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132-404: Ceremonies — trabalhos (Portuguese for "works") — are typically several hours long and are undertaken sitting in silent "concentration", or sung collectively, dancing according to simple steps in geometrical formation. Ayahuasca , referred to as Daime within the practice, which contains several psychoactive compounds, is drunk as part of the ceremony. Mestre Irineu was not

264-831: A Panoan language spoken by approximately 26,000 people in Peru and Brazil. This language is commonly sung by the shaman in the form of a chant, called an Icaro , during the Ayahuasca ritual as a way to establish a "balance of energy" during the ritual to help protect and guide the user during their experience. Traditional ayahuasca brews are usually made with Banisteriopsis caapi as an MAOI , while dimethyltryptamine sources and other admixtures vary from region to region. There are several varieties of caapi , often known as different "colors", with varying effects, potencies, and uses. DMT admixtures: Other common admixtures: Common admixtures with their associated ceremonial values and spirits: In

396-589: A museum drawer in Stuttgart ; they had been unearthed in a clay pit at Wiesloch –Frauenweiler, south of Heidelberg , Germany , and, because hummingbirds were assumed to have never occurred outside the Americas, were not recognized to be hummingbirds until Mayr took a closer look at them. Fossils of birds not clearly assignable to either hummingbirds or a related extinct family, the Jungornithidae, have been found at

528-401: A "devilish potion" cooked from bitter herbs and lianas (called ayaguasca ) and its rituals: "[...] In other nations, they set aside an entire night for divination. For this purpose, they select the most capable house in the vicinity because many people are expected to attend the event. The diviner hangs his bed in the middle and places an infernal potion, known as ayahuasca, by his side, which

660-557: A Father or Mother of the church is often sung. The Christian core is combined with other elements, drawing on other spiritual strands of Brazilian culture: there is an emphasis on personal responsibility within a fellowship, the need to walk on the path of Love leaving behind old habits and evil (with Divine help), to examine one's conscience carefully, to call on God and the Virgin Mother and Jesus Christ for help, to do good, to be just, to pray regularly; but also an animist appreciation of

792-418: A Landscape: People and Places ), and NFL quarterback Aaron Rodgers . Sections of Banisteriopsis caapi vine are macerated and boiled alone or with leaves from any of a number of other plants, including Psychotria viridis ( chacruna ), Diplopterys cabrerana (also known as chaliponga and chacropanga ), and Mimosa tenuiflora , among other ingredients which can vary greatly from one shaman to

924-700: A bitter liana used for precognition and sorcery. All these reports were written in context of Jesuit missions in South America, specially the Mainas missions , in Latin and sent only to Rome, so their audience wasn't very large and they were promptly lost in the archives. For this reason, ayahuasca didn't receive interest for the entire subsequent century. In academic discourse, the initial mention of ayahuasca dates back to Manuel Villavicencio 's 1848 book, " Geografía de la República del Ecuador. " This work vividly delineates

1056-618: A cave in southwestern Bolivia in 2008, and chemical traces of harmine in the hair of two mummies found in northern Chile. Both cases are linked to Tiwanaku people, circa 900 CE. There are several reports of oral and nasal use of Anadenanthera spp. (rich in bufotenin ) ritualistically and therapeutically during labor and infancy, and researchers suggest that addition of Banisteriopsis spp. to catalyze its psychoactivity emerged later, due to contact between different groups of Amazon and Altiplano . Despite claims by numerous anthropologists and ethnologists, such as Plutarco Naranjo, regarding

1188-510: A control group, but also controlling for rural vs. urban area, was conducted by a team of Spanish researchers and looked at church members that have used ayahuasca for 15 years and at least 2 times per month. The study was led by José Carlos Bouso and funded by the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies . The study "found no evidence of psychological maladjustment, mental health deterioration or cognitive impairment in

1320-468: A female at speeds around 23 m/s (83 km/h; 51 mph). The sexes differ in feather coloration, with males having distinct brilliance and ornamentation of head, neck, wing, and breast feathers. The most typical feather ornament in males is the gorget – a bib-like iridescent neck-feather patch that changes brilliance with the viewing angle to attract females and warn male competitors away from territory. Hummingbirds begin mating when they are

1452-517: A glimpse of the pre-Columbian culture regarding use of the sacred plants, their preparation and ritual consumption [citar naranjo 86]. Although several botanical specimens (like tobacco, coca and Anadenanthera spp. ) were identified among these objects, there is no unequivocal evidence of this date referring directly to ayahuasca. Banisteriopsis caapi use is suggested from a pouch containing carved snuffing trays, bone spatulas and other paraphernalia with traces of harmine and DMT , discovered in

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1584-645: A high metabolic rate dependent on foraging for sugars from flower nectar. Hummingbird legs are short with feet having three toes pointing forward and one backward – the hallux . The toes of hummingbirds are formed as claws with ridged inner surfaces to aid gripping onto flower stems or petals. Hummingbirds do not walk on the ground or hop like most birds, but rather shuffle laterally and use their feet to grip while perching, preening feathers, or nest-building (by females), and during fights to grab feathers of opponents. Hummingbirds apply their legs as pistons for generating thrust upon taking flight, although

1716-459: A hyphen) means "give me" in Portuguese . A phrase, Dai-me força, dai-me amor ("give me strength, give me love"), recurs in the doctrine's hymns. "The Daime" is revered as an entheogen, not as any kind of recreational drug; it has the opposite effect of being addictive, and there are many testimonies of it curing drug addictions and alcoholism. Participants in the ritual come to submit themselves to

1848-603: A joint lawsuit in federal court to gain legal status. Their trial ended January 23, 2009. The case, Church of the Holy Light of the Queen v. Mukasey , presided over by Judge Owen M. Panner , was ruled in favor of the Santo Daime church. In March 2009, Panner found that the use of hallucinogenic tea by members of such churches was legal, issuing an injunction barring the government from penalizing them for its consumption. In June 2017,

1980-417: A long challenging work, with added help coming from a sense of fraternity and shared purpose, as per the doctrine. The teachings of Santo Daime are transmitted through its hymns which, when sung, are intended to facilitate first-hand experience of the divine. Musical accompaniment often includes the unison rhythmic playing of maracas, in strict 4:4, 3:4 or 6:4 time , along with typical folk instruments such as

2112-537: A name disclosed to Irineu in his visionary experience, which means literally, "God (jura) and his soldiers (midam)". Metaphorically the mystic body of the church during hymns is often referred to as the "Empire of Juramidam." Ayahuasca, consumed sacramentally by Daimistas in Eucharistic ceremonies, has many different traditional names, but is known within the Santo Daime as Santo Daime, meaning Holy Daime, or simply, Daime, as originally named by Mestre Irineu. Dai-me (with

