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46-604: On 15 September 1913, the Higher Agricultural Courses were established in Saratov to train agronomists. There were 105 people in the first enrollment of students of these courses. One of the founders, as well as the first director of the courses, was the chief agronomist of Saratov, Boris Kharlampievich Medvedev. On 5 April 1918, by the decision of the People's Commissariat of Agriculture and the People's Commissariat of Education,

92-737: A center of origin in Southwest Asia. In 1917, Vavilov was a professor at the Faculty of Agronomy, University of Saratov . In 1920, he became Director of the Bureau of Applied Botany in Leningrad. Later expeditions visited places including the high plains of Central Asia, Afghanistan, the Khoresm oasis, Japan, and Taiwan. The 1921 expedition visited Canada and the United States; Vavilov noted that North America

138-1607: A "substantial contribution to the improvement of natural knowledge , including mathematics , engineering science , and medical science ". Fellowship of the Society, the oldest known scientific academy in continuous existence, is a significant honour. It has been awarded to many eminent scientists throughout history, including Isaac Newton (1672), Benjamin Franklin (1756), Charles Babbage (1816), Michael Faraday (1824), Charles Darwin (1839), Ernest Rutherford (1903), Srinivasa Ramanujan (1918), Jagadish Chandra Bose (1920), Albert Einstein (1921), Paul Dirac (1930), Winston Churchill (1941), Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (1944), Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis (1945), Dorothy Hodgkin (1947), Alan Turing (1951), Lise Meitner (1955), Satyendra Nath Bose (1958), and Francis Crick (1959). More recently, fellowship has been awarded to Stephen Hawking (1974), David Attenborough (1983), Tim Hunt (1991), Elizabeth Blackburn (1992), Raghunath Mashelkar (1998), Tim Berners-Lee (2001), Venki Ramakrishnan (2003), Atta-ur-Rahman (2006), Andre Geim (2007), Bai Chunli (2014), James Dyson (2015), Ajay Kumar Sood (2015), Subhash Khot (2017), Elon Musk (2018), Elaine Fuchs (2019) and around 8,000 others in total, including over 280 Nobel Laureates since 1900. As of October 2018 , there are approximately 1,689 living Fellows, Foreign and Honorary Members, of whom 85 are Nobel Laureates. Fellowship of

184-685: A Chair (all of whom are Fellows of the Royal Society ). Members of the 10 Sectional Committees change every three years to mitigate in-group bias . Each Sectional Committee covers different specialist areas including: New Fellows are admitted to the Society at a formal admissions day ceremony held annually in July, when they sign the Charter Book and the Obligation which reads: "We who have hereunto subscribed, do hereby promise, that we will endeavour to promote

230-431: A complaint, but the death certificate only mentions "decline of cardiac activity". Some authors assert that the actual cause of death was starvation. Vavilov's son Oleg with his first wife Yekaterina Sakharova was born in 1918. That marriage ended in divorce in 1926, after which he married geneticist Elena Ivanovna Barulina , a specialist on lentils and assistant head of the institute's seed collection. Their son Yuri

276-516: A recipient of the Lenin Prize , and president of All-Union Geographical Society . He was a fellow of the Royal Society and of the Royal Society of Edinburgh . Vavilov's work was criticized by Trofim Lysenko , whose anti- Mendelian concepts of plant biology had won favor with Joseph Stalin . As a result, Vavilov was arrested and subsequently sentenced to death in July 1941. Although his sentence

322-408: A series of botanical-agronomic expeditions, collecting seeds from many parts of the world, and developing theories of their origins. The first expedition, in 1916, was to Iran, where he collected 171 samples of legume crop seeds new to Russia, including beans, chickpeas, clovers, everlasting peas, lentils, and peas. These finds suggested to him that many cultivated plants including legumes came from

368-1095: A white lupin from Palestine; they became useful in plant breeding as they came to maturity early. Later expeditions went to Sudan and Ethiopia, where he identified a center of diversity in 1926. In 1927, Vavilov presented his theory of centers of origin to the public at the Fifth International Congress of Genetics in Berlin. In his institute at Leningrad , he created the world's largest collection of plant seeds; by 1933, it contained over 148,000 specimens. The collection became internationally famous, attracting praise from overseas but hostile attention from Joseph Stalin . In 1929 he went to China, Japan, and Korea, locating another center of cultivated plants in Japan. In 1932, on his last expedition, he travelled widely in Latin America, visiting Cuba, Mexico, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay after attending

414-725: Is confirmed by the Council in April, and a secret ballot of Fellows is held at a meeting in May. A candidate is elected if they secure two-thirds of votes of those Fellows voting. An indicative allocation of 18 Fellowships can be allocated to candidates from Physical Sciences and Biological Sciences; and up to 10 from Applied Sciences, Human Sciences and Joint Physical and Biological Sciences. A further maximum of six can be 'Honorary', 'General' or 'Royal' Fellows. Nominations for Fellowship are peer reviewed by Sectional Committees, each with at least 12 members and

