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79-520: Sant Singh Sekhon (1908–1997) was an Indian playwright and fiction writer associated with Punjabi literature . He is part of the generation of Indian authors who mark the transition of India into an independent nation, scarred by the tragedies of partition . Sekhon was born in Lyallpur , Punjab , British India (present-day Pakistan), and grew up in his father's village in Dakha, near Ludhiana . His father
158-951: A Vajrayana Mahasiddha saint, which is as follows: Couplet one: ਜਾਣ ਣ ਆਪ ਜਣਿੱਜਣਿ, ਤਾਵ ਣ ਸਿੱਸ ਕਰੇਇ। Jāṇa ṇa āpa jaṇijaṇi, tāva ṇa sisa karē'i ਅੰਧਾ ਅੰਧ ਕਾਢਵ ਤਿਮ, ਵੇਣ ਵਿ ਕੂਵ ਪੜੇਇ॥ Adhā adha kāḍhava tima, vēṇa vi kūva paṛē'i. ਅਰਥਃ ਜਦ ਤੱਕ ਆਪ ਜਾਣੂ ਨਾ ਹੋਵੋ ਤਦ ਤੱਕ ਕਿਸੇ ਨੂੰ ਸਿੱਸ ਨਾ ਬਣਾਵੋ। ਜੇ ਅੰਨ੍ਹਾ ਅੰਨ੍ਹੇ ਨੂੰ ਖੂਹ ਚੋਂ ਕੱਢੇ ਤਾਂ ਦੋਵੇਂ ਡੁਬਦੇ ਹਨ॥ Arathaਃ jada taka āpa jāṇū nā hōvō tada taka kisē nū sisa nā baṇāvō. Jē anhā anhē nū khūha cōṁ kaḍhē tāṁ dōvēṁ ḍubadē hana. Couplet two: ਅੱਖਰ ਬਾਢਾ ਸਅਲ ਜਗੁ, ਣਾਹਿ ਣਿਰੱਖਰ ਕੋਇ। Akhara bāḍhā sa'ala jagu, ṇāhi ṇirakhara kō'i. ਤਾਵ ਸੇ ਅੱਖਰ ਘੋਲਿਆ, ਜਾਵ ਣਿਰੱਖਰ ਹੋਇ॥ Tāva sē akhara ghōli'ā, jāva ṇirakhara hō'i ਅਰਥਃ ਸਾਰਾ ਜਗਤ ਅੱਖਰਾਂ ਨੇ ਬੰਨਿਆਂ ਹੋਇਆ ਹੈ, ਨਿਰੱਖਰ ਕੋਈ ਨਹੀਂ। ਐਸੇ ਅੱਖਰ ਸਿਰਜੋ ਜਿਸ ਰਾਹੀਂ ਨਿਰੱਖਰ “ਅਲੇਖ” ਹੋ ਸਕੀਏ॥ Arathaਃ sārā jagata akharāṁ nē bani'āṁ hō'i'ā hai, nirakhara kō'ī nahīṁ. Aisē akhara sirajō jisa rāhīṁ nirakhara “alēkha” hō sakī'ē. Couplet one: One should not make someone
237-649: A "low status caste". In the 20th century, the community began to use the alternate term Nath instead in their public relations, while continuing to use their historical term of yogi or jogi to refer to each other within the community. The term Nath or Natha , with the meaning of lord, is a generic Sanskrit theological term found in all the dharmic religions that utilize Sanskrit. It is found in Vaishnavism (e.g. Gopinath, Jagannath), Buddhism (e.g. Minanath), and in Jainism (Adinatha, Parsvanatha). The term yogi or jogi
316-621: A Nath guru as a part of Vishnu-Shiva syncretism. According to others, Dattatreya has been the revered as the Adi-Guru (First Teacher) of the Adinath Sampradaya of the Nathas, the first "Lord of Yoga" with mastery of Tantra (techniques). The number of Nath gurus also varies between texts, ranging from 4, 9, 18, 25 and so on. The earliest known text that mentions nine Nath gurus is the 15th century Telugu text Navanatha Charitra . Individually,
395-603: A calm, blissful transcendental state. The term siddha means "perfected", and this premise was not limited to the Siddha tradition but was shared by others such as the Rasayana school of Ayurveda. According to Mallinson, "the majority of the early textual and epigraphic references to Matsyendra and Goraksa are from the Deccan region and elsewhere in peninsular India; the others are from eastern India". The oldest iconography of Nath-like yogis
474-482: A confederation of devotees who consider Shiva as their first lord or guru , with varying lists of additional gurus. Of these, the 9th or 10th century Matsyendranatha and the ideas and organization mainly developed by Gorakhnath are particularly important. Gorakhnath is considered the originator of the Nath Panth. The Nath tradition has an extensive Shaivism-related theological literature of its own, most of which
553-495: A divine state upon death. The Natha Sampradaya is an initiatory Guru-shishya tradition . According to contemporary Nath Guru, Mahendranath, another aim is to avoid reincarnation. In The Magick Path of Tantra , he wrote about several of the aims of the Naths: Our aims in life are to enjoy peace, freedom, and happiness in this life, but also to avoid rebirth onto this Earth plane. All this depends not on divine benevolence, but on
632-542: A fictional, commercial work does exist. The fictional work is Sussipoonoo-ki-kissa (ca.1866–67), a qissa of the Sassi Pannu folktale. The Punjabi novel developed through Nanak Singh (1897–1971) and Vir Singh. Starting off as a pamphleteer and as part of the Singh Sabha Movement, Vir Singh wrote historical romance through such novels as Sundari, Satwant Kaur and Baba Naudh Singh, whereas Nanak Singh helped link
711-401: A period of months from one sacred location to another, across India, in their spiritual pursuits. The Nath monks wear loin cloths and dhotis , little else. Typically they also cover themselves with ashes, tie up their hair in dreadlocks, and when they stop walking, they keep a sacred fire called dhuni. These ritual dressing, covering body with ash, and the body art are, however, uncommon with
