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80-596: In 1961/2, the River Sateska was diverted from its natural path into the River Black Drim and instead routed into Lake Ohrid, which it enters on the northern shore between the cities of Ohrid and Struga . The Lake Ohrid catchment was expanded by 460 square kilometers in the process. The diversion was motivated by three main considerations: Since the 1960s, the River Sateska has been a major source of pollution and other negative anthropogenic impact upon Lake Ohrid, which

160-508: A Greek influence. Other differences are the sound /ts/ , which corresponds to Romanian /tʃ/ , and the sounds: /ʎ/ and /ɲ/ , which exist only in local variants in Romanian. Aromanian is usually written with a version of the Latin script with an orthography that resembles both that of Albanian (in the use of digraphs such as dh , sh , and th ) and Italian (in its use of c and g ), along with

240-406: A Ta, s’yinã amirãria a Ta, si facã vrearea a Ta, cum tu tser, ashã sh'pisti loc. Pãnia a nostã, atsa di cathi dzuã, dãnu sh’azã, sh‘ yiartãni amartiili a nosti, ashe cum li yiãrtãm sh’noi a amãrtor a noci, sh’nu ni du la pirazmo, ma viagljãni di atsel rãu. Cã a Ta esti amirãria sh'puteria, a Tatãlui shi Hiljãlui shi a Ayiului Spirit, tora, totãna sh’tu eta a etilor. Amin. Tati

320-497: A Tatãlui shi Hiljãlui sh a Ayiului Duhu, tora, totna sh tu eta a etilor. Amen. The Macedonian Aromanian publicist, translator and writer Dina Cuvata  [ bg ; mk ] translated Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as follows: Tuti iatsãli umineshtsã s'fac liberi shi egali la nãmuzea shi ndrepturli. Eali suntu hãrziti cu fichiri shi sinidisi shi lipseashti un cu alantu sh si poartã tu duhlu

400-592: A common stage of all the Eastern Romance varieties. An important source of dissimilarity between Romanian and Aromanian is the adstratum languages (external influences); whereas Romanian has been influenced to a greater extent by the Slavic languages , Aromanian has been more influenced by Greek , with which it has been in close contact throughout its history. Aromanian is native to Albania , Bulgaria , Greece , North Macedonia , Romania and Serbia . In 2018, it

480-404: A etãlu. Amin. Tatã a nostu, tsi eshtsã tu tseru, s'ayiseascã numa a Ta, s'yinã amirãriljea a Ta, si facã vrearea a Ta, cumu tu tseru, ashi sh'pisti locu. Pãnea a nostã atsea di cathi dzuã dãnãu sh'adzã sh'yiartãnã amãrtiile a noasti ashi cum ilj yirtãmu sh'noi a amãrtoshloru a noshtsã. Sh'nu nã du tu pirazmo, Sh'aveagljinã di atsel arãulu. Cã a Ta easti Amirãriljia sh'putearea

560-567: A frãtsãljiljei. The following text is given for comparison in Aromanian and in Romanian , with an English translation. The spelling of Aromanian is that decided at the Bitola Symposium of August 1997. The word choice in the Romanian version was such that it matches the Aromanian text, although in modern Romanian other words might have been more appropriate. The English translation is only provided as

640-471: A national minority. Aromanian, Daco-Romanian (Romanian), Istro-Romanian language , and Megleno-Romanian language are descendants of a proto-language called Common Romanian , itself descending from the Proto-Romance language . No later than the 10th century Common Romanian split into southern and northern dialects, and Aromanian and Romanian have developed differently from these two distinct dialects of

720-416: A nost tsi esht tu tser, s’ayiãsiaste numa a Ta, s’zine amirãria a Ta, si fache vrera a Ta, cum tu tser, ashe sh'pisti loc. Penia a noste, atsa di cathi dzue, denu sh’aze, sh‘ yiartãni amartiãli a nosti, ashe cum li yiãrtem sh’noi a amãrtor a noci, sh’nu ni du la pirazmo, ma viagãni di atsel reu. Che a Ta esti amirãria sh'putera, al Tati shi al Hiyiu shi al Ayiu Duh, tora, totãna sh’tu eta

