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83-650: Ernst Hardt was the intendant before he moved on to the Westdeutscher Rundfunk in 1927. The history of the Cologne theater begins in the Middle Ages . The first house was built in 1782, which was later called "Komödienstraße". A successor building from 1829 was destroyed in 1869 in a fire. In 1872, a new house was built in the Glockengasse (an historic street). In May 1898, a new theatre building on Habsburgerring

166-516: A catchphrase meaning communist activists should not tell the whole truth to the workers in order to avoid decline in their revolutionary enthusiasm. In 1954, just after Stalin's death, Sartre visited the Soviet Union, which he stated he found a "complete freedom of criticism" while condemning the United States for sinking into "prefascism". Sartre wrote about those Soviet writers expelled from

249-414: A media prank following Charles Lindbergh 's successful New York City–Paris flight; Sartre & Co. called newspapers and informed them that Lindbergh was going to be awarded an honorary École degree. Many newspapers, including Le Petit Parisien , announced the event on 25 May. Thousands, including journalists and curious spectators, showed up, unaware that what they were witnessing was a stunt involving

332-454: A teacher of German who taught Sartre mathematics and introduced him to classical literature at a very early age. When he was twelve, Sartre's mother remarried, and the family moved to La Rochelle , where he was frequently bullied, in part due to the wandering of his blind right eye (sensory exotropia ). As a teenager in the 1920s, Sartre became attracted to philosophy upon reading Henri Bergson 's essay Time and Free Will: An Essay on

415-634: A tribunal intended to expose U.S. war crimes , which became known as the Russell Tribunal in 1967. His work after Stalin's death, the Critique de la raison dialectique ( Critique of Dialectical Reason ), appeared in 1960 (a second volume appearing posthumously). In the Critique Sartre set out to give Marxism a more vigorous intellectual defense than it had received until then; he ended by concluding that Marx's notion of "class" as an objective entity

498-467: A Lindbergh look-alike . The scandal led Lanson to resign. In 1929 at the École normale, he met Simone de Beauvoir , who studied at the Sorbonne and later went on to become a noted philosopher, writer, and feminist. The two became inseparable and lifelong companions, initiating a romantic relationship, though they were not monogamous . The first time Sartre took the agrégation , he failed. He took it

581-536: A bourgeois substitute for real commitment in the world. In October 1964, Sartre was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature but he declined it. He was the first Nobel laureate to voluntarily decline the prize, and remains one of only two laureates to do so. According to Lars Gyllensten , in the book Minnen, bara minnen ("Memories, Only Memories") published in 2000, Sartre himself or someone close to him got in touch with

664-556: A domestic target of the paramilitary Organisation armée secrète (OAS), escaping two bomb attacks in the early '60s. He later argued in 1959 that each French person was responsible for the collective crimes during the Algerian War of Independence . (He had an Algerian mistress, Arlette Elkaïm , who became his adopted daughter in 1965.) He opposed U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War and, along with Bertrand Russell and others, organized

747-508: A drama concerning Christmas. It was during this period of confinement that Sartre read Martin Heidegger 's Sein und Zeit , later to become a major influence on his own essay on phenomenological ontology . Because of poor health (he claimed that his poor eyesight and exotropia affected his balance), Sartre was released in April 1941. According to other sources, he escaped after a medical visit to

830-417: A gala performance of Paul Hindemith 's opera Mathis der Maler . In 1957, the stages moved from their makeshift venue in the auditorium to a newly built so-called multi-storey building on Offenbachplatz  [ de ] , where opera and operetta, ballet and drama were performed. In 1962, the new Schauspielhaus, designed by Wilhelm Riphahn , was completed and opened with Schiller 's Die Räuber in

913-643: A leading figure in 20th-century French philosophy and Marxism . Sartre was one of the key figures in the philosophy of existentialism (and phenomenology ). His work has influenced sociology, critical theory , post-colonial theory , and literary studies . He was awarded the 1964 Nobel Prize in Literature despite attempting to refuse it, saying that he always declined official honors and that "a writer should not allow himself to be turned into an institution." Sartre held an open relationship with prominent feminist and fellow existentialist philosopher Simone de Beauvoir . Together, Sartre and de Beauvoir challenged

