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40-658: He founded the manufacturing company Sarkes Tarzian Enterprises in 1944, and was involved in early experiments in VHF audio broadcasting in 1946. In May of that year, he began operating a 200-watt experimental AM station, W9XHZ, on 87.75 MHz in Bloomington. He used the station to provide programming to the local community, including Indiana University and Bloomington High School Football games, special events, and live band music from local high schools. Because standard AM radios could not tune to his station's high frequency, Tarzian modified

80-1338: A partial stake in Sarkes Tarzian, Inc. Tarzian was married to Mary Mangigian Tarzian ; they had two children. The Sarkes and Mary Tarzian Nature Preserve in Bloomington , Indiana , commemorates their names. Lake Tarzian located within the Hoosier National Forest is named after him. Lake Tarzian is named after Tarzian who led the capital campaign to build the camp. Currently Sarkes Tarzian Inc. owns two television stations, 4 FM radio stations, and one AM radio station. Indianapolis / Bloomington, Indiana WTTS -HD1 (FM)- Adult Album Alternative , HD-2/96.1 W241CD (Bloomington)- Mainstream Rock (original owner) Bloomington, Indiana WGCL (AM)/98.7 W254DP- News/Talk (original owner) Ft. Wayne, Indiana WAJI -HD1 (FM)- Adult contemporary , HD-2/99.5 W258BY CHR WGBJ (FM)- Alternative (purchased from Three Amigos Broadcasting in 2019) WLDE (FM)- Classic Hits Indianapolis, Indiana Purchased WIGO (AM) from Luke Walton in 1966; changed call sign to WATI ; sold in 1984 to Continental Broadcast Group, LLC, which changed call sign to WGRT; now WSYW VHF Very high frequency ( VHF )

120-499: A process to move these stations to UHF bands to free up valuable VHF spectrum for its original purpose of FM radio. In addition, by 1985 the federal government decided new TV stations are to be broadcast on the UHF band. Two new VHF channels, 9A and 12, have since been made available and are being used primarily for digital services (e.g. ABC in capital cities) but also for some new analogue services in regional areas. Because channel 9A

160-666: A proposed transmitter station. VHF is the first band at which wavelengths are small enough that efficient transmitting antennas are short enough to mount on vehicles and handheld devices, a quarter wave whip antenna at VHF frequencies is 25 cm to 2.5 meter (10 inches to 8 feet) long. So the VHF and UHF wavelengths are used for two-way radios in vehicles, aircraft, and handheld transceivers and walkie-talkies . Portable radios usually use whips or rubber ducky antennas , while base stations usually use larger fiberglass whips or collinear arrays of vertical dipoles. For directional antennas,

200-505: A result, FM radio receivers such as those found in automobiles which are designed to tune into this frequency range could receive the audio for analog-mode programming on the local TV channel 6 while in North America. The practice largely ended with the DTV transition in 2009, although some still exist. The FM broadcast channel at 87.9 MHz is normally off-limits for FM audio broadcasting; it

240-616: A small number of sets himself and distributed them throughout the community. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) had recently established the FM radio band on 88.1-107.9 MHz, but FM receivers were expensive purchases. After two years of successful operation of what he referred to as his "HIFAM" station, in 1948 Tarzian proposed that the FCC allocate a small high-frequency HIFAM broadcast band, saying that an affordable $ 5.95 converter could be added to existing AM radios to make them capable of receiving

280-524: Is a radio band which, in most of the world, is used for FM broadcasting . In North America , however, this bandwidth is allocated to VHF television channel 6 (82–88 MHz). The analog audio for TV channel 6 is broadcast at 87.75 MHz (adjustable down to 87.74). Several stations, known as Frankenstations , most notably those joining the Pulse 87 franchise, have operated on this frequency as radio stations, though they use television licenses. As

