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39-584: The Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia (English: National Academy of St Cecilia ) is one of the oldest musical institutions in the world, founded by the papal bull Ratione congruit , issued by Sixtus V in 1585, which invoked two saints prominent in Western musical history: Gregory the Great , for whom the Gregorian chant is named, and Saint Cecilia , the patron saint of music. Since 2005 it has been headquartered at

78-512: A bull was the metal seal ( bulla ), which was usually made of lead , but on very solemn occasions was made of gold , as those on Byzantine imperial instruments often were (see Golden Bull ). On the obverse it depicted, originally somewhat crudely, the early Fathers of the Church of Rome , the apostles Saint Peter and Saint Paul , identified by the letters S anctus PA ulus and S anctus PE trus (thus, SPA •SPE or SPASPE ). St. Paul, on

117-431: A common program of study for all pupils; it covers all the classic subjects that would be recognised in a comprehensive school: Italian language and literature, history, geography, mathematics, natural sciences, English and a second foreign Language, technology, art (both history and practical), music, civics and physical education. At the end of the third year, students take an examination which includes: The final score

156-407: A cross. On the reverse was the name of the issuing pope in the nominative Latin form, with the letters "PP", for Pastor Pastorum ("Shepherd of Shepherds"). This disc was then attached to the document either by cords of hemp , in the case of letters of justice and executory letters, or by red and yellow silk , in the case of letters of grace, that was looped through slits in the vellum of

195-433: A form of vocational education oriented towards practical subjects and enabling the students to start work as soon as they have completed their studies. The Italian school system also features the scuola serale (evening school), aimed at adults and working students. The istituto d'arte was once a specific type of istituto professionale which offered an education focused on art history and drawing. Today it forms part of

234-807: A symphony orchestra, the Orchestra dell'Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia ). The category of alumni of the associated conservatory (which in 1919 succeeded a liceo ) includes many noted composers and performers. The first seat of the Congregation from 1585 to 1622 was the church of Santa Maria ad Martires, better known as the Pantheon . Successive relocations were to the church of San Paolino alla Colonna (1622–52), Santa Cecilia in Trastevere (1652–61), San Nicola dei Cesarini (1661–1663), Chiesa della Maddalena (1663–85), and, finally, San Carlo ai Catinari in 1685. During

273-478: A three-six months internship in a company, association or university, during the fifth and last year of study. Types of "istituto tecnico" include: The istituto professionale ("professional institute") is a vocational college, with a short duration of 3 years specifically structured for practical activities, with the aim to facilitate the direct entry of the pupil to the labour market (technical, agriculture, gastronomy, handicrafts). This type of school offers

312-445: Is given as an average of the test scores – a number from 1 to 10. 6 and above are considered pass marks. Successful students receive a diploma di licenza media ("lower secondary school diploma"). The scuola secondaria di secondo grado ("upper secondary school") – commonly known as scuola media superiore ( lit.   ' high middle school ' ) or scuola superiore ("high school") – lasts five years. It follows closely

351-415: Is passed with a score of 60 or more, and any secondary high school diploma is valid for access to any university course of any university faculty. This system has changed many times during the last 20 years; before, the score was expressed in terms of sixtieths so the exam was passed with a score of 36/60 or more, and the top score was 60/60; this was a consequence of being the sum of the scores expressed by

390-453: Is the sum of the pre-exam score, the written tests' scores and the oral test score. If the total points exceed 100, the final score is reduced to 100. If, during the years, the students stand out for their scores (the student never gets less than 8 in the final scores of the last three year, and has more than 9,1 as GPA), they get a "100 cum laude", which gives students a reduction of the first year's university fees. The secondary high school exam

429-479: Is used for any papal document that contains a metal seal. Today, the bull is the only written communication in which the pope will refer to himself as " Episcopus Servus Servorum Dei " ("Bishop, Servant of the Servants of God"). While papal bulls always used to bear a metal seal, they now do so only on the most solemn occasions. A papal bull is today the most formal type of public decree or letters patent issued by

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468-534: The ISCED 2011 Level 2 , middle school and scuola secondaria di secondo grado ("upper secondary school"), which corresponds to the ISCED 2011 Level 3 , high school . The middle school lasts three years from the age of 11 to age 14, and the upper secondary from 14 to 19. The scuola secondaria di primo grado (lower secondary school), commonly known as scuola media inferiore ( lit.   ' lower middle school ' ) or scuola media ("middle school"), it follows

507-584: The Renzo Piano designed Parco della Musica in Rome . It was founded as a "congregation", or "confraternity", and over the centuries has grown from a forum for local musicians and composers to an internationally acclaimed academy active in music scholarship (with 100 prominent music scholars forming the body of the Accademia), music education (in its role as a conservatory ) and performance (with an active choir and