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996-580: A meeting that the Socialisme et Liberté assassinate prominent war collaborators like Marcel Déat , but de Beauvoir noted his idea was rejected as "none of us felt qualified to make bombs or hurl grenades". The British historian Ian Ousby observed that the French always had far more hatred for collaborators than they did for the Germans, noting it was French people like Déat that Sartre wanted to assassinate rather than

1079-675: A resister who wrote. In 1945, after the war ended, Sartre moved to an apartment on the rue Bonaparte , where he was to produce most of his subsequent work and where he lived until 1962. It was from there that he helped establish a quarterly literary and political review , Les Temps modernes ( Modern Times ), in part to popularize his thought. He ceased teaching and devoted his time to writing and political activism. He would draw on his war experiences for his great trilogy of novels, Les Chemins de la Liberté ( The Roads to Freedom ) (1945–1949). The first period of Sartre's career, defined in large part by Being and Nothingness (1943), gave way to

1162-411: A revolution. Sartre went to Cuba in the 1960s to meet Fidel Castro and spoke with Ernesto "Che" Guevara . After Guevara's death, Sartre would declare him to be "not only an intellectual but also the most complete human being of our age" and the "era's most perfect man". Sartre would also compliment Guevara by professing that "he lived his words, spoke his own actions and his story and the story of

1245-451: A second period—when the world was perceived as split into communist and capitalist blocs—of highly publicized political involvement. Sartre tended to glorify the Resistance after the war as the uncompromising expression of morality in action, and recalled that the résistants were a "band of brothers" who had enjoyed "real freedom" in a way that did not exist before nor after the war. Sartre

1328-527: A second time and virtually tied for first place with Beauvoir, although Sartre was eventually awarded first place, with Beauvoir second. From 1931 until 1945, Sartre taught at various lycées of Le Havre (at the Lycée de Le Havre, the present-day Lycée François-Ier (Le Havre)  [ fr ] , 1931–1936), Laon (at the Lycée de Laon, 1936–37), and, finally, Paris (at the Lycée Pasteur , 1937–1939, and at

1411-571: A simple man with few possessions, actively committed to causes until the end of his life, such as the May 1968 strikes in Paris during the summer of 1968 during which he was arrested for civil disobedience . President Charles de Gaulle intervened and pardoned him, commenting that "you don't arrest Voltaire ". In 1975, when asked how he would like to be remembered, Sartre replied: I would like [people] to remember Nausea , [my plays] No Exit and The Devil and

1494-761: A single force between the blocs, not a third bloc, but an autonomous force which will refuse to allow itself to be torn into shreds between American optimism and Russian scientificism. About the Korean War, Sartre wrote: "I have no doubt that the South Korean feudalists and the American imperialists have promoted this war. But I do not doubt either that it was begun by the North Koreans". In July 1950, Sartre wrote in Les Temps Modernes about his and de Beauvoir's attitude to

1577-409: A statement by Sartre explaining his refusal. He said he did not wish to be "transformed" by such an award, and did not want to take sides in an East vs. West cultural struggle by accepting an award from a prominent Western cultural institution. Nevertheless, he was that year's prizewinner. Though his name was then a household word (as was "existentialism" during the tumultuous 1960s), Sartre remained

1660-550: A time, to resume some literary activities. Hardt died in Ichenhausen . This article about a German writer or poet is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Jean-Paul Sartre Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre ( / ˈ s ɑːr t r ə / , US also / ˈ s ɑːr t / ; French: [saʁtʁ] ; 21 June 1905 – 15 April 1980) was a French philosopher, playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer, and literary critic , considered

1743-401: Is a form of necessity for freedom, which can never be given up." This theory relies upon his position that there is no creator, and is illustrated using the example of the paper cutter . Sartre says that if one considered a paper cutter, one would assume that the creator would have had a plan for it: an essence. Sartre said that human beings have no essence before their existence because there