800-592: A part of Bitola Oblast (1920–1929), and then from 1929 to 1941, Ohrid was part of the Vardar Banovina . It was occupied again by Bulgaria between 1941 and 1944 during World War II . Since the days of SFR Yugoslavia Ohrid has been the municipal seat of Municipality of Ohrid (Општина Охрид). Since 1991 the town was part of the Republic of Macedonia (now North Macedonia). On 20 November 1993, Avioimpex Flight 110 crashed near Ohrid, killing all 116 people on board. It

880-656: A strong impetus mostly among people doing business in the cities. The Romanian state began opening schools for the Romanian-influenced Vlachs in the 1860s, but this initiative was regarded with suspicion by the Greeks, who thought that Romania was trying to assimilate them. 19th-century travellers in the Balkans such as W. M. Leake and Henry Fanshawe Tozer noted that Vlachs in the Pindus and Macedonia were bilingual, reserving

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960-401: Is November, which sees on average 90.5 mm (3.6 in) of rain. The summer months of June, July and August receive the least amount of rain, around 30 mm (1.2 in). The absolute minimum temperature is −17.8 °C (0.0 °F) and the maximum 38.5 °C (101.3 °F). At the 2021 census , Ohrid had 38,818 residents with the following ethnic makeup: As of the 2002 census,

1040-565: Is a city in North Macedonia and is the seat of the Ohrid Municipality . It is the largest city on Lake Ohrid and the eighth-largest city in the country, with the municipality recording a population of over 42,000 inhabitants as of 2002. Ohrid is known for once having 365 churches, one for each day of the year, and has been referred to as the "Jerusalem of the Balkans". The city is rich in picturesque houses and monuments, and tourism

1120-593: Is a sensitive one, partly because of opposition within the Greek Vlachs community to actions leading to the introduction of the language into the education system, viewing it as an artificial distinction between them and other Greeks. For example, the former education minister, George Papandreou , received a negative response from Greek-Aromanian mayors and associations to his proposal for a trial Aromanian language education programme. The Panhellenic Federation of Cultural Associations of Vlachs expressed strong opposition to

1200-609: Is an Eastern Romance language , similar to Megleno-Romanian , Istro-Romanian and Romanian , spoken in Southeastern Europe . Its speakers are called Aromanians or Vlachs (a broader term and an exonym in widespread use to define Romance communities in the Balkans). Aromanian shares many features with modern Romanian , including similar morphology and syntax, as well as a large common vocabulary inherited from Latin . They are considered to have developed from Common Romanian ,

1280-570: Is due to the historical predominance of the Greek language in the region and the successive destruction of Aromanian books and documents throughout history. The oldest known written text in the language is an inscription from 1731 by Nektarios Terpos at the Ardenica Monastery , now in Albania. It is followed by the inscription of the so-called Simota Vase , dated to the first half of the 18th century. In

1360-448: Is not standardized . However, there have been some efforts to do so. Notable examples include those of Matilda Caragiu Marioțeanu , Tiberius Cunia  [ bg ; ro ; roa-rup ] and Iancu Ballamaci. Aromanian exhibits several differences from standard Romanian in its phonology, some of which are probably due to influence from Greek or Albanian. It has spirants that do not exist in Romanian, such as /θ, ð, x, ɣ/ and which are

1440-506: Is one of the most biodiverse inland waters on the planet. At peak times, the river can bring up to 129 tonnes of suspended material into the lake per day, which interferes with reed belts and spawning grounds for fish, a situation that has deteriorated after the abandonment of measures to reduce erosion. The River Sateska is also the largest source of phosphorus inputs to Lake Ohrid and the second highest contributor of nitrogen (29%), both of which can instigate eutrophication processes. Indeed,

1520-446: Is predominant. It is located southwest of Skopje , west of Resen and Bitola . In 1979 and in 1980, respectively, Ohrid and Lake Ohrid were accepted as Cultural and Natural World Heritage Sites by UNESCO . Ohrid is one of only 40 sites that are part of UNESCO's World Heritage that are Cultural as well as Natural sites. In antiquity the city was known under the ancient Greek name of Λυχνίς ( Lychnis ) and Λυχνιδός ( Lychnidos ) and

1600-489: Is taught as a subject in some primary schools. In North Macedonia, Aromanian-speakers also have the right to use the language in court proceedings. Since 2006, Aromanian has had the status of a second official municipal language in the city of Kruševo , the only place where Aromanian has any kind of official status apart from general state recognition. Apart from North Macedonia, the Aromanians are also recognized in Albania as

