81-418: Hyperodapedon (from Greek : ῠ̔πέρ hupér , 'above' and Greek : δάπεδον dápedon , 'pavement') is an extinct genus of rhynchosaur reptiles which lived during Late Triassic period. Like other rhynchosaurs, it was an heavily built archosauromorph , distantly related to archosaurs such as crocodilians and dinosaurs . Hyperodapedon in particular was part of the subfamily Hyperodapedontinae ,
162-585: A rhynchosaurian basicranium mixed with the partial snout of a phytosaur , scutes and some teeth. Friedrich von Huene (1940) identified the basicranium as belonging to Paradapedon huxleyi (now known as Hyperodapedon huxleyi ) and the phytosaurian material to a newly named species, "aff." Brachysuchus maleriensis . Later, Edwin Harris Colbert (1958) designated all the Indian parasuchian material as Phytosaurus maleriensis while Gregory (1962) considered
243-469: A basipterygoid process which is longer than wide and a crest-shaped maxillary cross section next to the main longitudinal groove. The lateral tooth field of the tooth plate is broader than that on the medial side, with three tooth rows versus two on the medial side. The rear edge of the tooth plate also has a broader angle (130°) compared to other species in the genus. The postcranial diagnostic features include ilium proportions, deeply excavated neural arches on
324-570: A basis for coinages: anthropology , photography , telephony , isomer , biomechanics , cinematography , etc. Together with Latin words , they form the foundation of international scientific and technical vocabulary ; for example, all words ending in -logy ('discourse'). There are many English words of Greek origin . Greek is an independent branch of the Indo-European language family. The ancient language most closely related to it may be ancient Macedonian , which, by most accounts,
405-552: A fairly stable set of consonantal contrasts . The main phonological changes occurred during the Hellenistic and Roman period (see Koine Greek phonology for details): In all its stages, the morphology of Greek shows an extensive set of productive derivational affixes , a limited but productive system of compounding and a rich inflectional system. Although its morphological categories have been fairly stable over time, morphological changes are present throughout, particularly in
486-556: A faster, more convenient cursive writing style with the use of ink and quill . The Greek alphabet consists of 24 letters, each with an uppercase ( majuscule ) and lowercase ( minuscule ) form. The letter sigma has an additional lowercase form (ς) used in the final position of a word: In addition to the letters, the Greek alphabet features a number of diacritical signs : three different accent marks ( acute , grave , and circumflex ), originally denoting different shapes of pitch accent on
567-531: A foreign language. It is also often stated that the historical changes have been relatively slight compared with some other languages. According to one estimation, " Homeric Greek is probably closer to Demotic than 12-century Middle English is to modern spoken English ". Greek is spoken today by at least 13 million people, principally in Greece and Cyprus along with a sizable Greek-speaking minority in Albania near
648-429: A new lectotype for the species. Assisted by the discovery of new complete skeletons, Parasuchus hislopi is still considered a valid phytosaur taxon to the present day. Benton (1983) concluded that "Paradapedon" huxleyi should once again be considered a species of Hyperodapedon , thus rendering Paradapedon a junior synonym of Hyperodapedon . Fossils of Hyperodapedon sanjuanensis were previously described under
729-885: A senior synonym of the genus Paleorhinus (as well as Arganarhinus ), and referred the species Paleorhinus bransoni , Paleorhinus angustifrons and Arganarhinus magnoculus to the genus Parasuchus . The cladogram below follows Kammerer et al. (2016). Wannia scurriensis Parasuchus (Paleorhinus) bransoni Parasuchus (Paleorhinus) angustifrons Parasuchus hislopi Ebrachosuchus neukami Angistorhinus "Paleorhinus" sawini Brachysuchus megalodon Protome batalaria "Machaeroprosopus" zunii Rutiodon carolinensis TMM 31173-120 "Phytosaurus" doughtyi Smilosuchus lithodendrorum Smilosuchus gregorii Smilosuchus adamanensis Pravusuchus hortus Machaeroprosopus mccauleyi Machaeroprosopus pristinus Machaeroprosopus jablonskiae Mystriosuchus westphali Parasuchus
810-687: A skull recovered from the Tikisuchus holotype site of the Tiki Formation ( Gondwana Group ), about 4 miles west of Tiki village of Shadol District , Madhya Pradesh, is missing only the end of the snout and the squamosal . As the lectotype of the genus, it was found nearby Paradapedon remains. Both formations date to the late Carnian to early Norian stage of the Late Triassic period , about 222.5-212 million years ago . The two articulated skeletons, ISI R 42-43, alone represent