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1826-722: Is his work Existentialism Is a Humanism ( L'existentialisme est un humanisme , 1946), originally presented as a lecture. Jean-Paul Sartre was born on 21 June 1905 in Paris as the only child of Jean-Baptiste Sartre, an officer of the French Navy , and Anne-Marie (Schweitzer). When Sartre was two years old, his father died of an illness, which he most likely contracted in Indochina . Anne-Marie moved back to her parents' house in Meudon , where she raised Sartre with help from her father Charles Schweitzer,

1909-402: Is no Creator. Thus: "existence precedes essence". This forms the basis for his assertion that because one cannot explain one's own actions and behavior by referring to any specific human nature, they are necessarily fully responsible for those actions. "We are left alone, without excuse." "We can act without being determined by our past which is always separated from us." Sartre maintained that

1992-490: Is that people, as humans, are "condemned to be free". He explained, "This may seem paradoxical because condemnation is normally an external judgment which constitutes the conclusion of a judgment. Here, it is not the human who has chosen to be like this. There is a contingency of human existence. It is a condemnation of their being. Their being is not determined, so it is up to everyone to create their own existence, for which they are then responsible. They cannot not be free, there

2075-763: Is the reflection on a shared situation. In Italy, in France, in Benelux, in Sweden, in Norway, in Germany, in Greece, in Austria, everywhere we find the same problems and the same dangers ... But this cultural polity has prospects only as elements of a policy which defends Europe's cultural autonomy vis-à-vis America and the Soviet Union, but also its political and economic autonomy, with the aim of making Europe

2158-590: The Café de Flore between intellectuals had changed, as the fear that one of them might be a mouche (informer) or a writer of the corbeau (anonymous denunciatory letters) meant that no one really said what they meant anymore, imposing self-censorship. Sartre and his friends at the Café de Flore had reasons for their fear; by September 1940, the Abwehr alone had already recruited 32,000 French people to work as mouches while by 1942

2241-521: The Communist Party . For a time in the late 1940s, Sartre described French nationalism as "provincial" and in a 1949 essay called for a "United States of Europe". In an essay published in the June 1949 edition of the journal Politique étrangère , Sartre wrote: If we want French civilization to survive, it must be fitted into the framework of a great European civilization. Why? I have said that civilization

2324-568: The Deutsches Schauspielhaus , with her last production of an antique drama, The Trojan Women by Euripides . It was based on the work of Jean-Paul Sartre . As part of the opera renovation, the Schauspielhaus was again demolished and rebuilt between 2010 and 2013. Having withdrawn for reasons of cost of the new version so much that they hardly seemed to pay off, urged the citizens' initiative "Courage to culture. Contents in front of

2407-799: The Lycée Condorcet , 1941–1944; see below ). In 1932, Sartre read Voyage au bout de la nuit by Louis-Ferdinand Céline , a book that had a remarkable influence on him. In 1933–34, he succeeded Raymond Aron at the Institut français d'Allemagne in Berlin where he studied Edmund Husserl 's phenomenological philosophy. Aron had already advised him in 1930 to read Emmanuel Levinas 's Théorie de l'intuition dans la phénoménologie de Husserl ( The Theory of Intuition in Husserl's Phenomenology ). The neo-Hegelian revival led by Alexandre Kojève and Jean Hyppolite in

2490-469: The Stalinist repressions and purges . Sartre argued that "the masses were not ready to receive the truth". In 1969 Sartre, along with other fifteen prominent French writers, including Louis Aragon and Michel Butor , signed the letter of protest against the expulsion of "the writer most representative of the great Russian tradition, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn – already a victim of Stalinist repression", from

2573-556: The Union of Soviet Writers . In 1973 he argued that "revolutionary authority always needs to get rid of some people that threaten it, and their death is the only way". A number of people, starting from Frank Gibney in 1961, classified Sartre as a " useful idiot " due to his uncritical position. Sartre came to admire the Polish leader Władysław Gomułka , a man who favored a "Polish road to socialism" and wanted more independence for Poland, but

