Saul Kassin is an American academic, who serves as a professor of psychology at the City University of New York 's John Jay College of Criminal Justice and Massachusetts Professor Emeritus of Psychology at Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts .
72-755: Kassin was born in 1953 in Brooklyn, and then in Belle Harbor, New York. He had attended Brooklyn College from 1971 to 1974 and graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree. While there, he helped run experiments on implicit learning for cognitive psychologist Arthur S. Reber . From 1973 to 1978, he attended the University of Connecticut in Storrs, Connecticut, where he received his Ph.D. in personality and social psychology. From there, he began his psychology and law career by studying jury decision making with Lawrence S. Wrightsman at
144-588: A 2010 AP-LS White Paper called "Police-Induced Confessions: Risk Factors and Recommendations." Over the years, Kassin has published many other empirical articles on the subject of confessions and has introduced such terms as positive coercion bias, minimization and maximization, guilt-presumptive interrogation, the phenomenology of innocence, and the forensic confirmation bias In recent articles, he explains why judges, juries, and others tend to believe false confessions even when contradicted eyewitnesses, alibis, DNA, and other evidence. In 2018, he and his colleagues published
216-508: A Brooklyn College Foundation Presidential Scholarship of up to $ 4,000 for every year of their undergraduate study at Brooklyn College and a laptop computer. The Coordinated Honors Engineering Program offers a course of study equivalent to the first two years at any engineering school. Students who maintain the required academic level are guaranteed transfer to one of the three coordinating schools— New York University Tandon School of Engineering , City College of New York School of Engineering, and
288-732: A Brooklyn College Foundation Presidential Scholarship that provides full tuition for their two years of full-time undergraduate study in the Coordinated Engineering Program. As members of the Honors Academy, Engineering Honors students take advantage of individual advising, faculty consultation, and early registration. In the Commons they find study facilities, computer access, academic, scholarship, internship, and career opportunities, and, above all, intellectual stimulation among other talented students like themselves. Students applying to
360-806: A book of memoirs contributed by legendary social psychologists. For his work on false confessions, Kassin has won lifetime contribution awards from the International Investigative Interviewing Research Group (iiiRG), the American Psychology-Law Society (AP-LS), and the European Association of Psychology and the Law (EAPL). In 2017, he received the American Psychological Association (APA) Award for Distinguished Contributions to Psychology in
432-514: A chair of the Puerto Rican Studies Department different from that of the person selected by a faculty search committee. Defying a judge's temporary court order to leave the building, the protesters were supported at a rallies outside Boylan Hall by many student groups and the alumni association, but Kneller refused to rescind his controversial appointment. Protests flared up again in the spring 1975 semester with another takeover of
504-662: A new building, Koppelman Hall, on property adjacent to the 26-acre campus bought in 2011. This increased the campus size to 35 acres. For four straight years, starting in 2018, U.S. News & World Report named Brooklyn College the most ethnically diverse college in the North Region. Brooklyn College has five schools: Beginning in 1981, the college instituted a group of classes that all undergraduates were required to take, called "Core Studies". The classes were: Classical Origins of Western Culture, Introduction to Art, Introduction to Music, People, Power, and Politics, The Shaping of
576-512: A newly-appointed dean of administration, Dante Negro, said he was not bothered by the students' more casual dress "that makes it hard to distinguish between the sexes," calling it "a passing fad." On October 21, 1967, a front-page story in The New York Times reported that the college was virtually closed down by a strike of thousands of students angered by police action against antiwar demonstrators protesting U.S. Navy recruiters earlier in
648-653: A number of Pulitzer Prize winners: author Frank McCourt (M.A. 1967), playwrights Howard Sackler (B.A. 1950) and Annie Baker (M.F.A. 2009), journalists Sylvan Fox (B.A. 1951), Stanley Penn (1947), and Harold C. Schonberg (B.A. 1937), photographer Max Desfor , and historian Oscar Handlin (B.A. 1934). Other notable alumni include Olympic fencers Ralph Goldstein and Nikki Franke (B.S. 1972), chess grandmaster and five-time U.S. champion Gata Kamsky (B.A. 1999), Jewish Defense League founder Meir Kahane (B.A. 1954), and civil rights activist Al Sharpton (1975). Innocence Project Innocence Project, Inc.