891-557: A specialized rhynchosaurian subgroup with broad skulls, beaked snouts, and crushing tooth plates on the roof of the mouth. Hyperodapedon remains one of the most widespread and well-understood rhynchosaurs due to its abundance of fossils on several continents. It was named and discovered by Thomas Henry Huxley in 1859, based on H. gordoni , a species from Scotland. It has also been reported from Africa, Asia ( India ), and North and South America, though some species were later split off into their own genera. An Indian species, H. huxleyi ,
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#1733084572418972-766: Is also found in Bulgaria near the Greek-Bulgarian border. Greek is also spoken worldwide by the sizable Greek diaspora which has notable communities in the United States , Australia , Canada , South Africa , Chile , Brazil , Argentina , Russia , Ukraine , the United Kingdom , and throughout the European Union , especially in Germany . Historically, significant Greek-speaking communities and regions were found throughout
1053-556: Is also known by the genus name Paradapedon . Some of the early South American finds were described under the name Scaphonyx , which is often considered a junior synonym of Hyperodapedon . Hyperodapedon fossils are abundant and biostratigraphically significant in strata of the late Carnian stage, such as the Ischigualasto Formation of Argentina and the Upper Santa Maria Formation of Brazil . It
1134-742: Is an Indo-European language, constituting an independent Hellenic branch within the Indo-European language family. It is native to Greece , Cyprus , Italy (in Calabria and Salento ), southern Albania , and other regions of the Balkans , Caucasus , the Black Sea coast, Asia Minor , and the Eastern Mediterranean . It has the longest documented history of any Indo-European language, spanning at least 3,400 years of written records. Its writing system
1215-601: Is an extinct genus of basal phytosaur known from the Late Triassic (late Carnian to early Norian stage) of Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh , India . At its most restricted definition, Parasuchus contains a single species, Parasuchus hislopi . Parasuchus hislopi is one of several species belonging to a basal grade of phytosaurs, typified by the genus Paleorhinus . Historically, Paleorhinus has been known from better-described fossils, and many species have been lumped into that genus. Parasuchus hislopi , despite being described earlier than Paleorhinus ,
1296-474: Is an Indo-European language, but also includes a number of borrowings from the languages of the populations that inhabited Greece before the arrival of Proto-Greeks, some documented in Mycenaean texts ; they include a large number of Greek toponyms . The form and meaning of many words have changed. Loanwords (words of foreign origin) have entered the language, mainly from Latin, Venetian , and Turkish . During
1377-638: Is deeply concave on the dorsal side. Like other rhynchosaurids, the dentary of Hyperodapedon makes up half the length of the lower jaw. Hyperodapedon have a single row of teeth in mandible which bites into the groove between the tooth rows of the upper jaw. In front of the tooth row, the upper edge of the dentary has the form of a sharp blade. Rhynchosaurs are archosauromorph diapsids , meaning that they are reptiles more closely related to archosaurs (such as crocodilians and birds) rather than lepidosaurs (such as lizards). Within Rhynchosauria, Hyperodapedon
1458-549: Is generally considered a herbivore that used its beaked premaxilla and hindlimbs to dig for plants on land. The first species of Hyperodapedon to be named and discovered was H. gordoni , from the Lossiemouth Sandstone near Elgin , Scotland . This species was named by Thomas Henry Huxley in honor of Rev. Dr. Gordon, the man who discovered the initial skeleton. Huxley initially named the species at an 1858 Geological Society of London conference. Huxley's correspondence
1539-404: Is perfectly preserved, and was designated as the neotype of the species. The right individual, ISI R 43, is nearly complete and only missing part of the snout. Two articulated and almost complete skeletons of Malerisaurus robinsonae (both designated as ISIR 150), an azendohsaurid archosauromorph , were found as presumable gastric contents of these two skeletons. From