2244-520: A process through which they may learn self knowledge, to be more humble, have their hearts opened up, and experience the Grace of God. This may include various wonders — ayahuasca is known for the visions or "miracaos" it generates, and the sense of communion with nature and spiritual reality — as well as more mundane, less pleasant lessons about the self. The Daime is thought to reveal both positive and various negative or unresolved aspects of

2376-599: A religion nor to his ayahuasca center as a church. The hymns of Mestre and his four companions were in line with the teachings of Catholicism , with some references to indigenous shamanic concepts. It was only decades after the death of Mestre in the new "Santo Daime" church did the spiritist ayahuasca religion take hold and spread around the world. Santo Daime churches promote a wholesome lifestyle in conformity with Irineu's motto of "harmony, love, truth and justice", as well as other key doctrinal values such as strength, humility, fraternity and purity of heart. The practice became

2508-633: A reversible way similar to moclobemide (an antidepressant that does not require dietary restrictions). Dietary restrictions are not used by the highly urban Brazilian ayahuasca church União do Vegetal , suggesting the risk is much lower than perceived and probably non-existent. Shamans , curanderos and experienced users of ayahuasca advise against consuming ayahuasca when not in the presence of one or several well-trained shamans. In some areas, there are purported brujos (Spanish for " witches ") who masquerade as real shamans and who entice tourists to drink ayahuasca in their presence. Shamans believe one of

2640-442: A small number of flower species. Even in the most specialized hummingbird–plant mutualisms, the number of food plant lineages of the individual hummingbird species increases with time. The bee hummingbird ( Mellisuga helenae ) – the world's smallest bird – evolved to dwarfism likely because it had to compete with long-billed hummingbirds having an advantage for nectar foraging from specialized flowers, consequently leading

2772-552: A social category formed by people with mixture of European and native ancestry, who were an important part of the economy and culture of the region. According to Peter Gow, the ayahuasca shamanism (the use of ayahuasca by a trained shaman to diagnose and cure illnesses) was developed by these mestizos in the processes of colonial transformation. The Amazon rubber cycles (1879–1912 and 1945–1945) sped up these transformations, due to slavery, genocide and brutality against indigenous populations and large migratory movements, specially from

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2904-469: A state similar to hibernation , and slow their metabolic rate to 1 ⁄ 15 of its normal rate. While most hummingbirds do not migrate , the rufous hummingbird has one of the longest migrations among birds, traveling twice per year between Alaska and Mexico , a distance of about 3,900 miles (6,300 km). Hummingbirds split from their sister group , the swifts and treeswifts , around 42 million years ago. The oldest known fossil hummingbird

3036-465: A substitute for the ayahuasca vine, and the DMT-rich Mimosa hostilis is used in place of chacruna . Australia has several indigenous plants which are popular among modern ayahuasqueros there, such as various DMT-rich species of Acacia . The name "ayahuasca" specifically refers to a botanical decoction that contains Banisteriopsis caapi . A synthetic version, known as pharmahuasca ,

3168-462: A woody vine (Ayahuasca vine or Jagube; generally Banisteriopsis caapi ), and the others known as admixtures. While various plants are used throughout South America, most of which have high concentrations of dimethyltryptamine , the preferred admixture in the case of Santo Daime is Psychotria viridis , known to church members as the "Queen of the Forest," after the figure who is said to have appeared to

3300-472: A worldwide movement in the 1990s. Santo Daime, sometimes called simply the 'Doctrine of Mestre Irineu', is the name given to the religious practice originally begun in the 1920s in the far western Brazilian state (then territory) of Acre by Raimundo Irineu Serra, a migrant from Maranhão in Brazil's northeast region, and grandson of slaves. Irineu Serra was born in Brazil in 1892 to African parents and migrated to

3432-406: A year old. Sex occurs over 3–5 seconds when the male joins its cloaca with the female's, passing sperm to fertilize the female's eggs. Hummingbird females build a nest resembling a small cup about 1.5 inches (3.8 cm) in diameter, commonly attached to a tree branch using spider webs, lichens , moss, and loose strings of plant fibers (image). Typically, two pea -shaped white eggs (image) –

3564-775: Is Eurotrochilus , from the Rupelian Stage of Early Oligocene Europe. Hummingbirds are the smallest known and smallest living avian theropod dinosaurs . The iridescent colors and highly specialized feathers of many species (mainly in males) give some hummingbirds exotic common names, such as sun gem, fairy, woodstar, sapphire or sylph . Across the estimated 366 species, hummingbird weights range from as small as 2 grams (0.071 oz) to as large as 20 grams (0.71 oz). They have characteristic long, narrow beaks (bills) which may be straight (of varying lengths) or highly curved. The bee hummingbird – only 6 centimetres (2.4 in) long and weighing about 2 grams (0.071 oz) –

3696-492: Is a combination of an appropriate MAOI and typically DMT. In this usage, the DMT is generally considered the main psychoactive active ingredient, while the MAOI merely preserves the psychoactivity of orally ingested DMT, which would otherwise be destroyed in the gut before it could be absorbed in the body. In contrast, traditionally among Amazonian tribes, the B. Caapi vine is considered to be

3828-402: Is also consumed recreationally worldwide, and is considered as a potential future treatment in modern medicine. Ayahuasca often causes nausea and vomiting and has a number of rarer more serious possible side effects including breathing difficulties and seizure; it may cause psychosis in those predisposed to the condition. Ayahuasca is a hallucinogen commonly made by the prolonged decoction of

3960-448: Is an important precedent. Since then groups that are not affiliated to the Santo Daime have used ayahuasca, and a number of different "styles" have been developed, including non-religious approaches. In modern Europe and North America, ayahuasca analogs are often prepared using non-traditional plants which contain the same alkaloids. For example, seeds of the Syrian rue plant can be used as

4092-562: Is consumed socially among friends, in order to learn more about the natural environment, and even in order to visit friends and family who are far away. Nonetheless, people who work with ayahuasca in non-traditional contexts often align themselves with the philosophies and cosmologies associated with ayahuasca shamanism , as practiced among Indigenous peoples like the Urarina of the Peruvian Amazon . Dietary taboos are often associated with

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4224-784: Is due to convergent evolution . The hummingbird moth has flying and feeding characteristics similar to those of a hummingbird. Hummingbirds may be mistaken for hummingbird hawk-moths , which are large, flying insects with hovering capabilities, and exist only in Eurasia. Hummingbirds are restricted to the Americas from south central Alaska to Tierra del Fuego , including the Caribbean. The majority of species occur in tropical and subtropical Central and South America, but several species also breed in temperate climates and some hillstars occur even in alpine Andean highlands at altitudes up to 5,200 m (17,100 ft). The greatest species richness

