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30-566: The abbey lies in an ancient oak wood, 6 km from Foligno. Located at an altitude of 565 m on a rocky spur at the foot of Mount Serrone, it overlooks the Valle Umbra . The abbey was founded by the Benedictines around 1070, probably by one Mainhard coming from Santa Maria di Sitria . The abbey was based on an existing castle of the Monaldi family, on a site probably used in ancient times by

60-621: A quantity of cork, ilex, wainscot, oak; Spanish chestnut, acacia, and other species of exotic trees. Holm oak is not officially listed as an invasive species in the United Kingdom but is naturalised , able to naturally regenerate. Normally the tree is unable to withstand severe frost, which would prevent it from spreading north, but with climate change, it has successfully penetrated and established itself in areas north of its native range. The largest population of holm oak in Northern Europe

90-503: A section under other names, including Quercus sect. Erythrobalanopsis Oerst. , Quercus sect. Castaneifolia O.Schwarz , Quercus sect. Vallonea O.Schwarz , Quercus sect. Aegilops (Reichenb.) O.Schwarz and the illegitimate name Quercus sect. Eucerris Oerst. Members may be called cerris oaks. Like all species of Quercus , those of section Cerris are trees or shrubs with acorn-like fruit. The staminate flowers have four to six stamens. The ornamentation of

120-562: A short downy stalk, ripening the first season; they are usually 12–20 mm long in the UK, the cups with adpressed, downy scales, and an often wavy margin. Holm oak grows in pure stands or mixed forest in the Mediterranean and often at low or moderate elevations, but also at higher altitudes in the Atlas Mountains . It is native from westernmost Turkey and through Greece west to parts of

150-833: A spread of 43 m in 2010. An ancient tree reputed to be 500 years old at Fulham Palace , London is listed as one of the Great Trees of London . The oldest holm oak in Spain, the Encina Tres Patas de Mendaza , located in Navarre , is reputed to be 1,200 years old. A specimen in Milo , in Sicily , is reputed to be 700 years old while a small population on the slopes of northern village of Wardija in Malta are said to be between 500 and 1,000 years old. Prior to

180-411: A subspecies of Quercus ilex . The resemblance of the foliage to that of the common European holly , Ilex aquifolium , has led to its common and botanic names. The species name ilex was originally the classical Latin name for the holm oak, but later adopted as a botanical genus name for the hollies. The common name 'holm oak' takes its name from holm , an ancient name for holly. The wood

210-420: A tree planted at Windsor Great Park , is 30.4 m tall. The trunk is sometimes over 6 m (20 ft) in girth. The young shoots are clothed with a close grey felt. The leaves are very variable in shape, most frequently narrowly oval or ovate-lanceolate , 4–8 centimetres ( 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 –3 inches) long (rarely to 10 cm long), 2–5 cm wide (rarely to 8 cm wide), rounded or broadly tapered at

240-504: Is a large evergreen oak native to the Mediterranean region . It is a member of the section Ilex of the genus, with acorns that mature in a single summer. It is a large evergreen tree, attaining in favourable places a height of 21–28 metres (69–92 feet), and developing in open situations a huge head of densely leafy branches as much across, the terminal portions of the branches often pendulous in old trees. The tallest recorded,

270-475: Is hard and tough, and has been used since ancient times for general construction purposes as pillars, tools, wagons (as mentioned in Hesiod , Works and Days on page 429), vessels and wine casks. It is also used as firewood and in charcoal manufacture. The holm oak is one of the top three trees used in the establishment of truffle orchards, or truffières . Truffles grow in an ectomycorrhizal association with

300-553: Is not tolerant of cold continental winters. It is a parent of Quercus × turneri , along with Quercus robur . Holm oak was introduced to California in 1858 and is now a widely planted and locally naturalised species; it is often called "holly oak" there. The Tree Register Champion in Gloucestershire measured 8.95 m in circumference and 12 m in height in 1993. Another tree at Courtown House, Wexford , Ireland, reputedly planted in 1648, measured 20 m in height, with