1620-510: Is protected and promoted officially as a regional and minority language in Armenia, Hungary , Romania, and Ukraine. It is recognized as a minority language and protected in Turkey by the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne . The phonology , morphology , syntax , and vocabulary of the language show both conservative and innovative tendencies across the entire attestation of the language from the ancient to
1701-420: Is raised above the level of the ventral margin of the orbit (eye socket). The braincase of Hyperodapedon had a longitudinal stapedial canal on the posterior side of the spatulate paroccipital process which the lagenar crest extended laterally to limit the posterior end. The pterygoid of Hyperodapedon lacks a pair of ridges present in other rhynchosaurs, as well as palatal dentition as a whole. The prefrontal
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#17330845724181782-770: Is sometimes called aljamiado , as when Romance languages are written in the Arabic alphabet. Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Greek: Transcription of the example text into Latin alphabet : Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English: Proto-Greek Mycenaean Ancient Koine Medieval Modern Parasuchus hislopi Parasuchus
1863-518: Is spoken by at least 13.5 million people today in Greece, Cyprus, Italy, Albania, Turkey , and the many other countries of the Greek diaspora . Greek roots have been widely used for centuries and continue to be widely used to coin new words in other languages; Greek and Latin are the predominant sources of international scientific vocabulary . Greek has been spoken in the Balkan peninsula since around
1944-758: Is still used internationally for the writing of Ancient Greek . In Greek, the question mark is written as the English semicolon, while the functions of the colon and semicolon are performed by a raised point (•), known as the ano teleia ( άνω τελεία ). In Greek the comma also functions as a silent letter in a handful of Greek words, principally distinguishing ό,τι ( ó,ti , 'whatever') from ότι ( óti , 'that'). Ancient Greek texts often used scriptio continua ('continuous writing'), which means that ancient authors and scribes would write word after word with no spaces or punctuation between words to differentiate or mark boundaries. Boustrophedon , or bi-directional text,
2025-630: Is the Greek alphabet , which has been used for approximately 2,800 years; previously, Greek was recorded in writing systems such as Linear B and the Cypriot syllabary . The alphabet arose from the Phoenician script and was in turn the basis of the Latin , Cyrillic , Coptic , Gothic , and many other writing systems. The Greek language holds a very important place in the history of the Western world. Beginning with
2106-438: Is the namesake of Hyperodapedontinae , a smaller clade meant to encompass Late Triassic rhynchosaurs while excluding more basal taxa such as Rhynchosaurus and stenaulorhynchines . Langer et al. (2000) defined Hyperodapedon as a stem-based taxon that includes all rhynchosaurs closer to Hyperodapedon gordoni than to "Scaphonyx" sulcognathus (a species which was renamed to Teyumbaita in 2010). This definition for
2187-486: The Eastern Mediterranean , in what are today Southern Italy , Turkey , Cyprus , Syria , Lebanon , Israel , Palestine , Egypt , and Libya ; in the area of the Black Sea , in what are today Turkey, Bulgaria , Romania , Ukraine , Russia , Georgia , Armenia , and Azerbaijan ; and, to a lesser extent, in the Western Mediterranean in and around colonies such as Massalia , Monoikos , and Mainake . It
2268-510: The Indo-Iranian languages (see Graeco-Aryan ), but little definitive evidence has been found. In addition, Albanian has also been considered somewhat related to Greek and Armenian, and it has been proposed that they all form a higher-order subgroup along with other extinct languages of the ancient Balkans; this higher-order subgroup is usually termed Palaeo-Balkan , and Greek has a central position in it. Linear B , attested as early as
2349-470: The Ischigualasto Formation of Argentina. Sill also demonstrated the synonymy of Cephalonia lotziana and Scaphonyx fischeri , with fossils of the latter simply having been recrystallized into a more inflated state via diagenetic processes . H. sanjuanensis is regarded as the most abundant fossil organism preserved in the Ischigualasto Formation, making up the majority of fossils found within
2430-544: The holotype of P. hislopi , nor the lectotype of Paradapedon huxleyi. He re-introduced P. hislopi , based on Lydekker's snout fossil and new well-preserved material. To avoid additional confusion, the nondiagnostic holotype of P. hislopi was replaced by a neotype (ISI R 42) with approval from the ICZN (Opinion 2045) following the application of Chatterjee (2001). The partial premaxillary rostrum (snout) originally described by Lydekker, GSI H 20/11,