4356-419: Is greatest, possible ancestors of extant hummingbirds may have lived in parts of Europe and what is southern Russia today. As of 2023, 366 hummingbird species have been identified. They have been traditionally divided into two subfamilies : the hermits (subfamily Phaethornithinae) and the typical hummingbirds (subfamily Trochilinae , all the others). Molecular phylogenetic studies have shown, though, that

4488-598: Is in humid tropical and subtropical forests of the northern Andes and adjacent foothills, but the number of species found in the Atlantic Forest , Central America or southern Mexico also far exceeds the number found in southern South America, the Caribbean islands, the United States, and Canada. While fewer than 25 different species of hummingbirds have been recorded from the United States and fewer than 10 from Canada and Chile each, Colombia alone has more than 160 and

4620-443: Is needed on the spiritual path, laziness being an impediment on the path of the soul. The effects of Daime combined with dancing, singing and concentration for up to twelve hours require and develop stamina/ determination firmeza (firmness). Generally though, the non dance works, such as Concentrations and Curas are. only 4 to 6 hours in duration, with sitting down periods. The daime will often give energy to people to help them through

4752-404: Is one of the traditional tools of the shaman in South America, and in many regions is to this day a common medicine used for finding and treating various ailments as well as for its vision-inducing effects, which are said to be profound and life-changing. The tea has had many names including Santo Daime (or simply Daime), Hoasca, Ayahuasca, Yagé, and Caapi. It is made from two or more plants, one

4884-446: Is particularly effective at altering one's senses. They prepare a brew from bitter vines or herbs, which, when boiled sufficiently, must become quite potent. Since it's so strong at altering one's judgment in small quantities, the precaution is not excessive, and it fits into two small pots. The witch doctor drinks a very small amount each time and knows well how many times he can sample the brew without losing his senses to properly conduct

5016-538: Is suspected of triggering psychosis in people with a predisposition to the condition, and there is a lack of safety information for Ayahuasca's possible effects on pregnancy and breastfeeding. People who have consumed ayahuasca report having mystical experiences and spiritual revelations regarding their purpose on earth, the true nature of the universe , and deep insight into how to be the best person they possibly can. Many people also report therapeutic effects, especially around depression and personal traumas. This

5148-544: Is the world's smallest bird and smallest warm-blooded vertebrate . Hummingbirds have compact bodies with relatively long, bladelike wings having anatomical structure enabling helicopter -like flight in any direction, including the ability to hover. Particularly while hovering, the wing beats produce the humming sounds, which function to alert other birds. In some species, the tail feathers produce sounds used by males during courtship flying. Hummingbirds have extremely rapid wing-beats as high as 80 per second, supported by

5280-519: Is usually accompanied with purging which include vomiting and diarrhea, which is believed to release built-up emotions and negative energy . It is believed that the Shipibo-Konibo are among the earliest practitioners of Ayahuasca ceremonies, with their connection to the brew and ceremonies surrounding it dating back centuries, perhaps a millennium. Some members of the Shipibo community have taken to

5412-515: Is viewed by many as a spiritual awakening and what is often described as a near-death experience or rebirth. It is often reported that individuals feel they gain access to higher spiritual dimensions and make contact with various spiritual or extra-dimensional beings who can act as guides or healers. The experiences that people have while under the influence of ayahuasca are also culturally influenced. Westerners typically describe experiences with psychological terms like " ego death " and understand

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5544-752: The Americas and comprise the biological family Trochilidae . With approximately 366 species and 113 genera , they occur from Alaska to Tierra del Fuego , but most species are found in Central and South America . As of 2024, 21 hummingbird species are listed as endangered or critically endangered , with numerous species declining in population. Hummingbirds have varied specialized characteristics to enable rapid, maneuverable flight: exceptional metabolic capacity , adaptations to high altitude, sensitive visual and communication abilities, and long-distance migration in some species. Among all birds, male hummingbirds have

5676-537: The Amsterdam Santo Daime community). Bogers and Fijneman were charged with distributing a controlled substance (DMT); however, the prosecution was unable to prove that the use of ayahuasca by members of the Santo Daime constituted a sufficient threat to public health and order such that it warranted denying their rights to religious freedom under ECHR Article 9 . The 2001 verdict of the Amsterdam district court

5808-544: The International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species in 2024, 8 hummingbird species are classified as critically endangered , 13 are endangered , 13 are vulnerable , and 20 species are near-threatened . Two species – the Brace's emerald ( Riccordia bracei ) and Caribbean emerald ( Riccordia elegans ) – have been declared extinct . Of the 15 species of North American hummingbirds that inhabit

5940-501: The Messel pit and in the Caucasus , dating from 35 to 40 million years ago; this indicates that the split between these two lineages indeed occurred around that time. The areas where these early fossils have been found had a climate quite similar to that of the northern Caribbean or southernmost China during that time. The biggest remaining mystery at present is what happened to hummingbirds in

6072-640: The UDV , and practitioners of the Santo Daime doctrine are watching these events closely. So far, UDV has been able to continue practicing legally thanks to Supreme Court decisions that soundly rejected attempts by the government to prohibit it. As of September 2008, UDV is in negotiations with the Drug Enforcement Administration regarding regulation of their use of ayahuasca. In September 2008, three Oregon Santo Daime churches and one in California filed

6204-559: The Vaupés River . Subsequently, Spruce uncovered the usage and cultivation of B. caapi among various indigenous groups dispersed across the Amazon and Orinoco basins, like the Guahibo and Sápara . These multifarious encounters, together with Spruce's personal accounts of subjective ayahuasca experiences, were collated in his 1873 work, "Notes of a Botanist On The Amazon and Andes.". By the end of

6336-578: The cladogram below, the English names are those introduced in 1997. The scientific names are those introduced in 2013. Florisuginae – topazes Phaethornithinae – hermits Polytminae – mangoes Heliantheini – brilliants Lesbiini – coquettes Patagoninae – giants Lampornithini – mountain gems Mellisugini – bees Trochilini – emeralds While all hummingbirds depend on flower nectar to fuel their high metabolisms and hovering flight, coordinated changes in flower and bill shape stimulated

6468-478: The liana Banisteriopsis caapi , and to the brew prepared from it. In the Quechua languages, aya means "spirit, soul", or "corpse, dead body", and waska means "rope" or "woody vine", " liana ". The word ayahuasca has been variously translated as "liana of the soul", "liana of the dead", and "spirit liana". In the cosmovision of its users, the ayahuasca is the vine that allows the spirit to wander detached from

