years' War , local dukes changed alliances several times. As a result, in 1455 several surrounding villages were looted by Teutonic Knights and in 1461 the town was sacked, looted and burned by Polish troops and Tatars because King Casimir IV Jagiellon wanted to take revenge on Eric II of Pomerania who supported the Teutonic Knights. In 1601

2214-471: The usage of bricks from the castle during the rebuilding of the town, leaving the castle only with its keep . After the administrative reorganization of Prussia in 1818, Schlochau became the seat of Landkreis Schlochau in the Regierungsbezirk Marienwerder in the Province of West Prussia . Between 1826-28 the town's Protestant community built its chapel, which included the castle's keep as

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2268-588: Was administratively located in the Koszalin Voivodeship . In 2009 the town limits were expanded by including the neighbouring villages of Świątki and Trzesieka as new districts. In 2018, a khachkar was unveiled in Szczecinek to commemorate Armenian-Polish friendship . The officially protected traditional food of Szczecinek (as designated by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Poland )

2322-457: Was captured by the Red Army , and the local agricultural machinery factory, which used forced labour during the war, was plundered by occupying Russian forces. The town then passed to Poland, although with a Soviet -installed communist regime, which remained in power until the Fall of Communism in the 1980s. The town's German population was expelled in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement , and it

2376-407: Was cut off from much of its hinterland ( East and West Prussia ), although Schlochau's population grew through immigrants from Pomeranian lands restored to Poland. In the 1920s new outlying settlements began to develop from the influx of immigrants, and the town developed a sports center and a district museum. By 1937 Schlochau had a mill , a sawmill , and a population of 6,029 by 1939. After 1922

2430-532: Was established by 1865 and the district's Sparkasse ( savings bank ) opened in 1871, the year Schlochau became part of the German Empire . Resulting from the Treaty of Versailles in 1919 following World War I , Schlochau became part of the German border zone with the Second Polish Republic , whose began 10 km (6 mi) east of the town. This negatively impacted the town's trade and economy as it

2484-681: Was fortified to face the Brandenburgers , with a wall and palisades. In 1356 it was hit by the plague . Thankful for their survival, the Dukes Bogislaw V , Barnim IV and Wartislaw V founded the Augustine monastery Marientron, on the Marientron  [ pl ] hill on the southern bank of the Trzesiecko  [ pl ] Lake. It was plundered by Brandenburgers in 1470. From 1368 to 1390 it

2538-406: Was opened, whose director was later Maria Pilecka, the sister of Polish national hero Witold Pilecki . In March 1946, the anti-communist Home Army 5th Wilno Brigade was active in Koszalin. In July 1947, the last units of the Soviet Army left Koszalin, and from that time only Polish troops were stationed in the city. In 1953 a local radio station was founded in Koszalin. Initially, Koszalin

2592-427: Was plundered by the Russians . In 1807, during the Napoleonic Wars and Polish national liberation fights , the town was captured by Poles led by Tomasz Łubieński . In 1881 Abraham Springer, great-grandfather of TV presenter Jerry Springer and a prominent member of the town's Jewish community launched an unsuccessful attempt to sue agitator Dr Ernst Henrici , claiming that an inflammatory anti-semitic speech in

2646-423: Was rebuilt in the following years. In 1764 on the Chełmska Hill, now located within the city limits, a Pole Jan Gelczewski founded a paper mill that supplied numerous city offices. The city was occupied by French troops in 1807 after the War of the Fourth Coalition . Following the Napoleonic wars , it became the capital of Fürstenthum District ( county ) and Regierungsbezirk Cöslin ( government region ) within

2700-477: Was repopulated with Poles, expellees from former eastern Poland annexed by the Soviet Union and settlers from central Poland. The plundered agricultural machinery factory was relaunched by Poles in July 1945. The Polish anti-communist resistance (" cursed soldiers ") was active in the town, and many of its members were arrested and sentenced to prison by the communists. The last "cursed soldier" of Szczecinek, Maria Sosnowska, died in 2018. From 1950 to 1998, it

2754-440: Was the first post-war regional capital of Polish Western Pomerania, before the administration finally moved to Szczecin in February 1946, after which the region was named the Szczecin Voivodeship . In 1950 this voivodeship was divided into a truncated Szczecin Voivodeship and Koszalin Voivodeship . In years 1950-75 Koszalin was the capital of the enlarged Koszalin Voivodeship sometimes called Middle Pomerania due to becoming

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2808-466: Was the seat of an eponymous duchy under its only historic ruler Wartislaw V . Afterwards, it was ruled by Pomeranian duchies: Darłowo (Rügenwalde) (until 1418), Słupsk (until 1474, fief of Poland ) and the united Duchy of Pomerania (until 1618). On 15 September 1423, the "great day of Neustettin", the Pomeranian dukes, the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order and Nordic king Eric VII of Denmark , Norway and Sweden met to discuss defense against

2862-467: Was the site of the first school for the "rocket troops" created on orders of Walter Dornberger , the Wehrmacht 's head of the V-2 design and development program. The Polish resistance conducted espionage of German activity and distributed Polish underground press in the city. The Nazis brought many prisoners of war and forced labourers to the city, mainly Poles, but also Italians and French . The Germans operated several forced labour camps in

2916-413: Was visited by Pope John Paul II . On the fifth anniversary of his visit, his monument was unveiled in the city center. The city borders on Chełmska Hill ( Polish : Góra Chełmska ), a site of pagan worship in prehistory, and upon which is now built the tower "sanctuary of the covenant", which was consecrated by Pope John Paul II in 1991, and is currently a pilgrimage site. Also an observation tower

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