720-503: A number of podcasts - including Shankar Vedantam's Hidden Brain , Dax Shepard's Armchair Expert , and Erin Moriarty's My Life of Crime - and documentaries such as the 2012 film by Ken Burns, Sarah Burns, and David McMahon titled The Central Park Five . To raise public awareness, Kassin has also written several newspaper editorials and an article on the false confessions that surrounded the infamous 1964 killing of Kitty Genovese . Kassin
792-490: A rigorous selection process, with a maximum of 15 students selected every year. Each student selected to the program receives a Brooklyn College Presidential Scholarship. B.A.–M.D. students must engage in community service for three years, beginning in their lower sophomore semester. During one summer of their undergraduate studies, students are required to volunteer in a clinical setting where they are involved in direct patient care . B.A.–M.D. students are encouraged to major in
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#1733092841869864-563: A severe budget crunch in the 1988-1989 school year due to reductions in state financing; this resulted in fewer courses, larger classes, no new faculty and staff hirings, supply shortages, and deferral of maintenance of buildings and grounds. Vernon Lattin was the seventh president of Brooklyn College, from 1992 to 2000. During Lattin's tenure, Brooklyn College began a complete overhaul of campus buildings and vastly improved computer and Internet access for students and faculty. The college returned to intercollegiate sports competition and
936-416: A stringent entrance exam. In 1932, architect Randolph Evans drafted a plan for the campus on a substantial plot that his employer owned in Brooklyn's Midwood section. Evans sketched a Georgian campus facing a central quadrangle , and anchored by a library building with a tower. Evans presented the sketches to the college's then president, Dr. William A. Boylan , who approved the layout. The land
1008-510: A strong general education, and was the only public institution among the top five. As of 1989, Brooklyn College ranked 11th in the US, and ahead of six of the eight Ivy League universities, by number of graduates who had acquired doctoral degrees. At Brooklyn College being called “the poor man’s Harvard,” President Hess quipped, “I like to think of Harvard as the rich man’s Brooklyn College.” Even as Brooklyn College rebounded academically, it suffered
1080-511: A survey of confession experts worldwide that indicated the consensus of opinions within the scientific community. Kassin has long advocated for the mandatory video recording of suspect interviews and interrogations from start to finish. With funding support from the National Science Foundation, he and his colleagues conducted a series of experiments on the effects of video recording on police, suspects, and lay fact finders, including
1152-517: A taxonomy that distinguished three types of false confessions—voluntary, compliant, and internalized. This classification scheme is commonly used. Kassin created the first laboratory research methods (the most notable being the computer crash experiment) used in forensic psychology to study the problems with certain types of police interrogation techniques and why innocent people confess. Along with fellow experts Steven Drizin , Thomas Grisso, Gisli Gudjonsson , Richard Leo , and Allison Redlich, he wrote
1224-718: A two-year M.F.A. in Cinema Arts in the discipline of Producing , and a three-year M.F.A in Cinema Arts with five disciplines of Cinematography , Directing , Post-production , Screenwriting , and Digital Arts and Visual Effects. The school opened in the fall of 2015. The first graduating class was in Spring 2018. U.S. News & World Report ranked the school tied for 62nd overall as a Regional college (North region), 6th in "Top Performers on Social Mobility", 15th in "Top Public Schools", and tied for 33rd in "Best Colleges for Veterans" for 2021. Brooklyn College athletic teams are nicknamed
1296-534: Is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit legal organization that works to exonerate the wrongly convicted through DNA testing and other forms of post-conviction relief, as well as advocate for criminal justice reform to prevent future injustice . The group cites various studies estimating that in the United States between 1% and 10% of all prisoners are innocent. The Innocence Project was founded in 1992 by Barry Scheck and Peter Neufeld who gained national attention in