2511-492: The nominal and verbal systems. The major change in the nominal morphology since the classical stage was the disuse of the dative case (its functions being largely taken over by the genitive ). The verbal system has lost the infinitive , the synthetically -formed future, and perfect tenses and the optative mood . Many have been replaced by periphrastic ( analytical ) forms. Pronouns show distinctions in person (1st, 2nd, and 3rd), number (singular, dual , and plural in
Hyperodapedon - Misplaced Pages Continue
2592-449: The principle of priority . The name Parasuchus was first used by Thomas Henry Huxley (1870) in a faunal list. Since a diagnosis wasn't provided, it would have been considered a nomen nudum at the time. Richard Lydekker (1885) formally described and named P. hislopi , and proposed the family name Parasuchidae . However, Lydekker's description was based on a chimeric syntype , combining fossils from multiple unrelated reptiles:
2673-465: The 3rd millennium BC, or possibly earlier. The earliest written evidence is a Linear B clay tablet found in Messenia that dates to between 1450 and 1350 BC, making Greek the world's oldest recorded living language . Among the Indo-European languages, its date of earliest written attestation is matched only by the now-extinct Anatolian languages . The Greek language is conventionally divided into
2754-486: The Greek alphabet since approximately the 9th century BC. It was created by modifying the Phoenician alphabet , with the innovation of adopting certain letters to represent the vowels. The variant of the alphabet in use today is essentially the late Ionic variant, introduced for writing classical Attic in 403 BC. In classical Greek, as in classical Latin, only upper-case letters existed. The lower-case Greek letters were developed much later by medieval scribes to permit
2835-425: The Greek language are often emphasized. Although Greek has undergone morphological and phonological changes comparable to those seen in other languages, never since classical antiquity has its cultural, literary, and orthographic tradition been interrupted to the extent that one can speak of a new language emerging. Greek speakers today still tend to regard literary works of ancient Greek as part of their own rather than
2916-491: The Greek language was the Cypriot syllabary (also a descendant of Linear A via the intermediate Cypro-Minoan syllabary ), which is closely related to Linear B but uses somewhat different syllabic conventions to represent phoneme sequences. The Cypriot syllabary is attested in Cyprus from the 11th century BC until its gradual abandonment in the late Classical period, in favor of the standard Greek alphabet. Greek has been written in
2997-629: The Greek verb have likewise remained largely the same over the course of the language's history but with significant changes in the number of distinctions within each category and their morphological expression. Greek verbs have synthetic inflectional forms for: Many aspects of the syntax of Greek have remained constant: verbs agree with their subject only, the use of the surviving cases is largely intact (nominative for subjects and predicates, accusative for objects of most verbs and many prepositions, genitive for possessors), articles precede nouns, adpositions are largely prepositional, relative clauses follow
3078-661: The Greek-Albanian border. A significant percentage of Albania's population has knowledge of the Greek language due in part to the Albanian wave of immigration to Greece in the 1980s and '90s and the Greek community in the country. Prior to the Greco-Turkish War and the resulting population exchange in 1923 a very large population of Greek-speakers also existed in Turkey , though very few remain today. A small Greek-speaking community
3159-620: The Lower Maleri Formation, as well as one nearly complete skull form the Tiki Formation that he also assigned to Parasuchus hislopi . Two complete and articulated skeletons that include complete skulls were collected from the Lower Maleri Formation in the vicinity of the Mutapyram village of Adilabad district. Both individuals were roughly 8 ft (2.4 m) in length, lying side by side. The left individual, ISI R 42,
3240-404: The acute during the late 20th century, and it has only been retained in typography . After the writing reform of 1982, most diacritics are no longer used. Since then, Greek has been written mostly in the simplified monotonic orthography (or monotonic system), which employs only the acute accent and the diaeresis. The traditional system, now called the polytonic orthography (or polytonic system),