546-482: The Vatican Chancery in the name of the pope. A bull's format formerly began with one line in tall, elongated letters containing three elements: the pope's name, the papal title " Episcopus Servus Servorum Dei " ("Bishop, Servant of the Servants of God "), and its incipit , i.e., the first few Latin words from which the bull took its title for record-keeping purposes, but which might not be directly indicative of

585-521: The ethnomusicological archives —and their preservation and eventual display in the Accademia's multimedia library and archive also available to the public online. The Accademia also maintains a musical instruments museum (the MUSA). 41°55′44″N 12°28′28″E  /  41.92889°N 12.47444°E  / 41.92889; 12.47444 Papal bull Papal bulls have been in use at least since

624-477: The liceo artistico . Every kind of Italian secondary high school ends with an examination whose final score is on a 100-point scale: Students are examined by an exam committee which is divided equally between their own teachers and teachers from other schools. The first and second tests are written by the Ministry of Education, while the oral test is prepared and administered by the exam committee. The total score

663-714: The liceo classico ; economy and law in a istituto tecnico economico ; art history and drawing in a liceo artistico ). A typical Italian student is age 19 when they enter university, while in other countries 18 is the more common age. In 2018, the Italian secondary education was evaluated as below the OECD average. Italy scored below the OECD average in reading and science, and near OECD average in mathematics. Mean performance in Italy declined in reading and science, and remained stable in mathematics. Trento and Bolzano scored at an above

702-515: The papal brief appeared. The brief is the less formal form of papal communication and was authenticated with a wax impression, now a red ink impression, of the Ring of the Fisherman . Liceo (Italian school) Secondary education in Italy lasts eight years and is divided in two stages: scuola secondaria di primo grado ("lower secondary school"), also known as scuola media , corresponding to

741-465: The "great bulls" now in existence are in the nature of confirmations of property or charters of protection accorded to monasteries and religious institutions. In an era when there was much fabrication of such documents, those who procured bulls from Rome wished to ensure that the authenticity of their bull was above suspicion. A papal confirmation, under certain conditions, could be pleaded as itself constituting sufficient evidence of title in cases where

780-528: The 6th century, but the phrase was not used until around the end of the 13th century, and then only internally for unofficial administrative purposes. However, it had become official by the 15th century, when one of the offices of the Apostolic Chancery was named the "register of bulls" (" registrum bullarum "). By the accession of Pope Leo IX in 1048, a clear distinction developed between two classes of bulls of greater and less solemnity. The majority of

819-464: The 6th century. In terms of content, the bull is simply the format in which a decree of the pope appears. Any subject may be treated in a bull, and many were and are, including statutory decrees, episcopal appointments, dispensations , excommunications , apostolic constitutions , canonizations , and convocations . The bull was the exclusive letter format from the Vatican until the 14th century, when

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858-425: The Congregation of Santa Cecilia was officially proclaimed an academy and then a Papal Academy. The list of active and honorary members of the Accademia during that period is formidable and includes Cherubini , Mercadante , Donizetti , Rossini , Paganini , Auber , Liszt , Mendelssohn , Berlioz , Gounod , and Meyerbeer . Among the crowned heads of Europe who were honorary members was Queen Victoria . After

897-712: The Congregation. The Accademia suspended operations during the revolutionary period of the Napoleonic Wars but opened regularly again in 1822 a few years after the Restoration brought about by the Congress of Vienna . The years between that reopening and the end of the Papal States in 1870 were ones of great change. The organization opened its membership to hitherto excluded categories, such as dancers, poets, music historians, musical instrument makers, and music publishers. In 1838,

936-582: The academic to the vocational. All students follow a common course of core subjects during the first two years augmented by subjects from their elected specialism. Programs of study are generally introduced at national level. Currently, most secondary schools provide some common structure and core subjects (such as Italian language and literature, history, geography, philosophy, mathematics, physics, biology, chemistry, one or more foreign language and physical education), while other topics are specific to one type of establishment (i.e. Ancient Greek and Latin in

975-427: The bull's purpose. The body of the text was often very simple in layout, and it had no specific conventions for its formatting. The closing section consisted of a short " datum " that mentioned the place of issuance, day of the month and year of the pope's pontificate on which issued, and signatures, near which was attached the seal. For the most solemn bulls, the pope signed the document himself, in which case he used

1014-540: The core subjects and specialise in specific fields of study; this may be the humanities, science, or art. The principal focus is to prepare students for university and higher education. Types of liceo include: Historically: The education given in an istituto tecnico (technical) offers both a wide theoretical and pratical education and a highly qualified technical specialization in a specific field of studies (e.g.: economy, humanities, administration, law, accountancy, tourism, information technology), often integrated with