6600-456: The long-billed hermit , appear to be evolving a dagger -like weapon on the beak tip as a secondary sexual trait to defend mating areas . The Andes Mountains appear to be a particularly rich environment for hummingbird evolution because diversification occurred simultaneously with mountain uplift over the past 10 million years. Hummingbirds remain in dynamic diversification inhabiting ecological regions across South America, North America, and

6732-411: The ornithophilous flowers upon which they feed. This coevolution implies that morphological traits of hummingbirds, such as bill length, bill curvature, and body mass, are correlated with morphological traits of plants, such as corolla length, curvature, and volume. Some species, especially those with unusual bill shapes, such as the sword-billed hummingbird and the sicklebills , are coevolved with

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6864-537: The "spirit" of ayahuasca, the gatekeeper, and guide to the otherworldly realms. Brews similar to ayahuasca may be prepared using several plants not traditionally used in South America: DMT admixtures: MAOI admixtures: Ingesting Ayahuasca can cause nausea, vomiting and diarrhea in the short term. Other short-term side effects include increased blood pressure and tachycardia . Rarer side effects include dyspnea , seizures and serotonin syndrome . Ayahuasca

6996-630: The Brazilian Northeast Region as a workforce for the rubber plantations . The mestizo practices became deeply intertwined with the culture of rubber workers, called caucheros (in Spanish) or seringueiros (in Portuguese). Ayahuasca use with therapeutic goals is the main result of result of this Trans-cultural diffusion , with some practitioners pointing the caucheros as the main responsible for using ayahuasca to cure all sort of ailments of

7128-474: The Brazilian government at the end of the 1980s, which resulted in the legalization of the religious use of ayahuasca in Brazil in 1992. The second is 'The Hoasca Project' developed by a collective of international scholars. The Hoasca Project presented important findings regarding the use of ayahuasca as an agent of healing, something it is famous for in its indigenous context. Another longitudinal research using

7260-458: The Caribbean, indicating an enlarging evolutionary radiation . Within the same geographic region, hummingbird clades coevolved with nectar-bearing plant clades, affecting mechanisms of pollination . The same is true for the sword-billed hummingbird ( Ensifera ensifera ), one of the morphologically most extreme species, and one of its main food plant clades ( Passiflora section Tacsonia ). Hummingbirds are specialized nectarivores tied to

7392-515: The Daime. A study was made of the Daime by the CONFEN in 1987 which included visits to the various churches and observation of the making of the Daime. It also included study of another group of ayahuasca users, who call the drink vegetal ( União do Vegetal - UDV). The work group which made the study included representatives not only of the CONFEN but also of several other government agencies. The conclusion of

7524-611: The International Narcotics Control Board to the Netherlands Ministry of Public Health, stating that [P]reparations (e.g. decoctions) made of these plants, including ayahuasca are not under international control and, therefore, not subject to any of the articles of the 1971 Convention . In France , Santo Daime won a court case allowing them to use the decoction in early 2005; however, they were not allowed an exception for religious purposes, but rather for

7656-525: The Jagube vine and the Viridis leaf, not adding any other plants to the mixture. The tea is prepared ceremoniously over a week by members of the church in a festival called a 'feitio'. Hymns are sung, and Daime is drunk while the men hammer the vine into powder and the women clean and sort the leaves. Because of the very specific manner in which they prepare their sacrament, and the very specific way in which they use it,

7788-522: The Jesuit and Franciscan missions in the region), no matter the linguistic background of the group, with similar language structures between different ícaros that are markedly different from other indigenous songs. Moreover, often the cosmology of ayahuasca often mirrors the Catholicism, with particular similarities in the belief that ayahuasca is thought to be the body of ayahuascamama that is imbibed as part of

7920-655: The McKenna brothers published their experience in the Amazon in True Hallucinations . Dennis McKenna later studied pharmacology, botany , and chemistry of ayahuasca and oo-koo-he , which became the subject of his master's thesis. Richard Evans Schultes allowed Claudio Naranjo to make a special journey by canoe up the Amazon River to study ayahuasca with the South American Indians. He brought back samples of

8052-767: The Netherlands and Spain. In the United States, the Supreme Court in 2006 upheld a preliminary injunction permitting another Brazilian church, the União do Vegetal ( UDV ), to use ayahuasca ritually. This decision, as the result of specific litigation involving the UDV, applies only to that group, so the legal status of ayahuasca generally remains in a gray area in that country. Santo Daime's entheogenic sacrament, ayahuasca, has been used for millennia in South American indigenous cultures. It

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8184-547: The Peruvian Amazon. In the rainforest, these taboos tend towards the purification of one's self—abstaining from spicy and heavily seasoned foods, excess fat, salt, caffeine, acidic foods (such as citrus) and sex before, after, or during a ceremony. A diet low in foods containing tyramine has been recommended, as the speculative interaction of tyramine and MAOIs could lead to a hypertensive crisis ; however, evidence indicates that harmala alkaloids act only on MAO-A , in

8316-579: The Santo Daime Church Céu do Montréal received religious exemption to use Ayahuasca as a sacrament in their rituals. Céu de Toronto also received religious exemption to use Ayahuasca as a sacrament in their rituals. In the Netherlands , Santo Daime won a court case in 2001 which allowed them to continue their ceremonial usage of ayahuasca. One factor in this decision was a fax from the Secretary of

8448-583: The Santo Daime and Barquinha, in Rio Branco and the União do Vegetal (UDV) in Porto Velho , three denominations that, notwithstanding shared characteristics besides ayahuasca utilization, have several particularities regarding its practices, conceptions and processes building social legitimacy and relationships with Brazilian government, media, science and other society stances. Since the latter half of twentieth century,

8580-608: The Santo Daime community. From a global perspective, the most significant of these occurred when Sebastião Mota de Melo , commonly called Padrinho Sebastião ("Godfather Sebastião"), left the original center with a group of his followers, and formed a distinct group known as CEFLURIS (now called ICEFLU). Many of Padrinho Sebastião's followers were Brazilians from the country's affluent south or citizens of other South American countries who were interested in Daime because of their experience with middle-class counterculture. According to church documents, this split also entailed disagreement over

8712-399: The United States and Canada indicate that the ruby-throated hummingbird numbers are around 34 million, rufous hummingbirds are around 19 million, black-chinned , Anna's , and broad-tailed hummingbirds are about 8 million each, calliopes at 4 million, and Costa's and Allen's hummingbirds are around 2 million each. Several species exist only in the thousands or hundreds. According to

8844-428: The United States and Canada, several have changed their range of distribution, while others showed declines in numbers since the 1970s, including in 2023 with dozens of hummingbird species in decline. As of the 21st century, rufous, Costa's, calliope, broad-tailed, and Allen's hummingbirds are in significant decline, some losing as much as 67% of their numbers since 1970 at nearly double the rate of population loss over