320-1044: Is available in the FM broadcast band for purposes such as micro-broadcasting and sending output from CD or digital media players to radios without auxiliary-in jacks, though this is illegal in some other countries. This practice was legalised in the United Kingdom on 8 December 2006. ELF 3 Hz/100 Mm 30 Hz/10 Mm SLF 30 Hz/10 Mm 300 Hz/1 Mm ULF 300 Hz/1 Mm 3 kHz/100 km VLF 3 kHz/100 km 30 kHz/10 km LF 30 kHz/10 km 300 kHz/1 km MF 300 kHz/1 km 3 MHz/100 m HF 3 MHz/100 m 30 MHz/10 m VHF 30 MHz/10 m 300 MHz/1 m UHF 300 MHz/1 m 3 GHz/100 mm SHF 3 GHz/100 mm 30 GHz/10 mm EHF 30 GHz/10 mm 300 GHz/1 mm THF 300 GHz/1 mm 3 THz/0.1 mm Mary Mangigian Tarzian Mary Mangigian Tarzian (August 22, 1905 – June 7, 1998)

360-558: Is less of a problem in this and higher frequency bands than at lower frequencies. The VHF band is the first band at which efficient transmitting antennas are small enough that they can be mounted on vehicles and portable devices, so the band is used for two-way land mobile radio systems , such as walkie-talkies , and two way radio communication with aircraft ( Airband ) and ships ( marine radio ). Occasionally, when conditions are right, VHF waves can travel long distances by tropospheric ducting due to refraction by temperature gradients in

400-463: Is not used for television services in or near Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide or Perth, digital radio in those cities are broadcast on DAB frequencies blocks 9A, 9B and 9C. VHF radio is also used for marine Radio as per its long-distance reachability comparing UHF frequencies. Example allocation of VHF–UHF frequencies: Until 2013, the four main free-to-air TV stations in New Zealand used

440-592: Is reserved for displaced class D stations which have no other frequencies in the normal 88.1–107.9 MHz subband to move to. So far, only two stations have qualified to operate on 87.9 MHz: 10–watt KSFH in Mountain View, California and 34–watt translator K200AA in Sun Valley, Nevada . In some countries, particularly the United States and Canada, limited low-power license-free operation

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480-541: Is the ITU designation for the range of radio frequency electromagnetic waves ( radio waves ) from 30 to 300 megahertz (MHz), with corresponding wavelengths of ten meters to one meter. Frequencies immediately below VHF are denoted high frequency (HF), and the next higher frequencies are known as ultra high frequency (UHF). VHF radio waves propagate mainly by line-of-sight , so they are blocked by hills and mountains, although due to refraction they can travel somewhat beyond

520-735: The HF band there is only some reflection at lower frequencies from the ionosphere ( skywave propagation). They do not follow the contour of the Earth as ground waves and so are blocked by hills and mountains, although because they are weakly refracted (bent) by the atmosphere they can travel somewhat beyond the visual horizon out to about 160 km (100 miles). They can penetrate building walls and be received indoors, although in urban areas reflections from buildings cause multipath propagation , which can interfere with television reception. Atmospheric radio noise and interference ( RFI ) from electrical equipment

560-611: The Yagi antenna is the most widely used as a high gain or "beam" antenna. For television reception, the Yagi is used, as well as the log-periodic antenna due to its wider bandwidth. Helical and turnstile antennas are used for satellite communication since they employ circular polarization . For even higher gain, multiple Yagis or helicals can be mounted together to make array antennas . Vertical collinear arrays of dipoles can be used to make high gain omnidirectional antennas , in which more of

600-597: The visual horizon out to about 160 km (100 miles). Common uses for radio waves in the VHF band are Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) and FM radio broadcasting, television broadcasting , two-way land mobile radio systems (emergency, business, private use and military), long range data communication up to several tens of kilometers with radio modems , amateur radio , and marine communications . Air traffic control communications and air navigation systems (e.g. VOR and ILS ) work at distances of 100 kilometres (62 miles) or more to aircraft at cruising altitude. In

640-435: The 10 VHF channels were insufficient to support the growth of television services. This was rectified by the addition of three additional frequencies-channels 0, 5A and 11. Older television sets using rotary dial tuners required adjustment to receive these new channels. Most TVs of that era were not equipped to receive these broadcasts, and so were modified at the owners' expense to be able to tune into these bands; otherwise

680-538: The 625-line colour signal), with the exception of BBC2 (which had always broadcast solely on UHF). The last British VHF TV transmitters closed down on January 3, 1985. VHF band III is now used in the UK for digital audio broadcasting , and VHF band II is used for FM radio , as it is in most of the world. Unusually, the UK has an amateur radio allocation at 4 metres , 70–70.5 MHz. Frequency assignments between US and Canadian users are closely coordinated since much of