3321-402: The ancient language; singular and plural alone in later stages), and gender (masculine, feminine, and neuter), and decline for case (from six cases in the earliest forms attested to four in the modern language). Nouns, articles, and adjectives show all the distinctions except for a person. Both attributive and predicative adjectives agree with the noun. The inflectional categories of
Hyperodapedon - Misplaced Pages Continue
3402-578: The clade of Hyperodapedon species. If this is the case, then Hyperodapedon in its broadest form would be a paraphyletic genus rather than an exclusive monophyletic clade. As a result, it has been proposed to split up the genus into multiple genera, with one species each. Several of the new genera had been used in the past ( Scaphonyx for H. sanjuanensis , Macrocephalosaurus for H. mariensis , Paradapedon for H. huxleyi , Supradapedon for H. stockleyi ) while others are newly named ( Beesiiwo , Oryctorhynchus ). The type species H. gordoni would be
3483-404: The early 19th century that was used for literary and official purposes in the newly formed Greek state. In 1976, Dimotiki was declared the official language of Greece, after having incorporated features of Katharevousa and thus giving birth to Standard Modern Greek , used today for all official purposes and in education . The historical unity and continuing identity between the various stages of
3564-602: The epics of Homer , ancient Greek literature includes many works of lasting importance in the European canon . Greek is also the language in which many of the foundational texts in science and philosophy were originally composed. The New Testament of the Christian Bible was also originally written in Greek. Together with the Latin texts and traditions of the Roman world , the Greek texts and Greek societies of antiquity constitute
3645-519: The first 100 metres (328 ft) of the formation. Hyperodapedon huenei was named by Langer & Schultz (2000), in the same publication which transferred H. sanjuanensis into the genus. The specific name honors Friedrich von Huene. H. huenei is another Brazilian species from the Upper Santa Maria Formation. The holotype is a large and well-preserved skull, UFRGS PV0132T. Only a few other maxilla and dentary fragments were referred to
3726-452: The following periods: In the modern era, the Greek language entered a state of diglossia : the coexistence of vernacular and archaizing written forms of the language. What came to be known as the Greek language question was a polarization between two competing varieties of Modern Greek: Dimotiki , the vernacular form of Modern Greek proper, and Katharevousa , meaning 'purified', a compromise between Dimotiki and Ancient Greek developed in
3807-1019: The genus is reliant on the assumption that Teyumbaita is the sister taxon to Hyperodapedon , rather than deeply nested within it. The cladogram below is based on the phylogenetic analysis of Mukherjee & Ray (2014), a study which supports the definition provided by Langer et al. (2000): Isalorhynchus genovefae [REDACTED] Teyumbaita sulcognathus [REDACTED] H. huenei [REDACTED] H. mariensis ( Macrocephalosaurus ) [REDACTED] H. sanjuanensis [REDACTED] H. sp from Wolfville ( Oryctorhynchus ) [REDACTED] H. sp from India [REDACTED] H. huxleyi ( Paradapedon ) [REDACTED] H. gordoni [REDACTED] H. sp from Wyoming ( Beesiiwo ) [REDACTED] H. sp from Zimbabwe [REDACTED] H. tikiensis [REDACTED] Supradapedon stockleyi [REDACTED] Valid species that were first assigned to Scaphonyx . Other studies have nested Teyumbaita deep within
3888-439: The infinitive entirely (employing a raft of new periphrastic constructions instead) and uses participles more restrictively. The loss of the dative led to a rise of prepositional indirect objects (and the use of the genitive to directly mark these as well). Ancient Greek tended to be verb-final, but neutral word order in the modern language is VSO or SVO. Modern Greek inherits most of its vocabulary from Ancient Greek, which in turn
3969-463: The late 15th century BC, was the first script used to write Greek. It is basically a syllabary , which was finally deciphered by Michael Ventris and John Chadwick in the 1950s (its precursor, Linear A , has not been deciphered and most likely encodes a non-Greek language). The language of the Linear B texts, Mycenaean Greek , is the earliest known form of Greek. Another similar system used to write
4050-457: The lateral portion. Both conditions are similar to more basal rhynchosaurs but unlike other species of Hyperodapedon . Hyperodapedon tikiensis was named by Mukherjee & Ray (2014) from the Tiki Formation in the Rewa Basin of India. This diagnosis of this species relies on several features of the cranial and postcranial skeleton. Cranial autapomorphies (unique diagnostic features) include