8976-683: The Western Amazon region in 1912, attracted by a boom in the rubber tapping industry. He first drank ayahuasca in the border region between Brazil, Bolivia, and Peru. As a result of experiencing a series of visions whilst spending eight days in solitude in the forest, he began to conduct spiritual ceremonies using ayahuasca. Many people came to him sick, seeking healing they could not afford or failed to find in standard medical practice. Originally, Santo Daime teachings had no basis in written text, as early practitioners were illiterate, learning being experiential, through singing of inspired hymns exploring

9108-498: The active extract of ayahuasca as telepathine, a name latter used by the Colombian chemist Guillermo Fischer Cárdenas when he isolated the substance in 1932. Contemporaneously, Lewin and Gunn were independently studying the properties of the banisterine, extracted of the B. caapi, and its effects on animal models. Further clinical trials were being conducted, exploring the effects of banisterine on Parkinson's disease. Later it

9240-450: The arrest of 24 Italian Santo Daime members in early 2005, but the May 2006 ruling found that no sufficient evidence had been presented to demonstrate that the church members had broken Italian law. In 2023 they lost the court case, so that they are not allowed to use the ayahuasca. Two particularly important research projects are worth highlighting. The first is the official investigation made by

9372-573: The attention of Western ethnographers in the mid-nineteenth century" The first western references of the ayahuasca beverage dates back to seventeenth century, during the European colonization of the Americas . The earlier report is a letter from Vincente de Valverde to the Holy Office of the Inquisition . Jose Chantre y Herrera still in the seventeenth century, provided the first detailed description of

9504-469: The ayahuasca religious expanded to other parts of Brazil and several countries in the world, notably in the West. Beat writer William S. Burroughs read a paper by Richard Evans Schultes on the subject and while traveling through South America in the early 1950s sought out ayahuasca in the hopes that it could relieve or cure opiate addiction (see The Yage Letters ). Ayahuasca became more widely known when

9636-495: The ayahuasca-using group." Ayahuasca Ayahuasca is a South American psychoactive beverage, traditionally used by Indigenous cultures and folk healers in the Amazon and Orinoco basins for spiritual ceremonies, divination , and healing a variety of psychosomatic complaints. Originally restricted to areas of Peru , Brazil , Colombia and Ecuador , in the middle of the 20th century it became widespread in Brazil in

9768-587: The basins of Madeira , Juruá and Purus River ) within the cauchero/seringueiro cultural complex, resignifying and adapting both the vegetalista and mestizo shamanism to new urban formations, unifying essential elements to building a cosmology for the new emerging cult/faith, merging with elements of folk Catholicism, African-Brazilian religions and Kardecist spiritism. These new cults arise from charismatic leaderships, often messianic and prophetic, who came from rural areas after migration movements, sometimes called ayahuasqueiros , in semi-urban communities across

9900-669: The bee hummingbird to more successfully compete for flower foraging against insects. Many plants pollinated by hummingbirds produce flowers in shades of red, orange, and bright pink, although the birds take nectar from flowers of other colors. Hummingbirds can see wavelengths into the near- ultraviolet , but hummingbird-pollinated flowers do not reflect these wavelengths as many insect-pollinated flowers do. This narrow color spectrum may render hummingbird-pollinated flowers relatively inconspicuous to most insects, thereby reducing nectar robbing . Hummingbird-pollinated flowers also produce relatively weak nectar (averaging 25% sugars) containing

10032-607: The beverage and published the first scientific description of the effects of its active alkaloids. In recent years, the brew has been popularized by Wade Davis ( One River), English novelist Martin Goodman in I Was Carlos Castaneda , Chilean novelist Isabel Allende , writer Kira Salak , author Jeremy Narby ( The Cosmic Serpent ), author Jay Griffiths ( Wild: An Elemental Journey ), American novelist Steven Peck, radio personality Robin Quivers , , writer Paul Theroux ( Figures in

10164-568: The beverage is not called 'Ayahuasca', but 'Santo Daime'. In some communities, there are very clear distinctions. Due to their usage of ayahuasca as a sacrament and the spread of the religion, Santo Daime has found itself at the center of court battles and legal disputes in various countries. In Brazil, CONFEN (the Federal Drug Council) has consistently upheld the right of the Daime Church to practice its religion and healing practices using

10296-554: The body, entering the spiritual world, otherwise forbidden for the alive. Although ayahuasca is the most widely used term in Peru , Bolivia , Ecuador and Brazil, the brew is known by many names throughout northern South America: In the last decades, two new important terminologies emerged. Both are commonly used in the Western world in neoshamanic , recreative or pharmaceutical contexts to address ayahuasca-like substances created without

10428-453: The body, mind and soul , with even some regions using the term Yerba de Cauchero ("rubber-worker herb"). As a result, the ayahuasca shamans in urban areas and mestizo settlements, specially in the regions of Iquitos and Pucallpa (in Peru), became the vegetalistas, folk healers who are said to gain all their knowledge from the plants and the spirits bound to it. So the vegetalist movement

10560-409: The bordes of Brazil, Bolívia and Peru (a region that will later form the state of Acre ). This new configuration os these belief systems is refereed by Goulart as   tradição religiosa ayahuasqueira urbana amazônica ("urban-amazonian ayahuasqueiro religious tradition") or campo ayahuasqueiro brasileiro ("brazilian ayahuasqueiro field") by Labate, emerging as three main structured religions,

10692-604: The brew takes several hours, often taking place over the course of more than one day. After adding the plant material, each separately at this stage, to a large pot of water, it is boiled until the water is reduced by half in volume. The individual brews are then added together and brewed until reduced significantly. This combined brew is what is taken by participants in ayahuasca ceremonies. The uses of ayahuasca in traditional societies in South America vary greatly. Some cultures do use it for shamanic purposes, but in other cases, it

10824-661: The century, other explorers and anthropologists contributed more extensive documentation concerning ayahuasca, notably the Theodor Koch-Grünberg 's documents about Tucano and Arecuna 's rituals and ceremonies, Stradelli 's first-hand reports of ayahuasca rituals and mythology along the Jurupari and Vaupés and Alfred Simson's first description of admixture of several ingredients in the making of ayahuasca in Putumayo region, published in 1886. In 1905, Rafael Zerda Bayón named

10956-403: The church coincides with official dates on the Santo Daime calendar. A significant proportion of members of the Santo Daime community also make collections of unique songs that they experience internally in connection with their practice. The process of experiencing such new songs in this context is referred to as "receiving". The death of Mestre Irineu in 1971 resulted in a diversification within