720-453: The Americas and many other parts of the world, VHF Band I was used for the transmission of analog television . As part of the worldwide transition to digital terrestrial television most countries require broadcasters to air television in the VHF range using digital, rather than analog encoding. Radio waves in the VHF band propagate mainly by line-of-sight and ground-bounce paths; unlike in

760-549: The Canadian population is within VHF radio range of the US border. Certain discrete frequencies are reserved for radio astronomy . The general services in the VHF band are: Cable television , though not transmitted aerially, uses a spectrum of frequencies overlapping VHF. The U.S. FCC allocated television broadcasting to a channelized roster as early as 1938 with 19 channels. That changed three more times: in 1940 when Channel 19

800-503: The HIFAM stations. (This idea was essentially a revival of the " Apex band ", which had been discontinued in 1941.) Tarzian continued to operate his experimental station, which eventually became KS2XAP, until 1950, although by then its transmitting hours were greatly restricted, as the FCC required the station to remain off the air whenever nearby WFBM-TV in Indianapolis was broadcasting, because

840-1184: The National Council of the YWCA , the Pritikin Longevity Center , and the Indianapolis Museum of Art . She was a member of the national council of the Metropolitan Opera Company and of the advisory board of the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts . The Tarzians co-founded the Einstein Memorial Scholarship Foundation, now known as the Sagamore Leadership Initiative. In the 1950s, Sarkes and Mary Tarzian faced federal tax avoidance charges. In 1964, Mary Tarzian sued two Fifth Avenue department stores, Bonwit Teller and Peck & Peck , after they accused her of shoplifting. Tarzian

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880-451: The TV station's audio transmitter used the same frequency as Tarzian's station. Moreover, after the station's final license expired on June 1, 1950, the FCC denied Tarzian any further renewals. In 1949 he started television station WTTV in Bloomington, which at various times under Sarkes Tarzian ownership operated as a DuMont , NBC and ABC affiliate and as an independent station . The station

920-468: The VHF television bands ( Band I and Band III ) to transmit to New Zealand households. Other stations, including a variety of pay and regional free-to-air stations, were forced to broadcast in the UHF band, since the VHF band had been very overloaded with four stations sharing a very small frequency band, which was so overcrowded that one or more channels would not be available in some smaller towns. However, at

960-455: The antenna's power is radiated in horizontal directions. Television and FM broadcasting stations use collinear arrays of specialized dipole antennas such as batwing antennas . Certain subparts of the VHF band have the same use around the world. Some national uses are detailed below. The VHF TV band in Australia was originally allocated channels 1 to 10-with channels 2, 7 and 9 assigned for

1000-427: The atmosphere. VHF transmission range is a function of transmitter power, receiver sensitivity, and distance to the horizon, since VHF signals propagate under normal conditions as a near line-of-sight phenomenon. The distance to the radio horizon is slightly extended over the geometric line of sight to the horizon, as radio waves are weakly bent back toward the Earth by the atmosphere. An approximation to calculate

1040-468: The end of 2013 , all television channels stopped broadcasting on the VHF bands, as New Zealand moved to digital television broadcasting, requiring all stations to either broadcast on UHF or satellite (where UHF was unavailable) utilising the Freeview service. Refer to Australasian television frequencies for more information. British television originally used VHF band I and band III . Television on VHF

1080-552: The initial services in Sydney and Melbourne , and later the same channels were assigned in Brisbane , Adelaide and Perth . Other capital cities and regional areas used a combination of these and other frequencies as available. The initial commercial services in Hobart and Darwin were respectively allocated channels 6 and 8 rather than 7 or 9. By the early 1960s it became apparent that

1120-408: The line-of-sight horizon distance (on Earth) is: These approximations are only valid for antennas at heights that are small compared to the radius of the Earth. They may not necessarily be accurate in mountainous areas, since the landscape may not be transparent enough for radio waves. In engineered communications systems, more complex calculations are required to assess the probable coverage area of

1160-513: The owner had to buy a new TV. Several TV stations were allocated to VHF channels 3, 4 and 5, which were within the FM radio bands although not yet used for that purpose. A couple of notable examples were NBN-3 Newcastle , WIN-4 Wollongong and ABC Newcastle on channel 5. While some Channel 5 stations were moved to 5A in the 1970s and 80s, beginning in the 1990s, the Australian Broadcasting Authority began