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2656-666: The Westdeutscher Rundfunk (West German Broadcasting Co). (1926–1933). He worked with Bertolt Brecht on some experimental radio broadcasts. He was removed from his position with the Westdeutscher Rundfunk by the Nazis in 1933. A few months later he was imprisoned for a short period and then took refuge in the Sankt Anna Hospital in Cologne-Lindenthal. He was later acquitted in the "broadcast trial" and able, for

2739-417: The concierge forced the door, you would find two chairs standing close together in the hall with the fag-ends of German cigarettes on the floor between their legs. If the wife or mother of the man who had vanished had been present at his arrest, she would tell you that he had been taken away by very polite Germans, like those who asked the way in the street. And when she went to ask what had happened to them at

2822-496: The cultural and social assumptions and expectations of their upbringings, which they considered bourgeois , in both lifestyles and thought. The conflict between oppressive, spiritually destructive conformity ( mauvaise foi , literally, ' bad faith ') and an " authentic " way of " being " became the dominant theme of Sartre's early work, a theme embodied in his principal philosophical work Being and Nothingness ( L'Être et le Néant , 1943). Sartre's introduction to his philosophy

2905-776: The offices in the Avenue Foch or the Rue des Saussaies she would be politely received and sent away with comforting words" [No. 11 Rue des Saussaies was the headquarters of the Gestapo in Paris]. Sartre wrote the feldgrau ("field grey") uniforms of the Wehrmacht and the green uniforms of the Order Police which had seemed so alien in 1940 had become accepted, as people were numbed into accepting what Sartre called "a pale, dull green, unobtrusive strain, which

2988-671: The 1930s inspired a whole generation of French thinkers, including Sartre, to discover Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit . In 1939, Sartre was drafted into the French Army , where he served as a meteorologist . He was captured by German troops in 1940 in Padoux , and he spent nine months as a prisoner of war —in Nancy and finally in Stalag XII-D  [ fr ] , Trier , where he wrote his first theatrical piece, Barionà, fils du tonnerre ,

3071-468: The Germans, and also contributed to both legal and illegal literary magazines. In his essay "Paris under the Occupation ", Sartre wrote that the "correct" behaviour of the Germans had entrapped too many Parisians into complicity with the occupation, accepting what was unnatural as natural: The Germans did not stride, revolver in hand, through the streets. They did not force civilians to make way for them on

3154-544: The Good Lord , and then my two philosophical works, more particularly the second one, Critique of Dialectical Reason . Then my essay on Genet , Saint Genet . ... If these are remembered, that would be quite an achievement, and I don't ask for more. As a man, if a certain Jean-Paul Sartre is remembered, I would like people to remember the milieu or historical situation in which I lived, ... how I lived in it, in terms of all

3237-825: The Habsburger Ring were destroyed or severely damaged. The theatre was heavily destroyed in a bombing raid in August 1943. In August 1945, the theater was able to give performances in replacement venues such as the auditorium of the university as the first theater in the British occupation zone again. In addition, a hall in the Rautenstrauch-Joest Museum in Ubierring was expanded to "Kammerspielen" and used until 1994 accordingly. The 1902 theatre ruins were demolished in 1958. The new building opened on 14 October 1956, it opened with

3320-550: The Immediate Data of Consciousness . He attended the Cours Hattemer , a private school in Paris. He studied and earned certificates in psychology, history of philosophy, logic, general philosophy, ethics and sociology, and physics, as well as his diplôme d'études supérieures  [ fr ] (roughly equivalent to an MA thesis) in Paris at the École Normale Supérieure (ENS), an institution of higher education that

3403-469: The Paris Kommandantur was receiving an average of 1,500 letters per day sent by the corbeaux . Sartre wrote under the occupation Paris had become a "sham", resembling the empty wine bottles displayed in shop windows as all of the wine had been exported to Germany, looking like the old Paris, but hollowed out, as what had made Paris special was gone. Paris had almost no cars on the streets during

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3486-575: The Soviet Union: As we were neither members of the [Communist] party nor its avowed sympathizers, it was not our duty to write about Soviet labor camps; we were free to remain aloof from the quarrel over the nature of this system, provided that no events of sociological significance had occurred. Sartre held that the Soviet Union was a "revolutionary" state working for the betterment of humanity and could be criticized only for failing to live up to its own ideals, but that critics had to take in mind that