1053-482: The definition of an ISCED 2011 Level 2 school. It is compulsory for all pupils. It lasts for three years, roughly from age 11 to 14. It is the first stage where students are taught by subject specialists. It consolidates the subjects taught at the scuola primaria , adding technology , music and a language other than English (typically French, German or Spanish, even though most primary schools already teach some basics of two foreign languages). The middle school has

1092-544: The document. The term " bulla " derives from the Latin " bullire " ("to boil"), and alludes to the fact that, whether of wax, lead, or gold, the material making the seal had to be melted to soften it for impression. In 1535, the Florentine engraver Benvenuto Cellini was paid 50 scudi to recreate the metal matrix which would be used to impress the lead bullae of Pope Paul III . Cellini retained definitive iconographic items like

1131-695: The entire existence of the Papal States , that is, until 1870, when the "temporal power of the Church" was ended by military action of the new nation state of Italy. The early 18th century is considered to have been a particularly glorious time for the Accademia. Among names associated with the organization during that period are Arcangelo Corelli , Alessandro and Domenico Scarlatti , and Niccolò Jommelli . In 1716, Pope Clement XI decreed that all musicians practising their profession in Rome were required to become members of

1170-457: The faces of the two apostles, but he carved them with a much greater attention to detail and artistic sensibility than had previously been in evidence. On the reverse of the seal he added several fleurs-de-lis , a heraldic device of the Farnese family, from which Pope Paul III descended. Since the late 18th century, the lead bulla has been replaced with a red ink stamp of Saints Peter and Paul with

1209-561: The first century of existence, the Congregation was the workshop of a number of prominent musicians and composers of the day, including Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina . The institution in that period was often in rivalry with the other important musical organization of Papal Rome of the day, the Sistine Choir . Rivalry centred on the rights to control access to the musical profession, to train musicians, and to publish music. The rivalry never really ended and can be said to have lasted through

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1248-596: The formula " Ego N. Catholicae Ecclesiae Episcopus " ("I, N., Bishop of the Catholic Church"). Following the signature in this case would be an elaborate monogram , the signatures of any witnesses, and then the seal. In modern times, a member of the Roman Curia signs the document on behalf of the pope, usually the Cardinal Secretary of State , and thus the monogram is omitted. The most distinctive characteristic of

1287-403: The left, was shown with flowing hair and a long pointed beard composed of curved lines, while St. Peter, on the right, was shown with curly hair and a shorter beard made of dome-shaped globetti (beads in relief). Each head was surrounded by a circle of globetti , and the rim of the seal was surrounded by an additional ring of such beads, while the heads themselves were separated by a depiction of

1326-400: The material for these documents until the early years of the eleventh century, after which it was rapidly superseded by a rough kind of parchment . Modern scholars have retroactively used the word "bull" to describe any elaborate papal document issued in the form of a decree or privilege , solemn or simple, and to some less elaborate ones issued in the form of a letter. Popularly, the name

1365-479: The national average in reading. Compared to school children in other OECD countries, children in Italy missed out on a greater amount of learning due to absences and indiscipline in classrooms. A wide gap exists between northern schools, which perform near average, and schools in the South , that had much poorer results. The education offered by a liceo (" lyceum ") is mostly academic. Individual lyceums will cover

1404-469: The original deed had been lost or destroyed. Since the 12th century, papal bulls have carried a leaden seal with the heads of the apostles Saint Peter and Saint Paul on one side and the pope's name on the other. Papal bulls were originally issued by the pope for many kinds of communication of a public nature, but by the 13th century, papal bulls were only used for the most formal or solemn of occasions. Papyrus seems to have been used almost uniformly as

1443-627: The pattern of typical ISCED 2011 Level 3 school. The first two years when the student will be under 16 years old, are compulsory, the other three years are voluntary. There is an exam at the end of the final year, called esame di stato or, previously, the esame di maturità ("maturity exam"); this exam takes place every year between June and July. The course is designed to give students the skills and qualifications needed to progress to university or higher education college . Students may choose what level of school to attend, there are three types of scuola secondaria di secondo grado that range from

1482-520: The reigning pope's name encircling the picture, though very formal letters, e.g. the bull of Pope John XXIII convoking the Second Vatican Council , still receive the leaden seal. Original papal bulls exist in quantity only after the 11th century onward, when the transition from fragile papyrus to the more durable parchment was made. None survives in entirety from before 819. Some original lead bullae , however, still survive from as early as

1521-506: The unification of Italy, the Accademia reestablished itself with the formation of a permanent symphony orchestra and choir, beginning in 1895. It went from being the seat of a Liceo musicale—a music "high school"—to being a full-blown conservatory; also, it hosts the "Eleonora Duse" Drama School, as well as a centre for experimental cinema. The most recent innovation has been the digitisation and cataloguing of centuries of musical documents—including an important collection of traditional music in

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