1680-464: Is the deadliest aviation disaster to occur in North Macedonia. Ohrid is located in the south-western part of North Macedonia, on the shore of Lake Ohrid , at an elevation of 695 meters above sea level . Ohrid has a warm-summer mediterranean climate ( Köppen climate classification : Csb ), bordering on an oceanic climate ( Köppen climate classification : Cfb ) moderated by its elevation, as

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1760-631: Is the top tier. The Ohrid Swimming Marathon is an international open water swimming competition, always taking place in the waters of Lake Ohrid. The swimmers are supposed to swim 30 km (19 mi) from the monastery of Saint Naum to the Ohrid harbor . Ohrid is twinned with: Aromanian language The Aromanian language (Aromanian: limba armãneascã , limba armãnã , armãneashti , armãneashte , armãneashci , armãneashce or limba rãmãneascã , limba rãmãnã , rrãmãneshti ), also known as Vlach or Macedo-Romanian ,

1840-569: The Codex Dimonie possibly from the early 19th century. Some scholars mention other old, little-studied written instances of Aromanian. German Byzantinist Peter Schreiner dated a small glossary of Aromanian from Epirus in a manuscript of the Chronicle of Ioannina to the 16th or 17th century based on its writing. There are also claims about an Aromanian inscription from 1426 in the St. Zacharia Church in

1920-711: The Despotate of Epirus , the Bulgarian , Byzantine and Serbian Empires , and Albanian rulers. In the mid-13th century, Ohrid was one of the cities ruled by Pal Gropa , a member of the Albanian noble Gropa family . In a text by Emperor John VI Kantakouzenos , there is mention of nomadic Albanians present in the vicinity of Ohrid at around 1328. The presence of the Turkish community dates from their settlement in Ohrid during 1451–81. In 1334,

2000-579: The European Commission . His conviction met with broad condemnation in Greece, where at least one editorial compared the situation to the suppression of Kurdish and other minority languages in Turkey and noted the irony that some prosecutors in fact came from non-Hellenophone families that had once spoken Aromanian or Turkish. Bletsas was eventually acquitted. Tatã a nostu tsi eshti tu tser, si ayisiascã numa

2080-742: The Kaza of Ohrid . There were supposedly 2,610 households registered in Ohrid, but after further analysis of the documents by Dervishi et al., it was discovered that the city actually had 3,700 households; there were 2,100 Albanian Muslim households, 150 Albanian Christian households, 900 Bulgarian households, 300 Vlach households, 210 Serb households and 39 Greek households. The Cartographic Society of Sofia also incorrectly registered many villages - that were in fact inhabited entirely or mostly by Albanians (both Christians and Muslims) - as Bulgarian. 14 villages were registered as Albanian with 991 households, but further investigation by Dervishi et al. revealed that

2160-503: The Latin Lychnidus , probably meaning "city of light", literally "a precious stone that emits light", from λύχνος ( lychnos ), "lamp, portable light". Polybius , writing in the second century BC, refers to the town as Λυχνίδιον - Lichnidion . The evolution of the ancient toponym Lychnidus into Oh(ë)r(id) required a long-standing period of Tosk Albanian – Eastern South Slavic bilingualism, or at least contact, resulting from

2240-788: The League of Lezhë and 1,000 of the Republic of Venice defeated a 14,000-man Ottoman force near the city in the Battle of Ohrid . When Mehmed II returned from Albania after his actions against Skanderbeg in 1466, he dethroned Dorotheos, the Archbishop of Ohrid , and expatriated him—together with his clerks and boyars and considerable number of citizens of Ohrid—to Istanbul , probably because of their anti-Ottoman activities during Skanderbeg's rebellion amid which many citizens of Ohrid, including Dorotheos and his clergy, supported Skanderbeg and his fight. During

2320-843: The Monastery of the Holy Apostles near Kleino (Aromanian: Clinova ), now Greece, there is an inscription in Aromanian dated from around 1780. The St. Athanasius Church in Moscopole, now Albania, also includes an old Aromanian writing. Other early Aromanian manuscripts are the Aromanian Missal potentially from the beginning of the 18th century, the works of Theodore Kavalliotis (1770), Constantin Ucuta (1797), Daniel Moscopolites (1802), Gheorghe Constantin Roja (1808/1809) and Mihail G. Boiagi (1813) and