1368-611: Is a public university in Brooklyn in New York City , United States. It is part of the City University of New York system and as of 2019 enrolls over 17,000 undergraduate and over 2,800 graduate students on a 35-acre (14 ha) campus in the Midwood and Flatbush sections of Brooklyn. New York City's first public coeducational liberal arts college , the college was formed in 1930 by
1440-477: Is a founding member of the Innocence Network , a coalition of independent organizations and advocates, including law schools , journalism schools , and public defense offices that collaborate to help convicted felons prove their innocence. As of 2021 , there were 68 organizations in the network, operating in all 50 US states and 12 other countries, and had helped exonerate 625 people. In South Africa,
1512-420: Is a staunch critic of deceptive interrogation tactics that can cause innocent people to confess. In light of research showing that Miranda does not protect the innocent, he is also a vocal advocate for the requirement that all interrogations be videotaped in their entirety—without exception. Kassin is best known for pioneering the scientific study of false confessions. In 1985, he and Lawrence Wrightsman introduced
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#17330928418691584-529: Is available to be tested or retested. DNA testing is possible in 5–10% of criminal cases. Other members of the Innocence Network also help to exonerate those in whose cases DNA testing is not possible. In addition to working on behalf of those who may have been wrongfully convicted of crimes throughout the United States, those working for the Innocence Project perform research and advocacy related to
1656-573: Is the headquarters of the Innocence Network , a group of nearly 70 independent innocence organizations worldwide. One such example exists in the Republic of Ireland where in 2009 a project was set up at Griffith College Dublin . The Innocence Project's mission is "to free the staggering number of innocent people who remain incarcerated, and to bring reform to the system responsible for their unjust imprisonment." The Innocence Project focuses exclusively on post-conviction appeals in which DNA evidence
1728-451: Is titled DUPED: Why Innocent People Confess - And Why We Believe Their Confessions. Combining real cases and psychological research, this book describes how this unimaginable aspect of human behavior happens and then how false confessions corrupt forensics and other evidence, forces guilty pleas, blinds judges and juries, and stigmatizes defendants their entire lives—even after they are exonerated. Brooklyn College Brooklyn College
1800-626: The George Gershwin . Gershwin Hall was demolished and replaced by The Leonard & Claire Tow Center for the Performing Arts, for which ground was broken in 2011. The performing arts center was named for alumni Leonard and Claire Tow, who gifted $ 10 million to the college. Other changes to the original design include the demolition of Plaza Building, due to its inefficient use of space, poor ventilation, and significant maintenance costs. To replace
1872-665: The University of Kansas in Lawrence, Kansas. After two years at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana, he started at Williams College in 1981, where he spent most of his career. In 1984–85, while on sabbatical from Williams, Kassin was awarded a U.S. Supreme Court Judicial Fellowship and worked at the Federal Judicial Center in Washington, DC . In 1985–86, worked as a postdoctoral fellow at Stanford University . Over
1944-833: The humanities or social sciences . The Scholars Program is home to a small number of students with strong writing ability and academic record. Being the oldest honors program in the CUNY system, The Scholars Program has served as a model for many other honors programs nationwide. It was established in 1960 and is an interdisciplinary liberal arts program. The program offers honors-level Core courses and seminars as well as small, personalized classes. Upon graduation from Brooklyn College, many Scholars continue their education in competitive programs at top-ranked universities like Princeton, Yale, and New York University. The program accepts incoming freshmen in addition to matriculated sophomores and transfer students (up to 48 credits). Once admitted, they receive
2016-402: The 1991–92 academic year. Men's sports include basketball, cheerleading, cross country, soccer, swimming & diving, tennis and volleyball; while women's sports include basketball, cheerleading, cross country, soccer, softball, swimming & diving, tennis and volleyball. Their basketball program would find infamy for being the first reported incident of a potential bribe to fix a game against