4131-401: The material undiagnostic. Sankar Chatterjee (1978) described many complete remains of the Indian parasuchian and showed that it is not assignable either to Brachysuchus (which is closely related to or synonymous with Angistorhinus ), or to Phytosaurus (a dubious name , probably the senior synonym of Nicrosaurus ). He argued that the rhynchosaur basicranium qualifies as neither
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#17330845724184212-621: The membership of Greece and Cyprus in the European Union, Greek is one of the organization's 24 official languages . Greek is recognized as a minority language in Albania, and used co-officially in some of its municipalities, in the districts of Gjirokastër and Sarandë . It is also an official minority language in the regions of Apulia and Calabria in Italy. In the framework of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages , Greek
4293-546: The mid dorsal vertebrae, a long scapular blade, a pronounced deltopectoral crest, and a proximal humeral end which is broader at the distal end. Hyperodapedon was a stocky and heavily built animal with thick limbs and a broad skull and body. H. gordoni had a total length around 1.3 metres (4.3 ft), with a skull length of 13 to 18 centimetres (5.1 to 7.1 in). The largest species, H. huxleyi , had an estimated skull length around 42 centimetres (17 in). Apart from its beak, it had several rows of teeth on each side of
4374-441: The modern period. The division into conventional periods is, as with all such periodizations, relatively arbitrary, especially because, in all periods, Ancient Greek has enjoyed high prestige, and the literate borrowed heavily from it. Across its history, the syllabic structure of Greek has varied little: Greek shows a mixed syllable structure, permitting complex syllabic onsets but very restricted codas. It has only oral vowels and
4455-456: The most complete phytosaurs known to date. Additionally, Parasuchus has been found as one of the most primitive phytosaurs in phylogenetic analyses of Phytosauria, making it very significant for understanding the origin of the Phytosauria. Some studies, like Chatterjee (1978) and Lucas et al. (2007), synonymized Parasuchus with another basal phytosaur, Paleorhinus . If this is the case,
4536-424: The name Parasuchus would have precedence over Paleorhinus because Paleorhinus was named in 1904, nineteen years after Parasuchus was named. A phylogenetic analysis conducted by Kammerer et al. (2016) confirmed that Parasuchus hislopi is nested within the least inclusive clade containing the species Paleorhinus bransoni and Paleorhinus angustifrons . The authors thus considered the genus Parasuchus to be
4617-423: The name Parasuchus hislopi , as he considered the name to apply to the rhynchosaur braincase first and foremost, which was certainly referrable to Paradapedon huxleyi . Chatterjee (1974) disagreed, noting that the braincase had no special status relative to the other fossils, as it was merely a syntype rather than a holotype. He separated the braincase from Parasuchus hislopi and named a phytosaur snout fragment as
4698-539: The names " Scaphonyx fischeri " and " Scaphonyx" sanjuanensis prior to formally being referred to Hyperodapedon in 2000. Arthur Smith Woodward (1907) named a new genus and species, Scaphonyx fischeri , for a small number of reptile vertebrae and phalanges from the Upper Santa Maria Formation , in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul . The genus name Scaphonyx (meaning canoe claw ) referred to
4779-438: The new genus Paradapedon for the species. All fossils referred to Paradapedon were redescribed by Indian-American paleontologist Sankar Chatterjee in 1974. For much of the 20th century, Paradapedon huxleyi was entangled with debates over the validity of Parasuchus hislopi , a species which was first mentioned by Huxley (1870) and formally described by Lydekker (1885). One of the syntype fossils of Parasuchus hislopi
4860-399: The noun they modify and relative pronouns are clause-initial. However, the morphological changes also have their counterparts in the syntax, and there are also significant differences between the syntax of the ancient and that of the modern form of the language . Ancient Greek made great use of participial constructions and of constructions involving the infinitive, and the modern variety lacks