3569-559: The Soviet Writers' Union "still had the opportunity of rehabilitating themselves by writing better books". Sartre's comments on Hungarian revolution of 1956 are quite representative to his frequently contradictory and changing views. On one hand, Sartre saw in Hungary a true reunification between intellectuals and workers only to criticize it for "losing socialist base". In 1964 Sartre attacked Khrushchev's "Secret Speech" which condemned

3652-471: The Soviet state needed to defend itself against a hostile world; by contrast Sartre held that the failures of "bourgeois" states were due to their innate shortcomings. The Swiss journalist François Bondy wrote that, based on a reading of Sartre's numerous essays, speeches and interviews "a simple basic pattern never fails to emerge: social change must be comprehensive and revolutionary" and the parties that promote

3735-586: The Swedish Academy in 1975 with a request for the prize money, but was refused. In 1945, he had refused the Légion d'honneur . The Nobel prize was announced on 22 October 1964; on 14 October, Sartre had written a letter to the Nobel Institute, asking to be removed from the list of nominees, and warning that he would not accept the prize if awarded, but the letter went unread; on 23 October, Le Figaro published

3818-628: The Third World into revolution while also praising more moderate Communist leaders like Gomułka. As an anti-colonialist, Sartre took a prominent role in the struggle against French rule in Algeria, and the use of torture and concentration camps by the French in Algeria. He became an eminent supporter of the FLN in the Algerian War and was one of the signatories of the Manifeste des 121 . Consequently, Sartre became

3901-477: The Wehrmacht meant he had been complicit in the Occupation. Ousby wrote: "But, in however humble a fashion, everyone still had to decide how they were going to cope with life in a fragmenting society ... So Sartre's worries ... about how to react when a German soldier stopped him in the street and asked politely for directions were not as fussily inconsequential as they might sound at first. They were emblematic of how

3984-451: The Wehrmacht which led Sartre to remark "We could not be natural ". French was a language widely taught in German schools and most Germans could speak at least some French. Sartre himself always found it difficult when a Wehrmacht soldier asked him for directions, usually saying he did not know where it was that the soldier wanted to go, but still felt uncomfortable as the very act of speaking to

4067-428: The aspirations which I tried to gather up within myself. Sartre's physical condition deteriorated, partially because of the merciless pace of work (and the use of amphetamine ) he put himself through during the writing of the Critique and a massive analytical biography of Gustave Flaubert ( The Family Idiot ), both of which remained unfinished. He had hypertension, and became almost completely blind in 1973. Sartre

4150-452: The burden of our free, individual existence. "We can oppose authenticity to an inauthentic way of being. Authenticity consists in experiencing the indeterminate character of existence in anguish. It is also to know how to face it by giving meaning to our actions and by recognizing ourselves as the author of this meaning. On the other hand, an inauthentic way of being consists in running away, in lying to oneself in order to escape this anguish and

4233-427: The concepts of authenticity and individuality have to be earned but not learned. We need to experience "death consciousness" so as to wake up ourselves as to what is really important; the authentic in our lives which is life experience, not knowledge. Death draws the final point when we as beings cease to live for ourselves and permanently become objects that exist only for the outside world. In this way death emphasizes

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4316-566: The condition of African Americans in the United States—specifically the racism and discrimination against them in the country—in his second Situations collection. Then, in 1948, for the introduction of Léopold Sédar Senghor 's l'Anthologie de la nouvelle poésie nègre et malgache (Anthology of New Negro and Malagasy Poetry) , he wrote "Black Orpheus" (re-published in Situations III), a critique of colonialism and racism in light of

4399-513: The dilemmas of the Occupation presented themselves in daily life". Sartre wrote the very "correctness" of the Germans caused moral corruption in many people who used the "correct" behavior of the Germans as an excuse for passivity, and the very act of simply trying to live one's day-to-day existence without challenging the occupation aided the " New Order in Europe", which depended upon the passivity of ordinary people to accomplish its goals. Throughout