2088-542: The 2003 edition of The Best 345 Colleges , the Princeton Review named Brooklyn College as the most beautiful campus in the country and ranked it fifth in the nation for "Best Academic Bang for the Buck". Karen L. Gould was named the ninth president of Brooklyn College in 2009. Among her accomplishments were creating a new graduate film school and four new academic schools, new athletic fields, and increasing enrollment in
2160-599: The Best Humanitarian & Services campaign in both the brand and non-profit categories. Happiest Moments was the organization's first-ever public service announcement that premiered in June 2021 and was produced by Hayden5 . The Innocence Project was established in the wake of a study by the U.S. Department of Justice and U.S. Senate , in conjunction with Yeshiva University 's Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law , which claimed that incorrect identification by eyewitnesses
2232-710: The Bulldogs. The college is a member at the Division III level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA); primarily competing in the City University of New York Athletic Conference (CUNYAC) since the 1996–97 academic year (which they also competed in a previous stint from 1978–79 to 1979–80). The Bulldogs previously competed in the East Coast Conference at the Division I level during
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2304-575: The College of Staten Island Engineering Science Program—to complete their bachelor's degree in engineering. Coordinating Engineering students have also transferred to the New York Institute of Technology , Stony Brook University , University of Wisconsin , University of Michigan , Cooper Union , and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Students admitted as incoming First-Year receive
2376-808: The Engineering Honors Program will also be considered for the Scholars Program. Barry R. Feirstein Graduate School of Cinema is the first public graduate film school in New York City. It is the only film school in America to have its own classroom on a film lot with the collaboration of Steiner Studios , the largest soundstage on the East Coast. The program offers a two-year M.A. in Cinema Studies,
2448-472: The Innocence Project is evaluating 6,000 to 8,000 potential cases. In addition to their co-directors and a managing attorney, the Innocence Project has six full-time staff attorneys and nearly 300 active cases. In almost half of the cases that the Innocence Project takes on, the clients' guilt is reconfirmed by DNA testing. Of all the cases taken on by the Innocence Project so far, about 43% of clients were proven innocent, 42% were confirmed guilty, and evidence
2520-698: The Midwood campus as the Brooklyn College's only campus. In the fall of 1976, with some 30,000 undergraduates enrolled, the college charged tuition for the first time. In January 1978, the college's Faculty Council approved a vote of "no confidence" in President Kneller on Wednesday and recommended to the Board of Higher Education that he be replaced. Brooklyn College's sixth president was Robert Hess , who served from 1979 to 1992. Hess initiated major changes in
2592-633: The Modern World, Introduction to Mathematical Reasoning and Computer Programming, Landmarks of Literature, Chemistry, Physics, Biology, Geology, Studies in African, Asian, and Latin American Cultures, and Knowledge, Existence and Values. In 2006, the Core Curriculum was revamped, and the 13 required courses were replaced with 15 courses in 3 disciplines, from which students were required to take 11. In
2664-502: The Municipal University of Akron (now just the University of Akron ) on January 29, 1945, leading to five arrests against Brooklyn College's players in question. Another former basketball player of theirs, a previous captain named David Budin, would later be involved as a part of the 1961 NCAA University Division men's basketball gambling scandal as a late addition for Jack Molinas ' rigging group in question. The football field
2736-710: The Plaza Building, the college constructed West Quad Center, designed by the notable Uruguayan architect Rafael Viñoly . The new building contains classroom space, offices, gymnasiums and a swimming pool. It houses the offices of Registration, Admissions, Financial Aid, and the Department of Physical Education and Exercise Science. The grounds contain a quadrangle with grassy areas and trees. New façades are being constructed on Roosevelt and James halls where they once connected with Plaza Building. The 2009–10 CUNYAC championship men's basketball team now plays its home games in