2400-563: The Moscopole variant; the Muzachiar variant from Muzachia in central Albania; the variant of Bitola; Pelister , Malovište ( Aromanian : Mulovishti ) , Gopeš ( Aromanian : Gopish ) , Upper Beala; Gorna Belica ( Aromanian : Beala di Suprã ) near Struga, Kruševo ( Aromanian : Crushuva ) , and the variant east of the Vardar river in North Macedonia. The Aromanian language

2480-474: The Myzeqe region, Elbasan, Llëngë and Mokër region (mid. 19th century) and also from Gorna Belica and Malovišta (late 19th century). A large part of Ohrid's Aromanian population has emigrated to Trieste , Odessa and Bucharest . Orthodox Albanians are also present and settled in Ohrid during the second half of the 19th century and originate from Pogradec , Lin , Çërravë and Peshkopi . All Turks from

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2560-673: The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe 's Recommendation 1333 (1997) that the tuition of Aromanian be supported so as to avoid its extinction. This recommendation was issued after pressure from the Union for Aromanian Language and Culture in Germany . On a visit to Metsovo , Epirus in 1998, Greek President Konstantinos Stephanopoulos called on Vlachs to speak and teach their language, but its decline continues. A recent example of

2640-608: The Polyconch Basilica from the 5th century) prove an early adoption of Christianity in the area. Bishops from Lychnidos participated in multiple ecumenical councils. The South Slavs began to arrive in the area during the 6th century AD. By the early 7th century, it was colonized by a Slavic tribe known as the Berziti . Bulgaria conquered the city around 840. The name Ohrid first appeared in 879. The Ohrid Literary School , established in 886 by Clement of Ohrid , became one of

2720-467: The 16th century, Ohrid was located in the Sanjak of Ohrid. In the years 1529–1536, Sanjak of Ohrid had 33,271 households (32,648 Christians and 623 Muslims), with 1331 widows and 3392 unmarried singles. There were 859 settlements and 10 cities, with an average of 28.7 houses per settlement. Ohrid itself had 337 Christian families, 44 unmarried singles, 12 widows and 93 Muslim families. In 1583, the Sanjak of Ohrid

2800-462: The 1990s onward. Ohrid Albanophone Romani refused identification as Albanians seeing it as a result of Albanisation (or to be called Gypsies ) and with encouragement from Macedonian circles now refers to itself as Egyptians whose ancestors migrated from Egypt many centuries ago. The Albanian language is considered by Ohrid Albanophone Romani as only an idiom of the home and not a mother tongue. Turkish speaking Romani reside in Ohrid that during

2880-661: The Christian population in Macedonia, in 1905 the Christian population of Ohrid consisted of 7,768 Exarchist Bulgarians, 168 Greek Patriarchal Bulgarians, 56 Serboman Patriarchal Bulgarians, 660 Vlachs and 6 Albanians. In the city there is 1 secondary and 5 primary Bulgarian schools and 1 primary Greek, Serbian and Wallachian school each. Modern Albanian study claims that in 1903 the Cartographic Society of Sofia registered incorrectly 8,893 households of Albanian or Vlach ethnicity in

2960-529: The Exarchate became in control of the area. In 1889, Gustav Weigand discovered in Ohrid the important Codex Dimonie , a collection of Aromanian-language religious texts. In statistics gathered by Vasil Kanchov in 1900, the city of Ohrid was inhabited by 8000 Bulgarians, 5000 Turks, 500 Muslim Albanians, 300 Christian Albanians, 460 Vlachs and 600 Romani. The Bulgarian researcher Vasil Kanchov wrote in 1900 that many Albanians declared themselves as Turks. Ohrid,

3040-528: The Farsharot and Grabovean types have neither diphthongs nor the phoneme /ɨ/. The Aromanian alphabet consists of 27 letters and 9 digraphs . In addition, the digraph "gh" ( / ɟ / before "e" and "i") is used as well. The grammar and morphology are very similar to those of other Romance languages: The Aromanian language has some exceptions from the Romance languages, some of which are shared with Romanian :

3120-471: The Latin dialect for inside the home. By 1948, the new Soviet-imposed communist regime of Romania had closed all Romanian-run schools outside Romania and, since the closure, there has been no formal education in Aromanian and speakers have been encouraged to learn and use the Greek language. This has been a process encouraged by the community itself and is not an explicit State policy. The decline and isolation of