460-421: Is nominated by two Fellows of the Royal Society (a proposer and a seconder), who sign a certificate of proposal. Previously, nominations required at least five fellows to support each nomination by the proposer, which was criticised for supposedly establishing an old boy network and elitist gentlemen's club . The certificate of election (see for example ) includes a statement of the principal grounds on which

506-426: The post-nominal letters FRS . Every year, fellows elect up to ten new foreign members. Like fellows, foreign members are elected for life through peer review on the basis of excellence in science. As of 2016 , there are around 165 foreign members, who are entitled to use the post-nominal ForMemRS . Honorary Fellowship is an honorary academic title awarded to candidates who have given distinguished service to

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552-552: The Higher Agricultural Courses were transformed into the Saratov Agricultural Institute, but already on September 20 of the same year, the institute was attached to the Saratov State University as an agronomic faculty. In 1917-1921, geneticist Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov was engaged in scientific and pedagogical work at the courses and at the institute. In May 1922, the Faculty of Agronomy separated from

598-696: The Kremlin. In 1936, Lysenko arranged for Vavilov to be sacked from his post as head of the institute. While collecting seeds in Ukraine in August 1940, Vavilov was arrested by the NKVD (the Soviet secret police) and imprisoned for his opposition to Lysenko; he was accused of spying for the British and ruining Soviet agriculture. After undergoing interrogations, he made a false confession,

644-468: The Mediterranean in 1926, visiting France, Greece, Spain, Portugal, North Africa and islands including Sardinia, Sicily, Crete, and Cyprus. He took special interest in legumes such as the chickpea, which he found contributed to soil fertility and added protein to the diets of people and their animals around the Mediterranean. Another expedition visited Jordan, Palestine, and Syria; he returned with seeds of

690-669: The Orthodox Church, he was an atheist. His father had grown up in poverty due to recurring crop failures and food rationing , and Vavilov became obsessed from an early age with ending famine . Vavilov entered the Petrovskaya Agricultural Academy (now the Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy ) in 1906. During this time, he became known for carrying a pet lizard in his pocket wherever he went. He graduated from

736-505: The Petrovka in 1910 with a dissertation on snails as pests . From 1911 to 1912, he worked at the Bureau for Applied Botany and at the Bureau of Mycology and Phytopathology . From 1913 to 1914, he travelled in Europe and studied plant immunity , in collaboration with the British biologist William Bateson , who helped establish the science of genetics . Throughout his career, Vavilov went on

782-439: The Royal Society has been described by The Guardian as "the equivalent of a lifetime achievement Oscar " with several institutions celebrating their announcement each year. Up to 60 new Fellows (FRS), honorary (HonFRS) and foreign members (ForMemRS) are elected annually in late April or early May, from a pool of around 700 proposed candidates each year. New Fellows can only be nominated by existing Fellows for one of

828-650: The Russian Federation to rename the university into “Saratov State University of Genetics, Biotechnology and Engineering named after N.I. Vavilov". On 8 July 2022, the name was approved. This Russian university, college or other education institution article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Nikolai Vavilov Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov ForMemRS , HFRSE (Russian: Никола́й Ива́нович Вави́лов , IPA: [nʲɪkɐˈlaj ɪˈvanəvʲɪtɕ vɐˈvʲiləf] ; 25 November [ O.S. 13 November] 1887 – 26 January 1943)

874-683: The Siege of Leningrad was fictionalized by novelist Elise Blackwell in her 2003 novel Hunger . That novel was the inspiration for the Decemberists ' song "When The War Came" in the 2006 album The Crane Wife , which also depicts the Institute during the siege and mentions Vavilov by name. In 1987, the Shevchenko National Prize was awarded to Anatoliy Borsyuk (film director), Serhiy Dyachenko (script writer), and Oleksandr Frolov (camera) for

920-638: The Sixth International Congress of Genetics in Uruguay. Vavilov's work on the genetic diversity of crop plants across the world spanned the concept of centers of origin, the Darwinian problem of speciation , plant breeding, and a geographical approach to studies of crops, as well as the law of homologous series in variation. He is remembered for his contributions to the improvement of varieties of wheat , maize and other cereal crops that sustain

966-655: The Society, we shall be free from this Obligation for the future". Since 2014, portraits of Fellows at the admissions ceremony have been published without copyright restrictions in Wikimedia Commons under a more permissive Creative Commons license which allows wider re-use. In addition to the main fellowships of the Royal Society (FRS, ForMemRS & HonFRS), other fellowships are available which are applied for by individuals, rather than through election. These fellowships are research grant awards and holders are known as Royal Society Research Fellows . In addition to