4941-521: The objects of study of the discipline of Classics . During antiquity , Greek was by far the most widely spoken lingua franca in the Mediterranean world . It eventually became the official language of the Byzantine Empire and developed into Medieval Greek . In its modern form , Greek is the official language of Greece and Cyprus and one of the 24 official languages of the European Union . It
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#17330845724185022-706: The older periods of Greek, loanwords into Greek acquired Greek inflections, thus leaving only a foreign root word. Modern borrowings (from the 20th century on), especially from French and English, are typically not inflected; other modern borrowings are derived from Albanian , South Slavic ( Macedonian / Bulgarian ) and Eastern Romance languages ( Aromanian and Megleno-Romanian ). Greek words have been widely borrowed into other languages, including English. Example words include: mathematics , physics , astronomy , democracy , philosophy , athletics , theatre, rhetoric , baptism , evangelist , etc. Moreover, Greek words and word elements continue to be productive as
5103-686: The only species left in the genus under this narrow interpretation. The following cladogram is based on the phylogenetic analysis by Fitch et al. (2023): Isalorhynchus genovefae Beesiiwo cooowuse Oryctorhynchus bairdi Hyperodapedon gordoni "Zimbabwe Form" Paradapedon huxleyi Scaphonyx sanjuanensis Macrocephalosaurus mariensis "Hyperodapedon" tikiensis Supradapedon stockleyi "Hyperodapedon" huenei Teyumbaita sulcognathus Greek language Greek ( Modern Greek : Ελληνικά , romanized : Elliniká , [eliniˈka] ; Ancient Greek : Ἑλληνική , romanized : Hellēnikḗ )
5184-405: The reptile fossils he had collected: Cephalonia , Cephalastron , Cephalostronius , and Scaphonychimus . By 1942, he had lumped all of these remains into either Cephalonia lotziana (a gracile form) or Scaphonyx fischeri (a robust form), while recognizing their rhynchosaurian affinities. The name "Scaphonyx" sanjuanensis was established by Sill (1970) in reference to rhynchosaur fossils from
5265-474: The same locality as the neotype, three isolated conjoined basioccipital/basisphenoids (ISI R 45-47) were also recovered. A couple of miles north of that locality, near the Venkatapur village , two more excellently preserved skulls were found. ISI R 160 represents an isolated but nearly complete skull, while ISI R 161 represents partial skull and articulated postcranial remains. Finally,
5346-416: The scoop-like shape of the reptile's claws, while the species name honors Dr. Jango Fischer, who discovered the fossils in 1902. At the time Woodward considered Scaphonyx fischeri to be a short-necked dinosaur closely related to Euskelosaurus . Further collection from the same area by Friedrich von Huene produced more extensive fossil material. Huene (1926) informally proposed multiple new names to describe
5427-410: The species in its initial description. Diagnostic features of H. huenei include the absence of an infraorbital foramen, a single dentary blade, and fusion between the supraoocipital and opisthotic bones of the braincase. In addition, the rear portion of the maxillary tooth plate has a secondary wear groove alongside the main longitudinal groove, and the medial portion of the tooth plate is broader than
5508-437: The stressed vowel; the so-called breathing marks ( rough and smooth breathing ), originally used to signal presence or absence of word-initial /h/; and the diaeresis , used to mark the full syllabic value of a vowel that would otherwise be read as part of a diphthong. These marks were introduced during the course of the Hellenistic period. Actual usage of the grave in handwriting saw a rapid decline in favor of uniform usage of
5589-485: The upper jaw, and a single row on each side of the lower jaw, creating a powerful chopping action when it ate. The tooth rows of the upper jaw were hosted by tooth plates formed by the fusion of the maxilla and palatine bones. The tooth plates have even rows of small conical teeth, separated by a longitudinal groove which receives the teeth of the lower jaw. The teeth had open roots which could not be replaced like other reptiles . The upper temporal bar faces dorsally and
5670-422: Was a collection of bones including a partial braincase, osteoderms (bony scutes), teeth, and other associated material. The braincase was later identified as belonging to a rhynchosaur, but the other bones in the syntype are from a carnivorous phytosaur . This would make the syntype a chimera , comprising fossil material from two unrelated animal species. To remedy this issue, von Huene (1940) elected to abandon