3200-473: The Ottomans under Bayezid I captured the city, which became the seat of the newly established Sanjak of Ohrid . Some time after Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg had liberated Krujë to begin his rebellion, his troops—in coordination with Gjergj Arianiti and Zahari Gropa (of the local Albanian Gropa noble family)—liberated Ohrid and the castle of Svetigrad . From 14–15 September 1464, 12,000 Albanian troops of

3280-618: The Romanian-oriented groups was not helped by the fact that they openly collaborated with the Axis powers of Italy and Germany during the occupation of Greece in WWII . In contrast, the vast majority of Vlachs fought in the Greek resistance, including leaders like Alexandros Svolos and Andreas Tzimas , and a number of Vlach villages were destroyed by the Germans. The issue of Aromanian-language education

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3360-710: The Saint Clement of Ohrid Gymnasium, the Ohrid Clock Tower, and the Icon Gallery . There is a nearby international airport, Ohrid Airport (now known as "St. Paul the Apostle Airport"). Until 1966, Ohrid was linked to Skopje by the Ohrid line , a 167 kilometres (104 mi) long 600 mm narrow-gauge railway. GFK Ohrid Lihnidos is a football team playing at the SRC Biljanini Izvori stadium in

3440-546: The Tosk Albanian rhotacism -n- into -r- and Eastern South Slavic l-vocalization ly- into o- . It became capital of the First Bulgarian Empire in the early medieval period, and was often referred to by Byzantine writers as Achrida (Ἄχριδα, Ὄχριδα, or Ἄχρις). By 879 AD, the town was no longer called Lychnidos but was referred to as Ohrid . In Macedonian and the other South Slavic languages ,

3520-526: The University of Sofia, wrote in 1915 that Albanians, since they did not have their own alphabet, lacked a consolidated national consciousness and were being influenced by foreign propaganda, declared themselves as Turks, Greeks and Bulgarians, depending on which religion they belonged to. Albanians in Ohrid were losing their mother tongue. During Kingdom of Yugoslavia Ohrid continued to be as an independent district ( Охридски округ ) (1918–1922), then it became

3600-506: The Yugoslav period self declared themselves mainly as Turks, while within independent Macedonia they identify as Egyptians. In the latter decades of the 20th century, some Albanian speaking Muslim Romani from the villages of Krani and Nakolec have migrated to Ohrid. Ohrid Municipality is home to over 100 sites declared as Cultural Heritage by the Ministry of Culture, of which most lie within

3680-533: The auxiliary verb am (have) as the imperfect ( aviam ) and the past participle, as in Spanish and French , except that French replaces avoir (have) with être (be) for some intransitive verbs. Aromanian shares this feature with Meglenian as well as other languages in the Balkan language area . Only the auxiliary verb inflects according to number and person ( aviam , aviai , avia , aviamu , aviatu , avia ), whereas

3760-477: The capital city of the Illyrian Dassaretii. According to recent excavations, this was a town as early as of the era of king Philip II of Macedon . They conclude that Samuil's Fortress was built on the site of an earlier fortification, dated to the 4th century BC. In 210 BCE, Philip V of Macedon raided a number of southern Illyrian communities. He maintained a garrison at Lychnidos but lost control of

3840-471: The capital of Ohrid district. In Ohrid, Serbian forces killed 150 Bulgarians and 500 people consisting of Albanians and Turks. In September 1913 local Albanian and pro-Bulgarian Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization leaders rebelled against the Kingdom of Serbia . It was occupied by Kingdom of Bulgaria between 1915 and 1918 during World War I . Bulgarian ethnographer Yordan Ivanov , professor at

3920-651: The city of Ohrid has 42,033 inhabitants and the ethnic composition was the following: The mother tongues of the city's residents include the following: The religious composition of the city was the following: The oldest inhabitants of Ohrid are a few families that reside in the Varoš neighbourhood. Other Macedonians have settled in Ohrid and originate from the villages of the Kosel, Struga, Drimkol, Debarca, Malesija and Kičevo regions and other areas from southern Macedonia. Albanians in Ohrid originate from Albanian villages located on

4000-413: The city of Ohrid. There is a legend supported by observations by the 17th century Ottoman traveler Evliya Çelebi that there were 365 chapels within the town boundaries, one for every day of the year. Today this number is significantly smaller. Besides being a holy center of the region, it is also the source of knowledge and pan-Slavic literacy. The restored Monastery at Plaošnik was actually one of