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1012-526: The State University and again became an institute. The first director of the institute was a biologist, professor V. R. Zalensky  [ uk ] . At that time, such prominent scientists as A. I. Stebut  [ de ] . In 1923, the reclamation faculty was opened. In this regard, the Saratov Agricultural Institute was renamed the Saratov Institute of Agriculture and Land Reclamation. At

1058-629: The beginning of the 20th century, such educational institutions as the State Zootechnical and Veterinary Institute (1918) and the Institute of Mechanization and Electrification of Agriculture (1932; on the basis of the Moscow Institute of Agricultural Engineering transferred to Saratov) were formed in the city. By the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 18 December 1997 “On improving

1104-597: The cause of science, but do not have the kind of scientific achievements required of Fellows or Foreign Members. Honorary Fellows include the World Health Organization's Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus (2022), Bill Bryson (2013), Melvyn Bragg (2010), Robin Saxby (2015), David Sainsbury, Baron Sainsbury of Turville (2008), Onora O'Neill (2007), John Maddox (2000), Patrick Moore (2001) and Lisa Jardine (2015). Honorary Fellows are entitled to use

1150-515: The fellowships described below: Every year, up to 52 new fellows are elected from the United Kingdom, the rest of the Commonwealth of Nations , and Ireland, which make up around 90% of the society. Each candidate is considered on their merits and can be proposed from any sector of the scientific community. Fellows are elected for life on the basis of excellence in science and are entitled to use

1196-608: The film Star of Vavilov ( Russian : "Звезда Вавилова") about Vavilov's work. In 1990, a six part documentary entitled Nikolai Vavilov ( Russian : Николай Вавилов) was created as a joint production of the USSR and East Germany . Fellow of the Royal Society Fellowship of the Royal Society ( FRS , ForMemRS and HonFRS ) is an award granted by the Fellows of the Royal Society of London to individuals who have made

1242-563: The first rector of the united university in April 1998 (he died in 2003). In May 2003, Nikolai Ivanovich Kuznetsov was elected Rector of the University. On 19 March 2021, Dmitry Aleksandrovich Solovyov was appointed to the position of rector. On 22 June 2022, the Academic Council unanimously supported the university’s transformation program and decided to petition the Ministry of Agriculture of

1288-505: The global population. Vavilov was a man of enormous energy, described as having "a mind that never slept and a body which for its capacity for enduring physical hardships can seldom have been matched." For example, he documented 3,000 types of Triticum vulgare wheat, calling them all "perfectly recognizable morphologically"; J. Scott McElroy comments that it is difficult to imagine the time, energy, and knowledge required to collect and describe so many types of one species. In 1932, during

1334-530: The good of the Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge, and to pursue the ends for which the same was founded; that we will carry out, as far as we are able, those actions requested of us in the name of the Council; and that we will observe the Statutes and Standing Orders of the said Society. Provided that, whensoever any of us shall signify to the President under our hands, that we desire to withdraw from

1380-518: The institute was renamed after Vavilov in time for its 75th anniversary. A minor planet , 2862 Vavilov , discovered in 1977 by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh is named after him and his brother Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov . The crater Vavilov on the far side of the Moon is named after him and his brother, a physicist. The story of the researchers at the Vavilov Institute during

1426-615: The name 'Vavilovian mimicry' for this process. Today, a street in downtown Saratov bears Vavilov's name. Vavilov's monument in Saratov near the end of Vavilov Street was unveiled in 1997. The USSR Academy of Sciences established the Vavilov Award (1965) and the Vavilov Medal (1968). Today, the N.I. Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry in St. Petersburg still maintains one of the world's largest collections of plant genetic material. In 1968,

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1472-509: The post nominal letters HonFRS . Statute 12 is a legacy mechanism for electing members before official honorary membership existed in 1997. Fellows elected under statute 12 include David Attenborough (1983) and John Palmer, 4th Earl of Selborne (1991). The Council of the Royal Society can recommend members of the British royal family for election as Royal Fellow of the Royal Society . As of 2023 there are four royal fellows: Elizabeth II

1518-546: The proposal is being made. There is no limit on the number of nominations made each year. In 2015, there were 654 candidates for election as Fellows and 106 candidates for Foreign Membership. The Council of the Royal Society oversees the selection process and appoints 10 subject area committees, known as Sectional Committees, to recommend the strongest candidates for election to the Fellowship. The final list of up to 52 Fellowship candidates and up to 10 Foreign Membership candidates