2808-648: The Public Interest. In 2021, he received the James McKeen Cattell Lifetime Achievement Award for Applied Research from the Association for Psychological Science (APS). Kassin was the president of Division 41 of APA, a.k.a. AP-LS. He continues to teach, research, write, and lecture to various groups in the area of social psychology and the law. He has appeared as a guest analyst on several major TV networks and syndicated news shows and in
2880-467: The West Quad Center. This followed a major $ 70 million library renovation completed in 2003 that saw the library moved to a temporary home while construction took place. The Brooklyn College library is now located in its original location in a completely renovated and expanded LaGuardia Hall. From 2000 to 2009 when he retired, Christoph M. Kimmich was the eighth president of Brooklyn College. In
2952-836: The arts include Academy , Emmy , and Tony Award –winning director, writer, and actor Mel Brooks (born Melvin Kaminsky; 1946), Golden Globe Award –winning actor James Franco (M.F.A. 2009), Emmy Award –winning actor Jimmy Smits (B.A. 1980), Academy Award–winning screenwriter Frank Tarloff (B.A.), Academy Award-nominated filmmakers Paul Mazursky (B.A. 1952) and Oren Moverman (B.A. 1992), Sopranos stars Steve Schirripa (B.A. 1980) and Dominic Chianese (B.A. 1961), director Joel Zwick (1962; M.A. 1968), Grammy Award winner Peter Nero (born Bernard Nierow; B.A. 1956), O. Henry Award –winning author Irwin Shaw (born Irwin Shamforoff; B.A. 1934); and
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3024-617: The causes of wrongful convictions . Some of the Innocence Project's successes have resulted in releasing people from death row . The successes of the project have fueled American opposition to the death penalty and have likely been a factor in the decision by some American states to institute moratoria on criminal executions. In District Attorney's Office v. Osborne (2009), US Supreme Court Chief Justice Roberts wrote that post-conviction challenge "poses questions to our criminal justice systems and our traditional notions of finality better left to elected officials than federal judges." In
3096-470: The college chess team won U.S. and international championships. Lattin was also president at the time of the first individual million-dollar donation to the Brooklyn College Foundation. Brooklyn College's campus leafy East Quad looks much like it did when it was originally constructed. The campus also serves as home to BCBC/ Brooklyn College Presents complex and its four theaters, including
3168-619: The college curriculum, mandating a standard core for all students. Implementation of the new curriculum was aided by a large grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities. By 1984, in a national report's otherwise gloomy assessment of humanities education, Brooklyn College was singled out as "a bright spot" among American universities for stressing the study of the humanities. In a 1988 survey of thousands of American college deans, Brooklyn College ranked 5th in providing students with
3240-486: The college's students were involved in campus protests involving racial issues. In May 1968, Brooklyn College news again made the front page of The New York Times when police broke up a 16-hour sit-in at the registrar's office to demand that more Black and Puerto Rican students be admitted to the school. At trial, a Black Brooklyn judge reacted angrily when one student said they had been reacting to racism and sentenced him and 32 other white students to five days in jail for
3312-482: The fall 1937 semester. In the 1940s, Boylan, Ingersoll, Roosevelt and La Guardia each became namesake of a campus building. During the tenure of its second president, Harry Gideonse , from 1939 to 1966, Brooklyn College ranked high nationally in number of alumni with doctorate degrees. As academics fled Nazi Germany , nearly a third of refugee historians who were female would at some point work at Brooklyn College. In 1944, sociologist Marion Vera Cuthbert became
