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46-736: I is the standard designation, from Barthel (1958). Fischer (1997) refers to it as RR10 . Museo Nacional de Historia Natural , Santiago. Catalog # 5.499 (316). There are reproductions at the Institut für Völkerkunde , Tübingen (prior to 1989); Bishop Museum , Honolulu; Musées Royaux de Bruxelles , Belgium (as of 2008 temporarily housed in the Musée du Malgré Tout in Treignes ); and in Steven Fischer's personal collection in Auckland. The 126-cm long staff

92-427: A \mid b \parallel c is set as a ∣ b ∥ c {\displaystyle a\mid b\parallel c} . See below about LaTeX in text mode. In chemistry, the vertical line is used in cell notation of electrochemical cells. Example, Zn | Zn || Cu | Cu Single vertical lines show components of the cell which do not mix, usually being in different phases. The double vertical line ( || )

138-402: A colon can represent the repeat of a given section (||: A / / / :|| - play twice). Many early video terminals and dot-matrix printers rendered the vertical bar character as the allograph broken bar ¦ . This may have been to distinguish the character from the lower-case 'L' and the upper-case ' I ' on these limited-resolution devices, and to make a vertical line of them look more like

184-477: A command line user to read through results one page at a time). The same "pipe" feature is also found in later versions of DOS and Microsoft Windows. This usage has led to the character itself being called "pipe". In many programming languages, the vertical bar is used to designate the logic operation or , either bitwise or or logical or . Specifically, in C and other languages following C syntax conventions, such as C++ , Perl , Java and C# ,

230-491: A count of three, with Philippi's line 12 as his line 1. He made at least one obvious error in his transcription, with the very first glyph: Thomas Barthel Thomas Sylvester Barthel (4 January 1923 – 3 April 1997) was a German ethnologist and epigrapher who is best known for cataloguing the undeciphered rongorongo script of Easter Island . Barthel grew up in Berlin and graduated from secondary school in 1940. During

276-507: A horizontal line of dashes. It was also (briefly) part of the ASCII standard. An initial draft for a 7-bit character set that was published by the X3.2 subcommittee for Coded Character Sets and Data Format on June 8, 1961, was the first to include the vertical bar in a standard set. The bar was intended to be used as the representation for the logical OR symbol. A subsequent draft on May 12, 1966, places

322-512: A list of battles and of their heroes and victims. There are thirteen full and one partial line, containing ~ 2,320 glyphs per Fischer. As of April 2008, the CEIPP counted 2208 legible glyphs, 261 indistinct or partially legible glyphs, and estimated that 35 glyphs had been effaced. Although the direction of reading has been determined, the point where the text starts has not. Philippi's line numbers were arbitrary, but kept by Barthel. The main asymmetry

368-472: A single vertical bar was a common variant of the virgula / used as a comma , or caesura mark. In Sanskrit and other Indian languages , a single vertical mark, a danda , has a similar function as a period (full stop). Two bars || (a 'double danda') is the equivalent of a pilcrow in marking the end of a stanza , paragraph or section. The danda has its own Unicode code point, U+0964. A double vertical bar ⟨||⟩ or ⟨ǁ⟩

414-452: A | b denotes a bitwise or ; whereas a double vertical bar a || b denotes a ( short-circuited ) logical or . Since the character was originally not available in all code pages and keyboard layouts, ANSI C can transcribe it in form of the trigraph ??! , which, outside string literals, is equivalent to the | character. In regular expression syntax, the vertical bar again indicates logical or ( alternation ). For example:

460-484: Is * , † , ‡ , § , ‖, ¶ , so its use is very rare; in modern usage, numbers and letters are preferred for endnotes and footnotes . ) In music, when writing chord sheets, single vertical bars associated with a colon (|: A / / / :|) represents the beginning and end of a section (e.g. Intro, Interlude, Verse, Chorus) of music. Single bars can also represent the beginning and end of measures (|: A / / / | D / / / | E / / / :|). A double vertical bar associated with

506-405: Is a glyph with various uses in mathematics , computing , and typography . It has many names, often related to particular meanings: Sheffer stroke (in logic ), pipe , bar , or (literally, the word "or"), vbar , and others. The vertical bar is used as a mathematical symbol in numerous ways. If used as a pair of brackets, it suggests the notion of the word "size". These are: Likewise,