4482-535: The empty sky. Cut off from the rest of the world, fed only through the pity or some ulterior motive, the town led a purely abstract and symbolic life". Sartre himself lived on a diet of rabbits sent to him by a friend of de Beauvoir living in Anjou . The rabbits were usually in an advanced state of decay, full of maggots, and despite being hungry, Sartre once threw out one rabbit as uneatable, saying it had more maggots in it than meat. Sartre also remarked that conversations at

4565-475: The end of his life, Sartre began to describe himself as a "special kind" of anarchist. In 1964 Sartre renounced literature in a witty and sardonic account of the first ten years of his life, Les Mots ( The Words ). The book is an ironic counterblast to Marcel Proust , whose reputation had unexpectedly eclipsed that of André Gide (who had provided the model of littérature engagée for Sartre's generation). Literature, Sartre concluded, functioned ultimately as

4648-411: The eye almost expected to find among the dark clothes of the civilians". Under the occupation, the French often called the Germans les autres ("the others"), which inspired Sartre's aphorism in his play Huis clos (" No Exit ") of " l'enfer, c'est les Autres " ("Hell is other people"). Sartre intended the line " l'enfer, c'est les Autres " at least in part to be a dig at the German occupiers. Sartre

4731-608: The facade "preserved the listed building and carried out a referendum, which was approved in April 2010 by the city council of Cologne. In June 2012, EXPO XXI was put into operation in the Agnesviertel on the Gladbacher Wall as an interim play stage during the renovation work. An information box, which was erected in October 2012, provided information about its building progress. Rita Thiele has been chief dramatist and deputy director of

4814-432: The first part of the essay, "Portrait de l'antisémite", the year before in Les Temps modernes, No. 3. In the essay, in the course of explaining the etiology of "hate" as the hater's projective fantasies when reflecting on the Jewish question , he attacks antisemitism in France during a time when the Jews who came back from concentration camps were quickly abandoned. In 1947, Sartre published several articles concerning

4897-432: The fourteenth arrondissement, past all Sartre's haunts, and entered the cemetery through the gate on the Boulevard Edgar Quinet". Sartre was initially buried in a temporary grave to the left of the cemetery gate. Four days later the body was disinterred for cremation at Père-Lachaise Cemetery, and his ashes were reburied at the permanent site in Montparnasse Cemetery, to the right of the cemetery gate. Sartre's primary idea

4980-411: The intendant and Patrick Wasserbauer is the managing director. Stefan Bachmann was appointed as Director of the House on 1 September 2013. Other current theatre directors include, Angela Richter , Rafael Sanchez and Moritz Sostmann. Ernst Hardt Friedrich Wilhelm Ernst Hardt (9 May 1876 – 3 January 1947), born Ernst Stöckhardt, was a German playwright , poet , and novelist . Hardt

5063-617: The military governor of France, General Otto von Stülpnagel , and the popular slogan always was "Death to Laval !" rather than "Death to Hitler !". In August Sartre and de Beauvoir went to the French Riviera seeking the support of André Gide and André Malraux . However, both Gide and Malraux were undecided, and this may have been the cause of Sartre's disappointment and discouragement. Socialisme et liberté soon dissolved and Sartre decided to write instead of being involved in active resistance. He then wrote Being and Nothingness , The Flies , and No Exit , none of which were censored by

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5146-400: The new theater operas in particular, in the "old" house in the Glockengasse theater and operetta were performed. Both houses were run by Julius Hofmann, the then director of the Schauspielhaus. Acting director Gustav Hartung engaged well-known Berlin actors such as Heinrich George to the theatre in the 1920s, which made the house known nationwide. In 1929, Bertolt Brecht 's Threepenny Opera

5229-400: The occupation as the oil went to Germany while the Germans imposed a nightly curfew, which led Sartre to remark that Paris "was peopled by the absent". Sartre also noted that people began to disappear under the occupation, writing: One day you might phone a friend and the phone would ring for a long time in an empty flat. You would go round and ring the doorbell, but no-one would answer it. If