3384-462: The fall of 2013, Brooklyn College embarked on CUNY's new general education alternative, the Pathways curriculum, consisting of three components: Required Core (four courses), Flexible Core (six courses) and College Option (four courses)—totaling 42 credits. Brooklyn College offers over a hundred majors varying from the visual arts to Women's Studies. The Division of Graduate Studies at Brooklyn College
3456-589: The first fully randomized field experiment involving actual suspects. The results have all been published. Kassin's work is cited all over the world. He has worked on many high-profile cases and with the Innocence Project to use psychology to help prevent and correct wrongful convictions. He has testified as an expert witness in state, federal, and military courts and was the subject of a feature article published in SCIENCE. Published in June 2022, Kassin's newer book
3528-473: The first permanent black faculty member appointed at any of the New York municipal colleges. And in 1956, with John Hope Franklin joining, Brooklyn College became the first "white" college to hire on a permanent basis a historian who was black. In 1959, still tuition-free, about 8,000 undergraduates were enrolled. In 1962, the college joined six other colleges to form the City University of New York , creating
3600-704: The innocents" into demanding more freedom on campus, leading the New York Civil Liberties Union to criticize Gideonse for "his efforts to smear student groups at the college with the Communist label." Also in 1965, student protests forced the Gideonse administration to rescind new, stricter dress rules that forbade male students from wearing dungarees or sweatshirts on campus at any time and mandated that female students wear skirts and blouses even in extremely cold weather. After Gideonse's retirement in June 1966,
3672-434: The local, state and federal levels of law enforcement, legislators, and other programs to prevent further wrongful convictions. All potential clients go through an extensive screening process to determine whether or not they are likely to be innocent. If they pass the process, the Innocence Project takes up their case, resources permitting. About 2,400 prisoners write to the Innocence Project annually, and at any given time
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#17330928418693744-674: The merger of the Brooklyn branches of Hunter College (centered in Manhattan ), then a women's college , and of the City College of New York (also Manhattan), then a men's college , both established in 1926. Once tuition-free, the city's 1975 fiscal crisis ended the free tuition policy. The college also consolidated to its main campus. Prominent alumni of Brooklyn College include US senators, federal judges, US financial chairmen, Olympians, CEOs, and recipients of Academy Awards , Emmy Awards , Pulitzer Prizes , and Nobel Prizes . Brooklyn College
3816-558: The mid-1990s as part of the " Dream Team " of lawyers who formed part of the defense in the O. J. Simpson murder case . As of 2021 , the Innocence Project has helped to successfully overturn over 300 convictions through DNA-based exonerations. In 2021, Innocence Project received the biennial Milton Friedman Prize for Advancing Liberty by Cato Institute , awarded in recognition and gratitude for its work to ensure liberty and justice for all. In March 2022, The Innocence Project won two Webby Awards for its Happiest Moments video, winning
3888-521: The opinion, another justice wrote that forensic science has "serious deficiencies". Roberts also said that post-conviction DNA testing risks "unnecessarily overthrowing the established system of criminal justice." Law professor Kevin Jon Heller wrote: "It might lead to a reasonably accurate one." The Innocence Project, as of June 2018, receives 55% of its funding from individual contributions, 16% from foundations, 16% from events, 8% from investments, and
3960-525: The president's office and other buildings during a student strike upon the Kent State shootings and the Cambodian Campaign . President Kneller terminated classes, but kept campus buildings open for students and faculty, obtaining a court order against students occupying buildings. In October 1974, 200 Hispanic students took over the registrar's office to protest President Kneller's appointment of
4032-552: The registrar's office. By January 1976, the college's faculty union voted "no confidence" in Kneller, charging that he "consistently ignored faculty rights" and failed to provide leadership. Brooklyn College, along with the rest of CUNY, shut down for two weeks in May and June 1976 as the university was unable to pay its bills. Amid New York City's financial crisis, near bankruptcy, Brooklyn College's campus in downtown Brooklyn closed, leaving