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552-528: Is engaged in verifying and expanding on his work. Barthel was also active in the mid-twentieth century attempts to decipher the Maya script , the 'hieroglyphic' writing system of the pre-Columbian Maya civilization in Mesoamerica . He was one of the first to analyse emblem glyphs in detail and in terms of their political and hierarchical associations. His proposed identification of four major or prime emblem glyphs

598-423: Is entirely covered with glyphs running along its length. It is round in cross-section, 5.7 cm in diameter at one end and 6.4 cm at the other (per Fischer; length 126.6 cm and circumferences at extremities of 17.1 and 20.0 cm per Bettocchi), and made of unknown wood. It is in good condition, but with some splitting, and it is battered on one side of the thick end, evidently from resting diagonally on

644-414: Is frequently used because vertical bars are typically uncommon in the data itself. Similarly, the vertical bar may see use as a delimiter for regular expression operations (e.g. in sed ). This is useful when the regular expression contains instances of the more common forward slash ( / ) delimiter; using a vertical bar eliminates the need to escape all instances of the forward slash. However, this makes

690-450: Is that line 12 (Fischer's line 1) is 90 cm long, running three quarters the length of the Staff. The space occupied by lines 12 and 13 is 30 mm wide at the thick end of the staff (at the end of line 12 and beginning of line 13), but only 17 mm wide at the tapered end (at the end of line 13). Past the cut-off point (the beginning) of line 12, the baseline of line 13 shifts upward, and

736-430: Is the modulo or residue function between two operands and the absolute value function next to one operand. The vertical bar is used for list comprehensions in some functional languages, e.g. Haskell and Erlang . Compare set-builder notation . The vertical bar is used as a special character in lightweight markup languages , notably MediaWiki 's Wikitext (in the templates and internal links). In LaTeX text mode,

782-534: Is the standard caesura mark in English literary criticism and analysis. It marks the strong break or caesura common to many forms of poetry , particularly Old English verse . It is also traditionally used to mark the division between lines of verse printed as prose (the style preferred by Oxford University Press ), though it is now often replaced by the forward slash . In the Geneva Bible and early printings of

828-474: Is used sometimes in Unicode documentation). Some fonts draw the characters the same (both are solid vertical bars, or both are broken vertical bars). Many keyboards with US, US-International, and German QWERTZ layout display the broken bar on a keycap even though the solid vertical bar character is produced. This is a legacy of keyboards manufactured during the 1980s and 1990s for IBM PC compatible computers, as

874-487: Is used to represent salt bridge; which is used to allow free moving ions to move. The vertical bar is used in bra–ket notation in quantum physics . Examples: A pipe is an inter-process communication mechanism originating in Unix , which directs the output (standard out and, optionally, standard error) of one process to the input (standard in) of another. In this way, a series of commands can be "piped" together, giving users

920-568: The King James Version , a double vertical bar is used to mark margin notes that contain an alternative translation from the original text. These margin notes always begin with the conjunction "Or". In later printings of the King James Version, the double vertical bar is irregularly used to mark any comment in the margins. A double vertical bar symbol may be used to call out a footnote . (The traditional order of these symbols in English

966-633: The Second World War , he worked as a cryptographer for the Wehrmacht . After the war he studied folklore, geography, and prehistory in Berlin, Hamburg, and Leipzig. He received his doctorate in Hamburg in 1952 with a thesis on Mayan writing . From 1953 to 1956 he was a Fellow of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft , in 1957 a lecturer in Hamburg, and from 4 July 1957 to 1 February 1958 he

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1012-724: The IBM PC continued to display the glyph for the broken bar at codepoint 7C on displays from MDA (1981) to VGA (1987) despite the changes made to ASCII in 1977. The UK/Ireland keyboard has both symbols engraved: the broken bar is given as an alternate graphic on the "grave" ( backtick ) key; the solid bar is on the backslash key. The broken bar character can be typed (depending on the layout) as AltGr + ` or AltGr + 6 or AltGr + ⇧ Shift + \ on Windows and Compose ! ^ on Linux. It can be inserted into HTML as ¦ The broken bar does not appear to have any clearly identified uses distinct from those of

1058-656: The Maya script lacked phoneticism and did not constitute a "true" writing system. In particular, Barthel stood solidly against the phonetic decipherment methodology put forward in the early 1950s by the Russian epigrapher Yuri Knorozov , who like Barthel had also worked on both the Maya and rongorongo scripts. At a 1956 meeting of the International Congress of Americanists in Copenhagen attended by Knorozov, Barthel's criticism of