790-539: A prominent Indo-Persian poet, is also known to have written a vaar in the Punjabi language. Roughly from the 12th century to the 19th century, Punjabi Sufi poetry developed under Shah Hussain (1538–1599), Sultan Bahu (1628–1691), Shah Sharaf (1640–1724), Ali Haider Multani (1690–1785), Bulleh Shah (1680–1757), Saleh Muhammad Safoori (1747–1826), Mian Muhammad Baksh (1830–1907) and Khwaja Ghulam Farid (1845–1901). In contrast to Persian poets, who had preferred
869-566: A rich oral tradition in Punjabi. Prominent examples of heroic or epic poetry include Guru Gobind Singh 's in Chandi di Var (1666–1708). The semi-historical Nadir Shah Di Vaar by Najabat describes the invasion of India by Nadir Shah in 1739. The Jangnama, or 'War Chronicle,' was introduced into Punjabi literature during the Mughal period; the Punjabi Jangnama of Shah Mohammad (1780–1862) recounts
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#1732876734943948-465: A specific metaphysical theory or a particular Truth, but emphasized that the search for Truth and spiritual life is valuable and a normal goal of man. Gorakshanatha championed Yoga , spiritual discipline and an ethical life of self-determination as a means to reaching siddha state, samadhi and one's own spiritual truths. Gorakshanatha, his ideas and yogis have been highly popular in rural India, with monasteries and temples dedicated to him found across
1027-406: A strong social activism message, but the questions and dilemmas facing the characters are subtly philosophical, and his plays did not see much success on stage. Subsequently, he also wrote a good bit of poetry, and also several full-length plays, mostly featuring modern themes, particularly man-woman relationships. The historical play Waris is both a love-story with the poet Waris Shah, set against
1106-485: A student until he is aware. If the blind tries to pull the blind out of the well, both of them drown. Couplet two: The whole world is bound by letters and there is no single one. Learn such alphabets through which we can write well. The Punjabi literary tradition is popularly seen to commence with Baba Farid (1173–1266), whose Sufi poetry was compiled after his death in the Adi Granth . Amir Khusrau (1253 – 1325),
1185-837: A theory of literature, and the pioneering work, Punjabi boli da itihas (History of the Punjabi language). In 1972, he won the Sahitya Akademi Award for Mittarpiara . He was also awarded the Padma Shri , one of India's highest civilian awards, in 1987. He was a Professor of Eminence at the Punjabi University in Patiala; after his death, a chair was set up at the university in his name. One-act plays: Full-length plays: Historical plays (theme of Sikh history): Novels Punjabi literature North America Oceania Punjabi literature , specifically literary works written in
1264-652: A tragic cross-relationship between a king and his son with a daughter-mother. Like his contemporary Mulk Raj Anand , Sekhon was influenced by the Progressive Writers' Movement . He was a strong believer in Marxism , and also joined the Communist party of India , though he let his membership lapse. He contested elections four times, thrice for the Punjab legislature and once for Parliament, but never won. Much of his writing has
1343-511: A warrior ascetic group in the late medieval era, with one group calling itself shastra-dharis (keepers of scriptures) and the other astra-dharis (keepers of weapons). The latter group grew and became particularly prominent during the Islamic period in South Asia, from about the 14th to 18th century. The Nath tradition revere nine, twelve or more Nath gurus. For example, nine Naths are revered in
1422-551: Is a synonym for Shiva , the founder of the Nāthas. Initiation into the Nātha sampradaya includes receiving a name ending in -nath , -yogi , or -jogi . According to the yoga scholar James Mallinson , the term Nath is a neologism for various groups previously known as yogi or jogi before the 18th century. Within the Natha tradition, however, it is said that the identifier Nath began with