4104-514: The remaining 5% from corporations, Yeshiva University, and other sources. The Innocence Project originated in New York City but accepts cases from other parts of the country. The majority of clients helped are of low socio-economic status and have used all possible legal options for justice. Many clients hope that DNA evidence will prove their innocence, as the emergence of DNA testing allows those who have been wrongly convicted of crimes to challenge their cases. The Innocence Project also works with
4176-684: The sciences and academia include Nobel Prize –winning biochemist Stanley Cohen (B.A. 1943), Fields Medal –winning mathematician Paul Cohen (1953), social psychologists Stanley Milgram (B.A. 1954) and Philip Zimbardo (B.A. 1954), Harvard Law School professor and author Alan M. Dershowitz (A.B. 1959), Columbia Law School Dean Barbara Aronstein Black (B.A. 1953), California State University Chancellor Barry Munitz (B.A. 1963), City College of New York President Lisa Staiano-Coico (B.S. 1976), and NASA scientist and College of William & Mary professor Joel S. Levine (B.S. 1964). Notable alumni in
4248-467: The sciences. Her tenure was marked by repeated free speech controversies involving Israel that drew both criticism and praise. After 42 years in higher education, Gould announced her retirement in 2015. Michelle Anderson became the 10th president of Brooklyn College in 2016. In 2016, Brooklyn College announced a new home for the Koppelman School of Business, with the planned construction of
4320-474: The sit-in. In May 1969, 19 or 20 Brooklyn College students faced criminal charges in connection with campus disorders during the spring semester, including raids in which students allegedly ransacked files and smoke-bombed the library. In late April 1970, students demanding more open admissions and racial diversity staged a sit-in at President Kneller's office, holding him and five deans there for several hours. The next week, in early May 1970, students seized
4392-400: The week. Five days later, another front-page Times story reported that students had agreed to return to classes after an agreement was reached with college administrators after negotiations. A few days after that, President Kilcoyne walked out when New York Mayor John V. Lindsay appeared at the college, citing Lindsay's insult in calling the school "Berkeley East." Around the same time,
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#17330928418694464-518: The world's second-largest university. In 1983, Brooklyn College named its library the Harry D. Gideonse Library. Nevertheless, Gideonse remains a controversial figure in the college's history; as one account noted, he is "either lauded as a hero and great educator in hagiographic accounts . . . or decried by faculty and alumni as an autocrat who stifled academic freedom and students' rights." In addition to his curricular and student life reforms, Gideonse
4536-570: The wrongful convictions were males, with minority groups constituting approximately 70% (61% African American and 8% Latino). The National Registry of Exonerations lists 2,939 convicted defendants who were exonerated through DNA and non-DNA evidence from January, 1989 through January, 2022 with more than 25,600 years imprisoned. According to a study published in 2014, at least 4.1% of persons overall sentenced to death from 1973 to 2004 are probably innocent. The following are some examples of exonerations they helped bring about: The Innocence Project
4608-478: The years, Kassin has authored and edited several books, including: The Psychology of Evidence and Trial Procedure , The American jury on trial: psychological perspectives , and Confessions in the Courtroom (all with Lawrence S. Wrightsman). He is also co-author of the textbook Social Psychology with Steven Fein and Hazel Rose Markus , now in its twelfth edition and editor of Pillars of Social Psychology (2022),
4680-444: Was a factor in over 70% of wrongful convictions. The Innocence Project was founded in 1992 by Scheck and Neufeld as part of a law clinic at Cardozo. It became an independent 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization on January 28, 2003, but it maintains institutional connections with Cardozo. Madeline deLone was the executive director from 2004 until 2020, succeeded by Christina Swarns on September 8, 2020. The Innocence Project