1104-522: The Staff. Guy (1998) argues that this is untenable, and further that if Butinov and Knorozov are correct about a genealogy on Gv , then Fischer's putative phallus is a patronymic marker, and the Staff would consist almost entirely of personal names. Fischer's creation chant given above might instead "Son of (bird) was killed", since the fish [REDACTED] was used metaphorically for a war victim. (The kohau îka "lines of fish" rongorongo were lists of persons killed in war.) The Staff would more likely be

1150-533: The Unix command grep -E 'fu|bar' matches lines containing 'fu' or 'bar'. The double vertical bar operator "||" denotes string concatenation in PL/I , standard ANSI SQL , and theoretical computer science (particularly cryptography ). Although not as common as commas or tabs, the vertical bar can be used as a delimiter in a flat file . Examples of a pipe-delimited standard data format are LEDES 1998B and HL7 . It

1196-416: The ability to quickly perform complex multi-stage processing from the command line or as part of a Unix shell script ("bash file"). In most Unix shells (command interpreters), this is represented by the vertical bar character. For example: grep -i 'blair' filename.log | more where the output from the grep process (all lines containing 'blair') is piped to the more process (which allows

1242-463: The bar unusable as the regular expression "alternative" operator. In Backus–Naur form , an expression consists of sequences of symbols and/or sequences separated by '|', indicating a choice , the whole being a possible substitution for the symbol on the left. In calculi of communicating processes (like pi-calculus ), the vertical bar is used to indicate that processes execute in parallel. The pipe in APL

1288-412: The basis of Steven Fischer's attempted decipherment, which is widely known through his book, but which has not been accepted by others in the field. Fischer believes the Staff consists exclusively of creation chants in the form of "all the birds copulated with the fish; there issued forth the sun". The sign which Fischer translates as 'copulate', 76 [REDACTED] , a putative phallus, occurs 564 times on

1334-502: The broken bar as a solid vertical bar instead; the same changes were also reverted in ISO 646-1973 published four years prior. Some variants of EBCDIC included both versions of the character as different code points. The broad implementation of the extended ASCII ISO/IEC 8859 series in the 1990s also made a distinction between the two forms. This was preserved in Unicode as a separate character at U+00A6 BROKEN BAR (the term "parted rule"

1380-408: The gap. However, he does note that there are remnants of pre-inscription tracings that would have enabled such an estimate. Horley (2011) makes a case that 12 was the last line: That the text starts at line 11, wraps around (in descending order) to 13, and that 12 was fit into the gap between the slightly skew lines 11 and 13. The way lines 12 and 13 squeeze together (the glyphs are 12–14 mm high at

1426-449: The glyphs widen to fill in the gap. From that point on, 13 is parallel with line 11 rather than antiparallel as is normally the case for adjacent lines. Fischer takes the short line 12 to be the beginning of the text, reasoning that it would have been easier to indent the first line than to estimate how long the last line would be when fitting it in, and that the large glyphs in line 13 past the end of line 12 were written that way to fill in

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1472-404: The graphics in code positions 2/1 and 5/14 to those frequently associated with logical OR (|) and logical NOT (¬) respectively." The original vertical bar encoded at 0x7C in the original May 12, 1966 draft was then broken as ¦ , so it could not be confused with the unbroken logical OR. In the 1967 revision of ASCII, along with the equivalent ISO 464 code published the same year, the code point

1518-439: The ground when held. There is some pitting just below the start of line 12 (Fischer's line 1), which Fischer believes may be due to corrosion from the sebum of the bearer's thumb. This is widely thought to be one of the finest rongorongo inscriptions. Fischer writes The scribe displays the same expertise as the scribe of side a of "Échancrée", and Barthel that The creator must have been a master of his discipline. The Staff

1564-708: The needs of computer programmers!"; in this letter, he argues that no characters within the international subset designated at columns 2-5 of the character set would be able to adequately represent logical OR and logical NOT in languages such as IBM's PL/I universally on all platforms. As a compromise, a requirement was introduced where the exclamation mark (!) and circumflex (^) would display as logical OR (|) and logical NOT (¬) respectively in use cases such as programming, while outside of these use cases they would represent their original typographic symbols: "It may be desirable to employ distinctive styling to facilitate their use for specific purposes as, for example, to stylize