5312-420: The occupation, it was German policy to plunder France, and food shortages were always a major problem as the majority of food from the French countryside went to Germany. Sartre wrote about the "languid existence" of the Parisians as people waited obsessively for the one weekly arrival of trucks bringing food from the countryside that the Germans allowed, writing: "Paris would grow peaked and yawn with hunger under

5395-665: The ophthalmologist. Given civilian status, he recovered his teaching position at Lycée Pasteur near Paris and settled at the Hotel Mistral. In October 1941, he was given a position, previously held by a Jewish teacher who had been forbidden to teach by Vichy law , at Lycée Condorcet in Paris. After coming back to Paris in May 1941, he participated in the founding of the underground group Socialisme et Liberté ("Socialism and Liberty") with other writers Simone de Beauvoir , Maurice Merleau-Ponty , Jean-Toussaint Desanti , Dominique Desanti , Jean Kanapa, and École Normale students. In spring of 1941, Sartre suggested with "cheerful ferocity" at

5478-533: The pavement. They would offer seats to old ladies on the Metro. They showed great fondness for children and would pat them on the cheek. They had been told to behave correctly and being well-disciplined, they tried shyly and conscientiously to do so. Some of them even displayed a naive kindness which could find no practical expression. Sartre noted when Wehrmacht soldiers asked Parisians politely in their German-accented French for directions, people usually felt embarrassed and ashamed as they tried their best to help out

5561-404: The philosophy Sartre developed in Being and Nothingness. Later, while Sartre was labeled by some authors as a resistant, the French philosopher and resistant Vladimir Jankelevitch criticized Sartre's lack of political commitment during the German occupation, and interpreted his further struggles for liberty as an attempt to redeem himself. According to Camus, Sartre was a writer who resisted; not

5644-492: The responsibility for one's own existence." While Sartre had been influenced by Heidegger, the publication of Being and Nothingness did mark a split in their perspectives, with Heidegger remarking in Letter on Humanism : Existentialism says existence precedes essence. In this statement he is taking existentia and essentia according to their metaphysical meaning, which, from Plato's time on, has said that essentia precedes existentia . Sartre reverses this statement. But

5727-416: The revolution predicated by Marx, and influenced by Frantz Fanon started to argue it was the impoverished masses of the Third World, the "real damned of the earth", who would carry out the revolution. A major theme of Sartre's political essays in the 1960s was of his disgust with the "Americanization" of the French working class who would much rather watch American TV shows dubbed into French than agitate for

5810-602: The revolutionary charges "may be criticized, but only by those who completely identify themselves with its purpose, its struggle and its road to power", deeming Sartre's position to be "existentialist". Sartre believed at this time in the moral superiority of the Eastern Bloc , arguing that this belief was necessary "to keep hope alive" and opposed any criticism of Soviet Union to the extent that Maurice Merleau-Ponty called him an "ultra-Bolshevik". Sartre's expression "workers of Billancourt must not be deprived of their hopes" ( Fr . "il ne faut pas désespérer Billancourt"), became

5893-421: The stage in Cologne. Heyme was replaced in 1979 by Jürgen Flimm , and then in 1985 by Klaus Pierwoß. In 1989, Pierwoß was the first director, who brought the East German director Frank Castorf with a production of Hamlet to a West German theater. It was followed by the directors Torsten Fischer in 1990, Günter Krämer , Marc Günther and since 2007, Karin Beier . On 11 January 2013, Beier left before her move to

5976-477: The staging of the later director Oscar Fritz Schuh with actor Klausjürgen Wussow as Karl Moor. Federal President Heinrich Lübke also attended this performance. In 1968, Hansgünther Heyme became the artistic director and dramaturge of the Schauspielhaus, which caused controversy with his unconventional implementations of plays. He also began a close collaboration with classical philologist Wolfgang Schadewaldt , whose translations of Greek dramas he brought to

6059-510: The world ran parallel". However he stood against the persecution of gays by Castro's government, which he compared to Nazi persecution of the Jews, and said: "In Cuba there are no Jews, but there are homosexuals". During a collective hunger strike in 1974, Sartre visited Red Army Faction member Andreas Baader in Stammheim Prison and criticized the harsh conditions of imprisonment. Towards