4752-440: Was bought for $ 1.6 million (equivalent to $ 35.7 million in 2023), and construction allotment was $ 5 million (equivalent to $ 112 million in 2023). Construction began in 1935. At the groundbreaking ceremony was Mayor Fiorello La Guardia and Brooklyn Borough President Raymond Ingersoll. In 1936, United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt visited and laid the gymnasium's cornerstone . The new campus opened for
4824-613: Was established in 1935 and offers more than seventy programs in the arts, education, humanities, sciences, and computer and social sciences. Among those programs is the Graduate theatre program, which is the top ranked in the CUNY system and 14th in the United States; faculty include Tony Award nominee Justin Townsend. The Brooklyn College B.A. – M.D. program is an eight-year program affiliated with SUNY Downstate Medical Center . The program follows
4896-747: Was founded in 1930. That year, as directed by the New York City Board of Higher Education on April 22, the college authorized the combination of the Downtown Brooklyn branches of Hunter College , at that time a women's college , and the City College of New York , then a men's college , both established in 1926. Meanwhile, Brooklyn College became the first public coeducational liberal arts college in New York City. The school opened in September 1930, holding separate classes for men and women until their junior years. Admission would require passing
4968-427: Was inconclusive and not probative in 15% of cases. In about 40% of all DNA exoneration cases, law enforcement officials identified the actual perpetrator based on the same DNA test results that led to an exoneration. As of January 2022 , 375 people previously convicted of serious crimes in the United States had been exonerated by DNA testing since 1989, 21 of whom had been sentenced to death. Almost all (99%) of
5040-750: Was known for his decades-long campaign to ferret out Communists among the college community and his testimony before congressional and state investigating committees during the Second Red Scare . On the other hand, perhaps retaining the memory of the time when, as a University of Chicago professor, he was unjustly accused of being a Communist and advocating " free love ," Gideonse also attacked those who, without evidence, charged faculty, staff and students with being subversives and defended faculty free speech rights against outside critics. The college's third president, Francis Kilcoyne , served from 1966 to 1967. The fourth president, Harold Syrett , resigned due to ill health in February 1969, when George A. Peck
5112-419: Was named acting president. John Kneller , Brooklyn College's fifth president, served from 1969 until 1979. These presidents served during what were perhaps the most tumultuous years for Brooklyn College. During the Vietnam War, as they did on other U.S. campuses, student protests rocked Brooklyn College. President Gideonse, in a 1965 television interview, blamed demonstrations on Communists who were "duping
5184-1791: Was used for the outdoor scenes in the 1978 adult film Debbie Does Dallas . In 2010, Brooklyn College adopted the Bulldog as its new mascot. The athletic program was originally known as the Kingsmen. In 1994, the mascot was changed to the Bridges. However, after the school built new facilities and underwent other changes the athletic director pushed for a new name to reflect the new program. Notable alumni of Brooklyn College in government include Senate majority leader and 1996 Republican presidential nominee: Bob Dole (1943-1944), Senator Bernie Sanders (1959–1960), Senator Barbara Boxer (née Barbara Levy; B.A. 1962), Congresswoman Shirley Chisholm (B.A. 1946), Securities and Exchange Commission chairmen Manuel F. Cohen (B.S. 1933) and Harvey Pitt (B.A. 1965), and federal judges Rosemary S. Pooler (B.A. 1959), Jack B. Weinstein (B.A. 1943), Sterling Johnson Jr. (B.A. 1963), Edward R. Korman (B.A. 1963), Joel Harvey Slomsky (B.A. 1967), and Jason K. Pulliam (B.A. 1995; M.A. 1997). Notable alumni in business include Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu CEO Barry Salzberg (B.S. 1974), Adobe Inc. CEO Bruce Chizen (B.S. 1978), Warner Bros. and Los Angeles Dodgers CEO Robert A. Daly , New York Mets President Saul Katz (B.A. 1960), Boston Celtics owner Marvin Kratter (1937), David Geffen , New Line Cinema CEO Michael Lynne (B.A. 1961), CBS Records CEO Walter Yetnikoff (B.A. 1953), Vanguard Records co-founder Maynard Solomon (B.A. 1950), and Gannett Chairman Marjorie Magner (B.S. 1969). Notable alumni in
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