1610-553: The phonetic approach contributed to the continuing dismissal of Knorozov's ideas —ideas that would later be proved essentially correct when the phonetic approach championed by Knorozov provided the breakthrough in Maya decipherment from the 1970s onwards. Barthel and Knorozov would remain at-odds for the remainder of their respective careers. Barthel was married three times and had four children. Vertical bar U+2016 ‖ DOUBLE VERTICAL LINE ( ‖, ‖ ) The vertical bar , | ,

1656-505: The single bar and U+01C1 for the double bar. Some Northwest and Northeast Caucasian languages written in the Cyrillic script have a vertical bar called palochka (Russian: палочка , lit. 'little stick'), indicating the preceding consonant is an ejective . Longer single and double vertical bars are used to mark prosodic boundaries in the IPA. In medieval European manuscripts,

1702-476: The tablets. Dutrou-Bornier thought that the Staff was a weapon and had belonged to an ꞌariki . When Anacleto Goñi, the commander of the O'Higgins, asked the Rapanui people its significance, he reported that he was, Pozdniakov (1996:290, 299) notes that the Staff shares short phrases with texts Gv and T (or at least Ta ), but has nothing in common with the rest of the rongorongo corpus. The Staff provided

1748-560: The texts: He showed that two lines in the Mamari tablet encode calendrical information. In 1959 Barthel became Associate Professor of Ethnology at the University of Tübingen , and from 1964 to 1988 he was Professor of Ethnology. His primary research was in the folklore of the Americas. He bequeathed his rongorongo data to the CEIPP (Centre d'Études de l'Îles de Pâques et de la Polynésie), which

1794-425: The thick end of the staff, but only 8–10 mm high at the end of line 12 where 13 takes over) is consistent with these being the last lines engraved. The Staff is one of only two rongorongo texts inscribed with vertical bars (|), 103 of them (there are also a few in text T ), which Fischer believes divided the text into sections. Fischer (1997) writes, Fischer renumbered the lines, shifting them by upward by

1840-616: The vertical bar in column 7 alongside regional entry codepoints, and formed the basis for the original draft proposal used by the International Standards Organisation . This draft received opposition from the IBM user group SHARE , with its chairman, H. W. Nelson, writing a letter to the American Standards Association titled "The Proposed revised American Standard Code for Information Interchange does NOT meet

1886-554: The vertical bar is also used singly in many different ways: The double vertical bar , ‖ {\displaystyle \|} , is also employed in mathematics. In LaTeX mathematical mode , the ASCII vertical bar produces a vertical line, and \| creates a double vertical line ( a | b \| c is set as a | b ‖ c {\displaystyle a|b\|c} ). This has different spacing from \mid and \parallel , which are relational operators :

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1932-617: The vertical bar produces an em dash (—). The \textbar command can be used to produce a vertical bar. In the Khoisan languages and the International Phonetic Alphabet , the vertical bar is used to write the dental click ( ǀ ). A double vertical bar is used to write the alveolar lateral click ( ǁ ). Since these are technically letters, they have their own Unicode code points in the Latin Extended-B range: U+01C0 for

1978-483: Was a guest researcher with the Institute for Easter Island Studies at the University of Chile . In order to document rongorongo, Barthel visited most of the museums which housed the tablets, of which he made pencil rubbings . With this data he compiled the first corpus of the script, which he published as Grundlagen zur Entzifferung der Osterinselschrift in 1958. He was the first scholar to correctly identify anything in

2024-426: Was defined to be a broken vertical bar, and the exclamation mark character was allowed to be rendered as a solid vertical bar. However, the 1977 revision (ANSI X.3-1977) undid the changes made in the 1967 revision, enforcing that the circumflex could no longer be stylised as a logical NOT symbol, the exclamation mark likewise no longer allowing stylisation as a vertical bar, and defining the code point originally set to

2070-507: Was later expanded upon by Joyce Marcus , and the Barthel-Marcus quadripartite partitioning of Classic era Maya sites into four regional capitals and an associated hierarchy of four levels of site importance, became an influential concept in Mayanist research. Along with J. Eric S. Thompson , Barthel was a strong critic of the "phonetic approach" to Maya decipherment, and held the view that

2116-571: Was presented to the officers of the Chilean corvette O'Higgins in 1870 by the French colonist Dutrou-Bornier , who claimed that it had belonged to an ꞌariki (king). At that point it disappeared, but in 1876 it was given to the director of the Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Rudolf Philippi. This is the only incised kouhau ( staff ) that remains, the sole remnant of a corpus once as numerous as

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