6142-410: Was "merciless" in attacking anyone who had collaborated or remained passive during the German occupation; for instance, criticizing Camus for signing an appeal to spare the collaborationist writer Robert Brasillach from being executed. His 1948 play Les mains sales ( Dirty Hands ) in particular explored the problem of being a politically "engaged" intellectual. He embraced Marxism but did not join

6225-526: Was a notorious chain smoker , which could also have contributed to the deterioration of his health. Sartre died on 15 April 1980 in Paris from pulmonary edema . He had not wanted to be buried at Père-Lachaise Cemetery between his mother and stepfather, so it was arranged that he be buried at Montparnasse Cemetery . At his funeral on Saturday, 19 April, 50,000 Parisians descended onto boulevard du Montparnasse to accompany Sartre's cortege. The funeral started at "the hospital at 2:00 p.m., then filed through

6308-452: Was a very active contributor to Combat , a newspaper created during the clandestine period by Albert Camus , a philosopher and author who held similar beliefs. Sartre and de Beauvoir remained friends with Camus until 1951, with the publication of Camus's The Rebel . Sartre wrote extensively post-war about neglected minority groups, namely French Jews and black people . In 1946, he published Anti-Semite and Jew , after having published

6391-700: Was born in Graudenz , West Prussia (now Grudziądz , Poland). He is the author of Priester des Todes (1898), Bunt ist das Leben (1902), An den Toren des Lebens (1904), and the plays Der Kampf ums Rosenrote (1903), Ninon von Lenclos (1905), Tantris der Narr (1907), Gudrun (1911), and Konig Salomo (1915). He was director of the National Theater in Weimar (1919–24), the Schauspiel Köln in Cologne (1925), and

6474-402: Was built. Based on a design by architect Carl Moritz , a neo-baroque building with restaurant and garden terrace was built. The 1902 finished building had 1800 seats and eventually cost 3.9 million marks. Cologne theater then had two large stages, which initially operated as "United City Theater", from the season 1906/07 as Opera House and Schauspielhaus, but were temporarily held together. In

6557-458: Was fallacious. Sartre's emphasis on the humanist values in the early works of Marx led to a dispute with a leading leftist intellectual in France in the 1960s, Louis Althusser , who claimed that the ideas of the young Marx were decisively superseded by the "scientific" system of the later Marx. In the late 1950s, Sartre began to argue that the European working classes were too apolitical to carry out

6640-449: Was his weekly attendance at Alexandre Kojève 's seminars, which continued for a number of years. From his first years in the École normale , Sartre was one of its fiercest pranksters . In 1927, his antimilitarist satirical cartoon in the revue of the school, coauthored with Georges Canguilhem , particularly upset the director Gustave Lanson . In the same year, with his comrades Nizan, Larroutis, Baillou and Herland, he organized

6723-504: Was loyal to the Soviet Union because of the Oder-Neisse line issue. Sartre's newspaper Les Temps Modernes devoted a number of special issues in 1957 and 1958 to Poland under Gomułka, praising him for his reforms. Bondy wrote of the notable contradiction between Sartre's "ultra Bolshevism" as he expressed admiration for the Chinese leader Mao Zedong as the man who led the oppressed masses of

6806-572: Was scheduled to be performed in the Schauspielhaus. However, the conservative Center Party tried to stop this. Konrad Adenauer , the mayor Cologne intervened and the play was performed. At the time of the Nazi rule, the National Socialist opera director Alexander Spring was the general manager of the Kölner Bühnen and head of the Schauspielhaus. During the war, the two houses in the Glockengasse and

6889-493: Was the alma mater for several prominent French thinkers and intellectuals. (His 1928 MA thesis under the title "L'Image dans la vie psychologique: rôle et nature" ["Image in Psychological Life: Role and Nature"] was supervised by Henri Delacroix .) It was at ENS that Sartre began his lifelong, sometimes fractious, friendship with Raymond Aron . Perhaps the most decisive influence on Sartre's philosophical development

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