1564-723: The seedbank refused to eat its contents, even though by the end of the siege in the spring of 1944, a number of them had died of starvation. In 1943, parts of Vavilov's collection, samples stored within the territories occupied by the German armies, mainly in Ukraine and Crimea , were seized by a German unit headed by Heinz Brücher . Many of the samples were transferred to the Schutzstaffel (SS) Institute for Plant Genetics, which had been established at Schloss Lannach  [ de ] near Graz , Austria . In 1955, Vavilov's life sentence

1610-711: The sixth congress, Vavilov proposed holding the seventh International Congress of Genetics in the USSR in 1937. In 1935, Vavilov was elected chairman of the International Congress of Genetics for this purpose, but in 1936 the Politburo cancelled the event; the congress eventually took place in Edinburgh in 1939 instead. The Politburo further prohibited Vavilov from travelling abroad; during the Congress's opening ceremony an empty chair

1656-478: The system of vocational education in the Saratov region”, three higher educational institutions of an agricultural profile - the Saratov State Agricultural Academy named after. N. I. Vavilov, Saratov State Agroengineering University and Saratov State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology were merged into Saratov State Agrarian University named after N. I. Vavilov. B. Z. Dvorkin became

1702-588: Was a Russian and Soviet agronomist , botanist and geneticist who identified the centers of origin of cultivated plants. He devoted his life to the study and improvement of wheat , maize and other cereal crops that sustain the global population. Vavilov became the youngest member of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union . He was a member of the USSR Central Executive Committee ,

1748-399: Was born in 1928. Vavilov became the youngest member of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union . He was a member of the USSR Central Executive Committee , a recipient of the Lenin Prize in 1928, and president of All-Union Geographical Society in 1931. He was a fellow of the Royal Society (of London), and a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh . The Leningrad seedbank

1794-467: Was commuted to twenty years' imprisonment, he died in prison in 1943. In 1955, his death sentence was retroactively pardoned under Nikita Khrushchev . By the late 1950s, his reputation was publicly rehabilitated, and he began to be hailed as a hero of Soviet science . Vavilov was born into a merchant family in Moscow , the older brother of physicist Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov . Despite his strict upbringing in

1840-470: Was found guilty, and sentenced to death in 1941. In 1942, his sentence was commuted to twenty years imprisonment. In 1943, he died in prison in Saratov as a result of the harsh conditions. The prison's medical documentation indicates that he had been admitted into the prison hospital a few days prior to his death and mentions the diagnoses of pneumonia , dystrophy and edema as well as general weakness as

1886-421: Was not a Royal Fellow, but provided her patronage to the society, as all reigning British monarchs have done since Charles II of England . Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (1951) was elected under statute 12, not as a Royal Fellow. The election of new fellows is announced annually in May, after their nomination and a period of peer-reviewed selection. Each candidate for Fellowship or Foreign Membership

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1932-638: Was not a center of plant diversity, finding later that the centers of origin in the Americas were in Mexico, Central America, and parts of South America. On his way back from America he visited Western Europe, collecting seeds in Britain, France, Holland, Germany, Poland, and Sweden in 1922. From 1924 to 1935, he was the director of the Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences at Leningrad. He travelled

1978-512: Was placed on the stage as a symbolic reminder of Vavilov's involuntary absence. Trofim Lysenko joined the staff of the institute and began to oppose Vavilov, arguing that genetics was nonsense invented by the Roman Catholic monk Gregor Mendel , and proposing his own Lamarckian views of inheritance and evolution, and the idea of improving a crop variety by vernalization . Lysenko had the ear of Stalin, who summoned Vavilov and mocked him in

2024-547: Was preserved and protected through the 28-month long Siege of Leningrad . While the Soviets had ordered the evacuation of art from the Hermitage Museum , they had not evacuated the 250,000 samples of seeds, roots, and fruits stored in what was then the world's largest seedbank. A group of scientists at the Vavilov Institute boxed up a cross section of seeds, moved them to the basement, and took shifts protecting them. Those guarding

2070-493: Was that the weed would evolve to appear progressively more like the crop: whenever a farmer, or a winnowing machine, removed as many weed seeds as possible, only the weed seeds that most closely resembled the crop would survive. Thus, natural selection would be applied unconsciously by the farmer (or by the winnowing machine used to separate the seeds). Vavilov described the cereal rye , which he believed had evolved in this way, as secondary crops. In 1982, Georges Pasteur proposed

2116-658: Was voided at a hearing of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union , undertaken as part of a de-Stalinization effort to review Stalin-era death sentences in the time of Nikita Khrushchev . By the late 1950s, his reputation was publicly rehabilitated, and he began to be hailed as a hero of Soviet science . While studying the origins and evolutionary history of crop plants including cereals , Vavilov noted that weeds are inevitably included with crop seed by seed contamination. A consequence, he observed,

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