11088-432: The church's founder in a vision, prompting him to start the religion. DMT occurs naturally in the human body and is speculated to be released at the time of death, but it is normally digested in the stomach if consumed and an MAOI (monoamine oxidase inhibitor), in this case tetrahydroharmine, harmine and harmaline, is needed to allow it to reach the brain in this way, thus the use of the vine. The Santo Daime Church uses only

11220-683: The comparably small Ecuador has about 130 species. The family Trochilidae was introduced in 1825 by Irish zoologist Nicholas Aylward Vigors with Trochilus as the type genus . In traditional taxonomy , hummingbirds are placed in the order Apodiformes , which also contains the swifts , but some taxonomists have separated them into their own order, the Trochiliformes. Hummingbirds' wing bones are hollow and fragile, making fossilization difficult and leaving their evolutionary history poorly documented. Though scientists theorize that hummingbirds originated in South America, where species diversity

11352-747: The context of the appearance of syncretic religions that use ayahuasca as a sacrament, like Santo Daime , União do Vegetal and Barquinha , which blend elements of Amazonian Shamanism , Christianity, Kardecist Spiritism , and African-Brazilian religions such as Umbanda , Candomblé and Tambor de Mina , later expanding to several countries across all continents, notably the United States and Western Europe, and, more incipiently, in Eastern Europe, South Africa, Australia, and Japan. More recently, new phenomena regarding ayahuasca use have evolved and moved to urban centers in North America and Europe, with

11484-421: The earliest species of hummingbird occurred in the early Oligocene ( Rupelian about 34–28 million years ago) of Europe, belonging to the genus Eurotrochilus, having similar morphology to modern hummingbirds. A phylogenetic tree unequivocally indicates that modern hummingbirds originated in South America, with the last common ancestor of all living hummingbirds living around 22 million years ago. A map of

11616-535: The effects run their course, and the intoxication subsides. After this, they reflect on what their imagination revealed, which occasionally remains with them for delirium. This is what they consider accomplished and propagate as an oracle." Latter reports were produced by Juan Magnin in 1740, describing ayahuasca use as a medicinal plant by the Jivaroan peoples (called ayahuessa ) and by Franz Xaver Veigl in 1768, that reports about several "dangerous plants", including

11748-403: The emergence of neoshamanic hybrid rituals and spiritual and recreational drug tourism . Also, anecdotal evidence, studies conducted among ayahuasca consumers and clinical trials suggest that ayahuasca has therapeutic potential, especially for the treatment of substance dependence, anxiety, and mood disorders. Thus, currently, despite continuing to be used in a traditional way, ayahuasca

11880-503: The employment and rituals involving ayahuasca by the Jivaro people. Concurrently, Richard Spruce embarked on an Amazonian expedition in 1852 to collect and classify previously unidentified botanical specimens. During this journey, Spruce encountered and documented Banisteriopsis caapi (at time named Banisteria caapi ) and observed an ayahuasca ceremony among the Tucano community situated along

12012-509: The enchantment of nature, such as the Sun, Moon and Stars, of the oneness of life, as well as the totemic symbol of the beija-flor ( hummingbird ). Spiritual beings from indigenous Amazonian shamanism and deities from the Afro-Brazilian pantheon such as Ogum and Iemanjá are also respected and incorporated into the doctrine. The nature of the work is sometimes personified and addressed as Juramidam ,

12144-493: The formation of new species of hummingbirds and plants. Due to this exceptional evolutionary pattern, as many as 140 hummingbird species can coexist in a specific region, such as the Andes range . The hummingbird evolutionary tree shows that one key evolutionary factor appears to have been an altered taste receptor that enabled hummingbirds to seek nectar. Upon maturity, males of a particular species, Phaethornis longirostris,

12276-527: The founder of the "Santo Daime" religion. He founded his own ayahuasca center which was known at the time of his death as "CICLU". Mestre did not ever use the term "Santo Daime" and only called his practice "the Daime". After his death, one of his followers named Sebastiao Mota (and known to his followers as Padrinho Sebastiao) started "the church of Santo Daime" and added in all of the spiritism and references to practices such as Umbanda . Mestre Irineu never taught these things, and never referred to his teachings as

12408-410: The guitar, accordion and flute. Irineu's hymn book contains 129 songs and chronicles his spiritual journey and evolution from when he began drinking the Daime until his death. Through the singing of his hymns, the participant may connect with the spirit, teachings, and experience of Irineu and, in many ways, begin walking the same spiritual path. The singing of the hinarios of early and senior members of

12540-516: The hallucinations as repressed memories or metaphors of mental states. However, at least in Iquitos , Peru (a center of ayahuasca ceremonies), those from the area describe the experiences more in terms of the actions in the body and understand the visions as reflections of their environment, sometimes including the person who they believe caused their illness, as well as interactions with spirits. Hummingbird Hummingbirds are birds native to

12672-456: The hermits are sister to the topazes , making the former definition of the Trochilinae not monophyletic . The hummingbirds form nine major clades : the topazes and jacobins , the hermits, the mangoes , the coquettes , the brilliants , the giant hummingbird ( Patagona gigas ), the mountaingems , the bees , and the emeralds . The topazes and jacobins combined have the oldest split with

12804-455: The humming sound created by their beating wings , which flap at high frequencies audible to other birds and humans. They hover at rapid wing-flapping rates, which vary from around 12 beats per second in the largest species to 80 per second in small hummingbirds. Hummingbirds have the highest mass-specific metabolic rate of any homeothermic animal. To conserve energy when food is scarce and at night when not foraging, they can enter torpor ,

12936-464: The hummingbird family tree – reconstructed from analysis of 284 species – shows rapid diversification from 22 million years ago. Hummingbirds fall into nine main clades – the topazes , hermits , mangoes , brilliants , coquettes , the giant hummingbird, mountaingems , bees , and emeralds – defining their relationship to nectar -bearing flowering plants which attract hummingbirds into new geographic areas. Molecular phylogenetic studies of

13068-542: The hummingbirds have shown that the family is composed of nine major clades. When Edward Dickinson and James Van Remsen Jr. updated the Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World for the 4th edition in 2013, they divided the hummingbirds into six subfamilies. Molecular phylogenetic studies determined the relationships between the major groups of hummingbirds. In

13200-615: The individual, resulting in difficult "passages" involving the integration of this dissociated psychological content. This often will be end-pointed by the purgative nature of Ayahuasca whereby negative emotions, sinful elements from within, and even demonic energies are expelled, as well as physical toxins. This leads to a general release, a sense of joy, lightness and clarity afterwards, with a general improvement in life. The only real dangers to be experienced during ceremonies are exposure of egotistical tendencies and contrition. Ceremonies are referred to as "works" or "trabalhos" because hard work