1200-450: The permit in 1959. The station is now WBKO . In 1957, Sarkes Tarzian founded WPTA , serving Fort Wayne, Indiana , taking an affiliation with ABC; in 1973, the station was sold to Combined Communications for $ 3.6 million. In 1959, Sarkes Tarzian purchased dark WFAM-TV, channel 59, in Lafayette, Indiana from its owner, Henry Rosenthal. Sarkes Tarzian was able to get FCC approval to move

1240-635: The station to channel 18, which Rosenthal had been attempting since his purchase of the station in 1957. In 1967, the station's call sign was changed to the current WLFI-TV . In 1979, the station was sold to Block Communications . It is currently owned by Allen Media Broadcasting . In 1980, Sarkes Tarzian bought television station KTVN in Reno, Nevada from Washoe Empire for $ 12.5 million. In 1982, Sarkes Tarzian bought television station WRCB in Chattanooga, Tennessee from Ziff Davis . The Sarkes Tarzian company

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1280-594: Was a master weaver and a businessman. She attended Kensington High School , and graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1927. She later earned a master's degree in 1928 and a Ph.D. in 1935, both at Penn, and was a member of Phi Beta Kappa . She also studied at Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva, Switzerland , and at the University of Geneva . Tarzian and her husband founded Sarkes Tarzian, Inc., an electronics manufacturing company, in 1944. She

1320-472: Was an American businesswoman, philanthropist, and publisher. She and her husband Sarkes Tarzian founded an electronics manufacturing and broadcasting company in 1944, and she was vice president of the company beginning in 1952. Mary Mangigian was born in Philadelphia , the daughter of Bedros (Peter) Mangigian and Nartouhi Kassabian Mangigian. Her parents were Armenian immigrants from Turkey , and her father

1360-420: Was an important manufacturer of radio and television equipment, television tuners, and components. Its FM radio receivers helped to popularize the broadcast medium. Sarkes Tarzian manufactured studio color TV cameras in the mid-1960s. The manufacturing operations were spun off in the 1970s and today the company still exists as a broadcaster, owning several television and radio stations. Gray Television has owned

1400-406: Was deleted and several channels changed frequencies, then in 1946 with television going from 18 channels to 13 channels, again with different frequencies, and finally in 1948 with the removal of Channel 1 (analog channels 2–13 remain as they were, even on cable television ). Channels 14–19 later appeared on the UHF band, while channel 1 remains unused. 87.5–87.9 MHz

1440-399: Was in black and white with 405-line format (although there were experiments with all three colour systems- NTSC , PAL , and SECAM -adapted for the 405-line system in the late 1950s and early 1960s). British colour television was broadcast on UHF (channels 21–69), beginning in the late 1960s. From then on, TV was broadcast on both VHF and UHF (VHF being a monochromatic downconversion from

1480-572: Was named Distinguished Woman of the Year by Northwood Institute in 1973, and Indiana Mother of the Year in 1976. She held honorary doctorates from the University of La Verne and Tri-State College . The Sarkes and Mary Tarzian Nature Preserve in Bloomington, Indiana , was named for her and her husband. Mangigian married Armenian inventor Sarkes Tarzian in Geneva in 1930. They had children Patricia and Thomas. Her husband died in 1987, and she died in 1998, at

1520-406: Was not until February 1957 that the commission designated the applications against each other for hearing, and it took another 18 months for a hearing examiner to give the initial nod for the channel to Tarzian, citing its superior programming plans and broadcast experience as a factor that outweighed the local ownership represented by Brown. Brown appealed the initial decision, and the FCC granted him

1560-526: Was sold by Tarzian to Teleco Corporation in 1978. In 1956, two groups filed with the FCC to build a television station on channel 13 in Bowling Green, Kentucky , the only allotted VHF channel for southern Kentucky. The first group to file was Sarkes Tarzian. A second application followed shortly thereafter, from George A. Brown, Jr., the Kentucky representative for Nashville -based General Shoe Corporation . It

1600-470: Was vice president of the company beginning in 1952, overseeing several factories. She was also vice president and director of Bynum Supply, and the first woman to serve on the board of directors of Dean Brothers Pumps. The Tarzians also owned the Greencastle Banner-Graphic newspaper and several radio and television stations. Mary Tarzian held seats on various boards of directors, including

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