330-547: Is present on and around St. Boniface Down on the Isle of Wight and into the neighbouring town of Ventnor , a town known for its naturally warmer microclimate , and has shown to tolerate the high winds on the downs. It is thought that this population's propagation (which was established in the late 1800s after having been planted by Victorian residents) has been bolstered by native Eurasian jays ( Garrulus glandarius ), which harvest acorns from oak trees and store them by burying them in

SECTION 10

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360-550: Is the only oak section with a centre of diversity in the Western Palearctic . The 2020 Red List of Oaks shows that within the species assessed across all eight sections of the genus Quercus , the sections Cyclobalanopsis and Ilex have the largest proportions of species put into the " critically endangered " category, representing the highest level of threat. A large number of section Cyclobalanopsis species occur in China:

390-602: The Iberian Peninsula , where it mixes with Q. rotundifolia , along the northern Mediterranean coastal belt, and in the Atlas Mountains in Tunisia and Algeria . Quercus ilex is placed in section Ilex . The closely related species Quercus rotundifolia was previously thought to be a subspecies of Q. ilex , but is now more often treated as a separate species. Some authors still describe Quercus rotundifolia as

420-530: The Umbri as sanctuary. The abbey soon increased its power and prestige thanks to numerous donations. In 1138 its possession extended from Rome (the basilica of Santi Quattro Coronati ) to Perugia , Spoleto and Camerino . In the following centuries it had 97 monasteries, 41 churches and 7 hospitals. In the late 15th century the abbey passed to the Olivetan Benedictines. The abbey started to decay from

450-763: The 15th century. In the course of the Napoleonic Wars , it was partially closed and in 1860, after the fall of the Papal States , its dependencies were divided between the Italian state, the local bishopric and privates. Today, part of the Abbey belongs to the Diocese of Foligno, another part to the State and the third part to a private family. In 1979, the Bishop of Foligno entrusted the abbey to

480-695: The Carthaginian period, holm oak was prevalent on the islands. Several holm oaks sit atop the 45 metre (148 ft) tall, 14th century Guinigi Tower in Lucca , Italy, making it a notable tourist attraction for the city. The Roman poet Horace predicted that the ilex growing on his farm would become famous when he included it in his hymn to the Spring of Bandusia there (Odes 3.13.12–16): fies nobilium tu quoque fontium, me dicente cavis impositam ilicem saxis, unde loquaces lymphae desiliunt tuae. (You will become one of

510-608: The Old World clade or the mid-latitude clade. Subgenus Quercus occurs mainly in the Americas (although some species are also found in Eurasia and North Africa), and may be called the New World clade or the high-latitude clade. Quercus subgenus Cerris was first established by Anders Sandøe Ørsted in 1867. However, his conception and that of later workers, who often reduced it to a section,

540-470: The Old World clade or the mid-latitude clade; all species are native to Eurasia and North Africa . Like all species of Quercus , those of subgenus Cerris are trees or shrubs with acorn -like fruit in which a cup covers at least the base of the nut. Members of subgenus Cerris are distinguished from members of subgenus Quercus by few morphological features, their separation being largely determined by molecular phylogenetic evidence. The structure of

570-401: The axis of the inflorescence . The ornamentation of the mature pollen is a distinguishing feature of the section: pollen grains have vertical folds (rugulae). The stalk that joins the perianth to the ovary (the perianthopodium) has three to five distinct rings. The 'cup' (cupule) around the base of acorn also has distinct rings formed from thin membranes (lamellae), which also distinguishes

600-492: The base, pointed, the margins usually entire on mature trees, or (especially on young trees) more or less spiny-toothed. When quite young, both surfaces are clothed with whitish down, which soon falls away entirely from the upper surface leaving it a dark glossy green; on the lower surface it turns grey or tawny, and persists until the fall of the leaf; the petiole is 3–16 millimetres ( 1 ⁄ 8 – 5 ⁄ 8  in) long. The acorns are produced one to three together on