13332-523: The last three centuries, as it promoted a deep reshape in traditional ways of life in the region. Many indigenous groups moved into the Missions, seeking protection from death and slavery promoted by the Bandeiras , inter-tribal violence, starvation and disease ( smallpox ). This movement resulted in an intense cultural exchange and resulted in the formation of mestizos (in Spanish) or caboclos (in Portuguese),

13464-575: The late 20th century, the practice of ayahuasca drinking began spreading to Europe, North America and elsewhere. The first ayahuasca churches, affiliated with the Brazilian Santo Daime , were established in the Netherlands . A legal case was filed against two of the Church's leaders, Hans Bogers (one of the original founders of the Dutch Santo Daime community) and Geraldine Fijneman (the head of

13596-645: The liver and gastrointestinal metabolism of DMT, allowing it to reach the systemic circulation and the brain, where it activates 5-HT 1A/2A/2C receptors in frontal and paralimbic areas. Ayahuasca is the hispanicized spelling (i.e., spelled according to Spanish orthography) of a word that originates from the Quechuan languages , which are spoken in the Andean states of Ecuador , Bolivia , Peru , and Colombia . Speakers of Quechuan languages who use modern Quechuan orthography spell it ayawaska . The word refers both to

13728-428: The media to express their views on Ayahuasca entering the mainstream, with some calling it "the commercialization of ayahuasca." Some of them have even expressed their worry regarding the increased popularity, saying "the contemporary 'ayahuasca ceremony' may be understood as a substitute for former cosmogonical rituals that are nowadays not performed anymore." The Shipibo have their own language, called Shipibo ,

13860-400: The millennial usage of ayahuasca, compelling evidence substantiating its pre-Columbian consumption is yet to be firmly established. As articulated by Dennis McKenna : "No one can say for certain where the practice may have originated, and about all that can be stated with certainty is that is already spread among numerous indigenous tribes throughout Amazon basin by the time ayahuasca came to

13992-431: The next, both in potency and psychoactive effect, based mainly on the skill of the shaman or brewer, as well as other admixtures sometimes added and the intent of the ceremony. Natural variations in plant alkaloid content and profiles also affect the final concentration of alkaloids in the brew, and the physical act of cooking may also serve to modify the alkaloid profile of harmala alkaloids. The actual preparation of

14124-872: The next. The resulting brew may contain the powerful psychedelic drug dimethyltryptamine and monoamine oxidase inhibiting harmala alkaloids , which are necessary to make the DMT orally active by allowing it (DMT) to be processed by the liver . The traditional making of ayahuasca follows a ritual process that requires the user to pick the lower Chacruna leaf at sunrise, then say a prayer. The vine must be "cleaned meticulously with wooden spoons" and pounded "with wooden mallets until it's fibre." Brews can also be made with plants that do not contain DMT, Psychotria viridis being replaced by plants such as Justicia pectoralis , Brugmansia , or sacred tobacco, also known as mapacho ( Nicotiana rustica ), or sometimes left out with no replacement. This brew varies radically from one batch to

14256-426: The perennial values of love, harmony, and strength through poetic and metaphorical imagery. The hymn collections of early practitioners have since become the sacred works of the doctrine. The earliest hymns were received by Mestre Irineu in the 1930s, eventually growing slowly to about 130 hymns, called "The Cruzeiro". The last hinos he received in the late 60s are considered especially important. Devotional in context,

14388-788: The previous 50 years. The ruby-throated hummingbird population – the most populous North American hummingbird – decreased by 17% over the early 21st century. Habitat loss, glass collisions, cat predation, pesticides , and possibly climate change affecting food availability, migration signals, and breeding are factors that may contribute to declining hummingbird numbers. By contrast, Anna's hummingbirds had large population growth at an accelerating rate since 2010, and expanded their range northward to reside year-round in cold winter climates. Some species of sunbirds — an Old World group restricted in distribution to Eurasia , Africa, and Australia — resemble hummingbirds in appearance and behavior, but are not related to hummingbirds, as their resemblance

14520-429: The purposes for this is to steal one's energy and/or power, of which they believe every person has a limited stockpile. The shamans lead the ceremonial consumption of the ayahuasca beverage, in a rite that typically takes place over the entire night. During the ceremony, the effect of the drink lasts for hours. Prior to the ceremony, participants are instructed to abstain from spicy foods, red meat and sex. The ceremony

14652-785: The rest of the hummingbirds. The hummingbird family has the third-greatest number of species of any bird family (after the tyrant flycatchers and the tanagers ). Fossil hummingbirds are known from the Pleistocene of Brazil and the Bahamas , but neither has yet been scientifically described, and fossils and subfossils of a few extant species are known. Until recently, older fossils had not been securely identifiable as those of hummingbirds. In 2004, Gerald Mayr identified two 30-million-year-old hummingbird fossils. The fossils of this primitive hummingbird species, named Eurotrochilus inexpectatus ("unexpected European hummingbird"), had been sitting in

14784-460: The ritual and lead the choir". Another report produced in 1737 by the missionary Pablo Maroni , describes the use of a psychoactive liana called ayahuasca for divination in the Napo River , Ecuador: "For divination, they use a beverage, some of white datura flowers, which they also call Campana due to its shape, and others from a vine commonly known as Ayahuasca, both highly effective at numbing

14916-431: The ritual, like wine and bread are taken as being the body and blood of Jesus Christ during Christian Eucharist . Brabec de Mori called this “Christian camouflage” and suggested that rather than being a way for disguising the ayahuasca ritual, it suggests that practice evolved entirely within these contexts. Indeed, the colonial processes in Western Amazon are intrinsically related with the development of ayahuasca use in

15048-671: The rosary or on healing. Participants drink Daime at intervals in all types of rituals; but the format and focus will differ; as well as hymnal singing, concentrations or "Concentracaos" include a couple of silent, seated meditations, between 1 and 2 hours in length during which important messages for spiritual awakening are conveyed to participants by Divine Beings, while hymnals or dance festivals, much longer in length, involve dancing and singing hymns in full ceremonial white uniform or branca farda, while playing maracas. These latter occur on calendar dates to give honour to various saints or occasions i.e. Christmas, Father's day, etc. A whole hinario by

15180-480: The roughly 25 million years between the primitive Eurotrochilus and the modern fossils. The astounding morphological adaptations , the decrease in size, and the dispersal to the Americas and extinction in Eurasia all occurred during this timespan. DNA–DNA hybridization results suggest that the main radiation of South American hummingbirds took place at least partly in the Miocene , some 12 to 13 million years ago, during