4080-523: The city was captured by Stefan Uroš IV Dušan and incorporated in the Serbian Empire. After Dusan's death, the city came under the control of Andrea Gropa . After his death, Prince Marko incorporated it in the Kingdom of Prilep . In the early 1370s, Marko lost Ohrid to Pal II Gropa, another member of the Gropa family, and unsuccessfully tried to recapture it in 1375 with Ottoman assistance. In 1395,

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4160-631: The city. As of the 2021–22 season they play in the second tier of the Macedonian Football League system. FK Voska Sport is also a football team in Ohrid that competes in the Macedonian First League as of the 2023–24 season. RK Ohrid is a handball team playing at Biljanini Izvori Sports Hall arena, with a capacity of 3,500. As of the 2016–17 season they play in the Macedonian Handball Super League , which

4240-488: The complete disappearance of verb infinitives , a feature of the Balkan sprachbund . As such, the tenses and moods that, in Romanian, use the infinitive (like the future simple tense and the conditional mood ) are formed in other ways in Aromanian. For the same reason, verb entries in dictionaries are given in their indicative mood, present tense, first-person-singular form. Aromanian verbs are classified in four conjugations. The table below gives some examples and indicates

4320-405: The conjugation of the corresponding verbs in Romanian. The future tense is formed using an auxiliary invariable particle "u" or "va" and the subjunctive mood . In Romanian, declension of the future particle plus an infinitive is used. Whereas in standard Romanian the pluperfect (past perfect) is formed synthetically (as in literary Portuguese ), Aromanian uses a periphrastic construction with

4400-528: The definite article is a clitic particle appended at the end of the word, both the definite and indefinite articles can be inflected , and nouns are classified in three genders , with neuter in addition to masculine and feminine. Unlike other Romance languages, Aromanian lacks an infinitive form for verbs, the synthetic infinitive inherited from Latin became a noun like in Romanian (for example cântare < CANTARE ). Aromanian grammar has features that distinguish it from Romanian, an important one being

4480-577: The end of the 18th century and in the early part of the 19th century, Ohrid region, like other parts of European Turkey, was a hotbed of unrest. In the 19th century the region of Ohrid became part of the Pashalik of Scutari , ruled by the Bushati family. After the Christian population of the bishopric of Ohrid voted on a plebiscite in 1874 overwhelmingly in favour of joining the Bulgarian Exarchate (97%),

4560-615: The exarch and were therefore classed as Bulgarians) inhabitants as indicated by statistics gathered from the Ottoman authorities. Before 1912, Ohrid was a township center bounded to Monastir sanjak in Manastir Vilayet (present-day Bitola ). The city remained under Ottoman rule until 29 November 1912, when the Serbian army took control of the city during the Balkan Wars and later made it

4640-454: The first in Aromanian. Even before the incorporation of various Aromanian-speaking territories into the Greek state (1832, 1912), the language was subordinated to Greek , traditionally the language of education and religion in Constantinople and other prosperous urban cities. The historical studies cited below (mostly Capidan ) show that especially after the fall of Moscopole (1788) the process of Hellenisation via education and religion gained

4720-589: The former village of Linotopi  [ bg ; el ; mk ; sq ] in Greece, but according to Hristu Cândroveanu , it was destroyed during restoration works by order of Greek priests because it was not in Greek. Aromanian is not a homogenous linguistic entity. Its main varieties include the Pindus type, the Gramoste type, the Farsherot type, Olympus type, and the Moscopole type. It has also several regional variants, named after places that were home to significant populations of Aromanians (Vlachs); nowadays located in Albania, North Macedonia and Greece. Examples are

4800-409: The letter ã , used for the sounds represented in Romanian by ă and â/î . It can also be written with a modified Romanian alphabet that includes two additional letters, ń and ľ , and rarely with a version of the Greek script . Compared to Daco-Romanian, the Aromanian varieties have preserved from Proto-Romanian the word-final glide [w] alongside [j] (in the Pindean and Gramostean types), while

4880-456: The mean temperature of the warmest month is just above 22 °C (71.6 °F) and every summer month receives less than 40 millimetres (1.6 in) of rainfall. The coldest month is January with the average temperature 2.5 °C (36.5 °F) or in a range between 6.2 °C (43.2 °F) and −1.5 °C (29.3 °F). The warmest month is August with average range of 27.7 °C (82 °F)-14.2 °C (57.6 °F). The rainiest month