630-462: The community of the Little Brothers of Jesus Caritas who continue to live there. In the 1970s-1990s a substantial program of restoration was carried on. The church is still under restoration after having been damaged by an earthquake in 1997. Points of interest include: Quercus ilex Quercus ilex , the holm oak , also (ambiguously, as many oaks are evergreen) evergreen oak ,

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660-418: The famous springs, too, Now that I am telling of the ilex planted over your stone Hollows, where your babbling Waters leap down.) Quercus sect. Ilex Quercus subgenus Cerris is one of the two subgenera into which the genus Quercus was divided in a 2017 classification (the other being subgenus Quercus ). It contains about 140 species divided among three sections . It may be called

690-521: The ground where they may then germinate. Feral goats were brought to Ventnor to control the spread of the holm oak. It can be clipped to form a tall hedge , and it is suitable for coastal windbreaks , in any well drained soil . It forms a picturesque rounded head, with pendulous low-hanging branches. Its size and solid evergreen character gives it an imposing architectural presence that makes it valuable in many urban and garden settings. While holm oak can be grown in much of maritime northwestern Europe, it

720-441: The mature pollen is distinctive, consisting of scattered small bumps (verrucate). The cup of the acorn has narrowly triangular scales, thickened and with a keel and elongated recurved tips. The leaf is toothed, typically with bristle-like extensions to the teeth. There are about 13 species in Eurasia and North Africa, including the cork oak, Quercus suber , an important source of cork for wine stoppers, among other uses. It

750-490: The mature pollen is distinctive, consisting of wrinkles or folds (rugulae). The acorns mature either annually or after two years. The cup of the acorn has triangular scales, usually thin and membranous. The toothed leaves are evergreen with spines or bristles at the ends of the teeth. The section contains about 40 species native to Eurasia and North Africa. Quercus section Cerris was first established by Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier in 1829. It has been treated as

780-492: The mature pollen is one feature that distinguishes the two subgenera: in subgenus Cerris , the small folds or wrinkles (rugulae) are visible or at most weakly obscured, whereas in subgenus Quercus , the rugulae are obscured by sporopollenin . The two subgenera are also distinguished to some extent by their different distributions. Subgenus Cerris is primarily Eurasian , with a few species in North Africa , and may be called

810-575: The section from other oaks. The leaves are evergreen. The section contains about 90 species native to tropical and subtropical Asia including the southern Himalayas. Quercus sect. Ilex was first established by John Claudius Loudon in 1838. It has also been treated as a subgenus, under the name Quercus subg. Heterobalanus Oerst. , and as subsection. Members may be called ilex oaks. Like all species of Quercus , those of section Ilex are trees or shrubs with acorn-like fruit. The staminate flowers have four to six stamens. The ornamentation of

840-528: The tree's roots. The first trees to be grown from acorns in England are still to be found within the stately grounds of Mamhead Park , Devon . From Britton & Brayley in The Beauties of England and Wales (1803): The woods and plantations of Mamhead are numerous and extensive. Many of them were introduced by Mr Thomas Balle (sic), the last of that family who, on returning from the continent, brought with him

870-458: Was closer to the modern section Cerris than the wider circumscription that has resulted from molecular phylogenetic studies, in which the subgenus is one of two divisions of the genus Quercus , and includes three sections. The following cladogram summarizes the relationships that Denk et al. used to draw up their 2017 classification: subg. Quercus sect. Cyclobalanopsis sect. Ilex sect. Cerris Quercus sect. Cyclobalanopsis

900-508: Was first established, as the genus Cyclobalanopsis , by Anders Sandøe Ørsted in 1867. It was first reduced from a genus to a section by George Bentham and William Jackson Hooker in 1880. It has also been treated as a subgenus. Members may be called cycle-cup oaks, or ring-cup oaks. Like all species of Quercus , those of section Cyclobalanopsis are trees or shrubs with acorn-like fruit. The staminate flowers are arranged in groups of usually one to three, but sometimes up to seven, along

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