15312-451: The senses and even at taking one's life if taken in excess. They also occasionally use these substances for the treatment of common illnesses, especially headaches. So, the person who wants to divine drinks the chosen substance with certain rituals, and while deprived of their senses from the mouth downwards, to prevent the strength of the plant from harming them, they remain in this state for many hours and sometimes even two or three days until

15444-442: The shortness of their legs provides about 20% less propulsion than assessed in other birds. During flight, hummingbird feet are tucked up under the body, enabling optimal aerodynamics and maneuverability. Of those species that have been measured during flight, the top flight speeds of hummingbirds exceed 15 m/s (54 km/h; 34 mph). During courtship , some male species dive from 30 metres (100 ft) of height above

15576-503: The simple reason that they did not perform chemical extractions to end up with pure DMT and harmala and the plants used were not scheduled. Four months after the court victory, the common ingredients of ayahuasca as well as harmala were declared stupéfiants , or narcotic scheduled substances, making the Daime and its ingredients illegal to use or possess. The most recent decision came in Italy in 2006; an eight-month-long investigation had led to

15708-556: The smallest of any bird – are incubated over 2–3 weeks in breeding season. Fed by regurgitation only from the mother, the chicks fledge about 3 weeks after hatching. The average lifespan of a ruby-throated hummingbird is estimated to be 3–5 years, with most deaths occurring in yearlings, although one banded ruby-throated hummingbird lived for 9 years and 2 months. Bee hummingbirds live 7–10 years. Although most hummingbird species live in remote habitats where their population numbers are difficult to assess, population studies in

15840-430: The songs praise divine principles. The Cross of Caravaca (named after Caravaca, Spain , where the style originated), with its double horizontal beam, stands on the altar. Each session begins and ends with Christian prayers. Santo Daime practice features several kinds of rituals. Two of these are concentrações ("concentrations") and bailados ("dances"), also known as hinários ("hymnals"). Other rituals focus on reciting

15972-590: The stems of the Banisteriopsis caapi vine and the leaves of the Psychotria viridis shrub, although hundreds of species are used in addition or substitution (See "Preparation" below). P. viridis contains N , N -Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), a highly psychedelic substance. Although orally inactive, B. caapi is rich with harmala alkaloids , such as harmine , harmaline and tetrahydroharmine (THH), which can act as monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOi). This halts

16104-479: The study was that the Daime was a very positive influence in the community, encouraging social harmony and personal integration. The study noted that, rather than simply considering the pharmacological analysis of the plants, it was essential to consider the whole context of the use of the tea—religious, social, and cultural. In the United States , court battles over ritual use of ayahuasca have mostly been fought by

16236-465: The traditional botanical species, due to it being expensive and/or hard to find in these countries. These concepts are surrounded by some controversies involving ethnobotany , patents, commodification and biopiracy : Archaeological evidence of the use of psychoactive plants in northeastern Amazon dates back to 1500–2000 B.C. Anthropomorphic figurines, snuffing trays and pottery vessels, often adorned with mythological figures and sacred animals, offer

16368-529: The uplifting of the northern Andes . In 2013, a 50-million-year-old bird fossil unearthed in Wyoming was found to be a predecessor to hummingbirds and swifts before the groups diverged. Hummingbirds split from other members of Apodiformes, the insectivorous swifts (family Apodidae) and treeswifts (family Hemiprocnidae), about 42 million years ago, probably in Eurasia . Despite their current New World distribution,

16500-531: The use of ayahuasca, although these seem to be specific to the culture around Iquitos , Peru , a major center of ayahuasca tourism. Ayahuasca retreats or healing centers can also be found in the Sacred Valley of Peru, in areas such as Cusco and Urubamba , where similar dietary preparations can be observed. These retreats often employ members of the Shipibo-Konibo tribe, an indigenous community native to

16632-405: The use of cannabis, as well as mediumship generally, as outside the doctrine. Some churches in northern Brazil who denounce cannabis will still sing some hymns of Padrinho Sebastião, but only the ones he received before ever using cannabis. In the early 1980s Padrinho Sebastião moved the church headquarters to the village of Céu do Mapiá , in the Brazilian state of Amazonas . Control of CEFLURIS

16764-463: The use of cannabis. Followers of Padrinho Sebastião believed cannabis to be a healing plant teacher, and referred to it as Santa Maria, using it in ceremony to help their mediumship (embodying of spirits for the purpose of healing). Subsequently, CEFLURIS formally addressed the issue of the ceremonial use of cannabis, and its use is now officially prohibited in and around the spiritual works. Followers of Mestre Irineu's original church have always regarded

16896-574: The widest diversity of plumage color, particularly in blues, greens, and purples. Hummingbirds are the smallest mature birds, measuring 7.5–13 cm (3–5 in) in length. The smallest is the 5 cm (2.0 in) bee hummingbird , which weighs less than 2.0 g (0.07 oz), and the largest is the 23 cm (9 in) giant hummingbird , weighing 18–24 grams (0.63–0.85 oz). Noted for long beaks , hummingbirds are specialized for feeding on flower nectar , but all species also consume small insects. They are known as hummingbirds because of

17028-471: Was a heterogeneous mixture of Western Amazon ( mestizo shamanic practices and cauchero culture) and Andean elements (shaped by other migratory movements, like those originated from Cuzco through Urubamba Valley and from western Ecuador), influenced by Christian aspects derived from the Jesuit missions, as reflected by the mythology, rituals and moral codes related to vegetalista ayahuasca use. Although mestizo , vegetalista and indigenous ayahuasca use

17160-512: Was found that both telepathine and banisterine are the same substance, identical to a chemical already isolated from Peganum harmala and given the name Harmine . Researchers like Peter Gow and Brabec de Mori argue that ayahuasca use indeed developed alongside the Jesuit missions after the 17th century. By examining the ícaros (ayahuasca-related healing chants), they found that the chants are always sung in Quechua (a lingua franca along

17292-691: Was increasingly shared with its members who joined the movement in the 1970s, and in the 1980s CEFLURIS established centers in southern Brazil. The group now has affiliates in North America, Europe, and Japan, as well as throughout Brazil. The entheogen ayahuasca , which contains the psychoactive compound dimethyltryptamine (DMT), has been the subject of increasing legal scrutiny in the last few decades as Santo Daime has expanded. The decoction has been explicitly legal for religious use in Brazil since 1986, while recent legal battles in Europe have legalized its use in

17424-529: Was part a longer tradition, these several configurations of mestizo vegetalismo were not isolated phenomena. In the end of the nineteenth century several messianic/ millennialist cults sparkled across semi-urban areas across the entire Amazon region, merging different elements of indigenous and mestizo folk culture with Catholicism, Spiritism and Protestantism . In this context, the use of ayahuasca will take form of urban, organized non-indigenous religions in outskirts of main cities of northwest of Brazil, (along

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