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4960-588: The mouth of the Sateska holds some of the lowest quality water in all Lake Ohrid and displays evidence of eutrophication. Water oxygen levels have been influenced and a shift in species composition has been observed. Due to environmental concerns, the World Heritage Committee has requested the Republic of Macedonia to explore options to re-divert the Sateska back to the River Black Drim. Ohrid 41°07′01″N 20°48′06″E  /  41.11694°N 20.80167°E  / 41.11694; 20.80167 Ohrid ( Macedonian : Охрид [ˈɔxrit] )

5040-1235: The name of the city is Ohrid (Охрид). In Albanian , the city is known as Ohër or Ohri and in modern Greek Ochrida (Οχρίδα, Ωχρίδα) and Achrida (Αχρίδα). The name of the city in Aromanian is Ohãrda . Illyrians ( Enchele , Dassaretii ) –3rd century BC Kingdom of Macedonia 210 BC-208 BC Kingdom of Dardania 208 BC-170 BC Kingdom of Macedonia 170 BC-148 BC Roman Republic 148 BC - 27 BC Roman Empire 27 BC – 395 Byzantine Empire 395–842 First Bulgarian Empire 842–1018 Byzantine Empire 1018–1083 Bohemond I 1083–1085 Byzantine Empire 1085–1203 Second Bulgarian Empire 1203–1208 Strez 1208–1214 Epirus and Thessalonica 1214–1230 Second Bulgarian Empire 1230–1263 Byzantine Empire ~1250–1334 Serbian Empire 1334 - ~1336 Gropa family ~1336 – ??? Lordship of Prilep  ??? – ~1373 Gropa family ~1373–1395 Ottoman Empire 1395–1464 League of Lezhë 1464-1466 Ottoman Empire 1466–1912 Kingdom of Serbia 1912–1915 Kingdom of Bulgaria 1915–1918 Kingdom of Yugoslavia 1918–1941 Kingdom of Bulgaria 1941–1944 SFR Yugoslavia 1944–1991 Macedonia / North Macedonia 1991–present The earliest inhabitants of

5120-422: The number was actually 2,400. Therefore, with those corrections, the Kaza of Ohrid had 5,336 Albanian households, 4,347 Slavic households, 1,549 mixed household and 125 Vlach households that were mainly spread across two villages. By the end of Ottoman rule , the Kaza of Ohrid itself numbered to 38,000 Albanian inhabitants and 36,500 non-Albanian (Bulgarian, Serbs, Vlachs and Orthodox Albanians who recognised

5200-455: The oldest Universities in the western world, dating before the 10th century. Several of Ohrid's best-known churches and monasteries, such as the Monastery of Saint Naum lie in its surrounding villages. Dozens of individual homes and commercial buildings in Ohrid are listed as Cultural Heritage sites. Some of these, such as the Robevi family house and the Prličev family home, the Uzunov family home, function as museums today. Also included are

5280-467: The past participle does not change. The Aromanian gerund is applied to some verbs, but not all. These verbs are: A literature in the Aromanian language exists. The Macedonian Radio Television (MRT) produces radio and television broadcasts in Aromanian. Radio Romania International has Aromanian service producing radio shows in Aromanian. Films produced in the Aromanian language include Toma Enache 's I'm Not Famous but I'm Aromanian (2013),

5360-405: The population that declared itself Turkish "was of Albanian blood", but it "had been Turkified after the Ottoman invasion, including Skanderbeg", referring to Islamization. The majority of the Christian inhabitants of the city were under the supremacy of the Bulgarian Exarchate. According to " La Macédoine et sa Population Chrétienne ", statistics of the secretary of the exarchate Dimitar Mishev on

5440-460: The proto language over the course of the next one thousand years. Greek influences are much stronger in Aromanian than in other Eastern Romance languages, especially because Aromanian has used Greek words to coin new words ( neologisms ), especially within Greece, while Romanian has based most of its neologisms on French . However, there has also been an increasing tendency for Aromanian-speakers outside of Greece to borrow terms from Romanian, due to

5520-402: The rest 1/3 were Albanophone Muslims with 20-25 Slavophone Greek families. The Christian population declined during the first centuries of Ottoman rule. In 1664, there were only 142 Christian households. The situation changed in the 18th century when Ohrid emerged as an important trade center on a major trade route . At the end of this century it had around five thousand inhabitants. Towards