5751-568: Was a distinct dialect of Greek itself. Aside from the Macedonian question, current consensus regards Phrygian as the closest relative of Greek, since they share a number of phonological, morphological and lexical isoglosses , with some being exclusive between them. Scholars have proposed a Graeco-Phrygian subgroup out of which Greek and Phrygian originated. Among living languages, some Indo-Europeanists suggest that Greek may be most closely related to Armenian (see Graeco-Armenian ) or
5832-768: Was added as a postscript to Roderick Murchison 's broader discussion on the age of the Elgin area sandstones. Hyperodapedon was the third reptile to be discovered in the area, behind Stagonolepis and " Telerpeton" ( Leptopleuron ), and reinforced Huxley's new hypothesis that the Lossiemouth Sandstone was Mesozoic in age, rather than Paleozoic. Both Murchison's talk and Huxley's postscript were published in print in 1859. Huxley described Hyperodapedon gordoni in further detail in 1869 and 1887. Additional specimens were listed or described by Lydekker (1888) and Burckhardt (1900). A complete redescription of all H. gordoni material
5913-549: Was also used as the official language of government and religion in the Christian Nubian kingdoms , for most of their history. Greek, in its modern form, is the official language of Greece, where it is spoken by almost the entire population. It is also the official language of Cyprus (nominally alongside Turkish ) and the British Overseas Territory of Akrotiri and Dhekelia (alongside English ). Because of
5994-546: Was also used in Ancient Greek. Greek has occasionally been written in the Latin script , especially in areas under Venetian rule or by Greek Catholics . The term Frankolevantinika / Φραγκολεβαντίνικα applies when the Latin script is used to write Greek in the cultural ambit of Catholicism (because Frankos / Φράγκος is an older Greek term for West-European dating to when most of (Roman Catholic Christian) West Europe
6075-515: Was chosen as the lectotype of Parasuchus hislopi by Sankar Chatterjee. GSI H 20/11 was collected from the Lower Maleri Formation ( Pranhita–Godavari Basin ), near the Maleri village of Adilabad district , Andhra Pradesh. The lectotype was rendered obsolete when neotype fossils were approved for the genus in 2003. Sankar Chatterjee later described more comprehensive remains from
6156-406: Was considered an undiagnostic chimera until new neotype fossils were described in the late 1970s. Parasuchus hislopi and the two unambiguously valid species of Paleorhinus ( P. bransoni and P. angustifrons ) are all closely related; some authors have historically described them all under the species Paleorhinus , while others place the two Paleorhinus species into Parasuchus according to
6237-466: Was first described and named by Richard Lydekker in 1885 and the type species is Parasuchus hislopi . The generic name is derived from the Greek para /παρα meaning "beside" or "near" and suchus from the Greek souchos , which refers to the Egyptian crocodile-headed god Sobek . The specific name , hislopi , honors Hislop who drawn attention in 1854 to the red clays near Maleri village in which
6318-402: Was named by English naturalist Richard Lydekker in 1881 based on fossils from the Lower Maleri Formation of India. It was described in more detail by the same author in 1885. Lydekker used the genus Hyperodapedon for the species, but German paleontologist Friedrich von Huene was of the opinion that it constituted a new genus closely related to Hyperodapedon . In 1938, von Huene established
6399-566: Was under the control of the Frankish Empire ). Frankochiotika / Φραγκοχιώτικα (meaning 'Catholic Chiot') alludes to the significant presence of Catholic missionaries based on the island of Chios . Additionally, the term Greeklish is often used when the Greek language is written in a Latin script in online communications. The Latin script is nowadays used by the Greek-speaking communities of Southern Italy . The Yevanic dialect
6480-403: Was undertaken by Michael Benton in 1983. T.H. Huxley found many series of subcylindrical palatal teeth which was the main trait of Hyperodapedon . Huxley was able to distinguish Hyperodapedon from Rhynchosaurus articeps by the maxillary tooth rows. Later on, Lydekker realized that Hyperodapedon have more than two rows of teeth in both the maxilla and palatine. Hyperodapedon huxleyi
6561-653: Was written by Romaniote and Constantinopolitan Karaite Jews using the Hebrew Alphabet . In a tradition, that in modern time, has come to be known as Greek Aljamiado , some Greek Muslims from Crete wrote their Cretan Greek in the Arabic alphabet . The same happened among Epirote Muslims in Ioannina . This also happened among Arabic-speaking Byzantine rite Christians in the Levant ( Lebanon , Palestine, and Syria ). This usage
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