5600-428: The sensitivity of the issue was the 2001 conviction (later overturned in the Appeals Court) to 15 months in jail of Sotiris Bletsas , a Greek Aromanian who was found guilty of "dissemination of false information" after he distributed informative material on minority languages in Europe (which included information on minority languages of Greece), produced by the European Bureau for Lesser Used Languages and financed by

5680-447: The settlement in 208 BCE, when its commander joined local leader Aeropus and invited the Dardani in the region. During the Roman conquests, towards the end of 3rd and the beginning of 2nd century BC, Lychnidus is mentioned as a town near or within Dassaretia. In Roman times, it was located along the Via Egnatia , which connected the Adriatic port Dyrrachion (present-day Durrës ) with Byzantium . Archaeological excavations (e.g.,

5760-553: The shared alphabet and contact with Romanian over the Internet, where Romanian-language material is much more available than it is in Aromanian. With the arrival of the Turks in the Balkans , Aromanian also received some Turkish words. Still, the lexical composition remains mainly Romance. Compared to other Balkan languages, the earliest documents and manuscripts of Aromanian appear late. This

5840-706: The two major cultural centres of the First Bulgarian Empire . Between 990 and 1015, Ohrid was the empire's capital and stronghold. From 990 to 1018, Ohrid was also the seat of the Bulgarian Patriarchate . After the Byzantine reconquest of the city in 1018 by Basil II , the Bulgarian Patriarchate was downgraded to an Archbishopric of Ohrid , and placed under the authority of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople . The higher clergy after 1018

5920-463: The village of Peštani after selling properties and land moved to Ohrid by 1920 and today those few families are known as Peştanlı . In 1949, additional families from Aegean Macedonia settled in Ohrid. In Yugoslav censuses, Albanophone Ohrid Romani mainly declared as Albanians. As tensions between Albanians and the state increased over numbers regarding community size and sociopolitical rights , Romani identity became politicized and contested from

6000-439: The western and southern areas of Lake Ohrid. There is a sizeable amount of Turkified Albanians in Ohrid who originate from the cities of Elbasan , Durrës and Ulcinj . The local Romani population in Ohrid originates from Podgradec and speaks the southern Tosk Albanian dialect. The earliest presence of the Aromanian population in Ohrid dates to 1778 arriving from Moscopole , others from Kavajë (late 18th century), from

6080-556: The wider Lake Ohrid region were the Illyrian tribes of Enchele and Dassaretii . According to a tradition the town was founded by Cadmus , the Phoenician king of Thebes , who fled to Enchele after being banished from Boeotia . In addition to Ohrid, called Lychnidos ( Ancient Greek : Λυχνιδός ) in classical antiquity, he is said to have founded Budva in Montenegro . Lychnidos was

6160-517: Was a cultural center of great importance for the Balkans. Almost all surviving churches were built by the Byzantines and by the Bulgarians, with the rest dating back to the short time of Serbian rule during the late Middle Ages . Bohemond , leading a Norman army from southern Italy, took the city in 1083. The Byzantines regained it in 1085. In the 13th and 14th century, the city changed hands between

6240-617: Was almost invariably Greek, including during the period of Ottoman domination, until the abolition of the archbishopric in 1767. At the beginning of the 16th century, the archbishopric reached its peak, subordinating the Sofia , Vidin , Vlach and Moldavian eparchies, part of the former medieval Serbian Patriarchate of Peć , (including Patriarchal Monastery of Peć itself), and even the Orthodox districts of Italy ( Apulia , Calabria and Sicily ), Venice and Dalmatia . As an episcopal city, Ohrid

6320-630: Was estimated that Aromanian had 210,000 native speakers, of which 50,000 were in Albania, 50,000 in Greece, 50,000 in Romania, 32,000 in Serbia, 18,200 in North Macedonia, and 9,800 in Bulgaria. Aromanian-speakers also exist in the diaspora, with at least 53 speakers recorded to be living in Australia at the time of the 2021 Australian census . Aromanian has a degree of official recognition in North Macedonia, where it

6400-568: Was made up of several Kazas, including the Kaza of Ohrid, which were in turn made of Nahiyes; the Ottoman Defter recorded, within the Nahiya of Ohrid, 2,920 Christian homes, 627 unmarried singles and 465 Muslim families within a total of 107 settlements. In 1889, according to a French research, the city had 2.500-3.000 houses and approximately 12.000 individuals, of which 2/3 were Bulgarians and Vlachs and

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