1501-587: Is attributed to Matsyendra, and dated to the last centuries of the 1st millennium CE. Other texts attributed to him include the Akulavira tantra , Kulananda tantra and Jnana karika . Gorakshanatha is considered a Maha-yogi (or great yogi) in the Hindu tradition. Within the Nath tradition, he has been a revered figure, with Nath hagiography describing him as a superhuman who appeared on earth several times. The matha and
1580-555: Is found in the Konkan region (near the coast of Maharashtra , Goa , Karnataka ). The Vijayanagara Empire artworks include them, as do texts from a region now known as Maharashtra, northern Karnataka and Kerala. The Chinese traveller, named Ma Huan , visited a part of the western coast of India, wrote a memoir, and he mentions the Nath Yogis. The oldest texts of the Nath tradition that describe pilgrimage sites include predominantly sites in
1659-622: Is not limited to Natha subtradition, and has been widely used in Indian culture for anyone who is routinely devoted to yoga. Some memoirs by travelers such as those by the Italian traveler Varthema refer to the Nath Yogi people they met, phonetically as Ioghes . Nath are a sub-tradition within Shaivism, who trace their lineage to nine Nath gurus , starting with Shiva as the first, or ‘’Adinatha’’. The list of
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#17328767349431738-399: Is nothing wrong with Punjabi also adopting loanwords from external languages. Tara Singh further stated that Punjabi derives from Prakrit, which inherited countless words from Sanskrit that were employed and developed in various ways. Tara Singh called attention to the fact that Muslim polities had ruled the Punjab for a period of 900-years, and that it was only natural from the inhabitants of
1817-417: Is that most of them are itinerant, moving from one monastery or location to another, never staying in the same place for long. Many form a floating group of wanderers, where they participate in festivals together, share work and thus form a collective identity. They gather in certain places cyclically, particularly on festivals such as Navaratri, Maha Shivaratri and Kumbh Mela. Many walk very long distances over
1896-426: Is traceable to the 11th century CE or later. However, its roots are in a far more ancient Siddha tradition. A notable aspect of Nath tradition practice has been its refinements and use of Yoga, particularly Hatha Yoga , to transform one's body into a sahaja siddha state of an awakened self’s identity with absolute reality. An accomplished guru , that is, a yoga and spiritual guide, is considered essential, and
1975-505: Is traditionally known for hatha yoga and tantra, but in contemporary times, the assiduous practice of hatha yoga and tantra is uncommon among the Naths. In some monasteries, the ritual worship is to goddesses and to their gurus such as Adinatha (Shiva), Matsyendranatha and Gorakhshanatha, particularly through bhajan and kirtans. They greet each other with ades (pronounced: "aadees"). The Yogis and Shaiva sampradayas such as Nath metamorphosed into
2054-591: Is unlike mainstream Buddhism. In the Tibetan tradition, Matsyendranatha of Hinduism is identified with Luipa , one referred to as the first of Buddhist Siddhacharyas. In Nepal, he is a form of Buddhist Avalokiteshvara. According to Deshpande, the Natha Sampradaya, is a development of the earlier Siddha or Avadhuta Sampradaya, an ancient lineage of spiritual masters. They may be linked to Kapalikas or Kalamukhas given they share their unorthodox lifestyle, though neither
2133-524: The ghazal for poetic expression, Punjabi Sufi poets tended to compose in the Kafi . The Janamsakhis , stories on the life and legend of Guru Nanak (1469–1539), are early examples of Punjabi prose literature. Guru Nanak himself composed Punjabi verse incorporating vocabulary from Sanskrit , Arabic , Persian , and other South Asian languages as characteristic of the Gurbani tradition. Chandar Bhan Brahman
2212-515: The First Anglo-Sikh War of 1845–46. The Victorian novel, Elizabethan drama, free verse and Modernism entered Punjabi literature through the introduction of British education during the Raj. The first Punjabi printing press (using Gurmukhi font) was established through a Christian mission at Ludhiana in 1835, and the first Punjabi dictionary was published by Reverend J. Newton in 1854. During
2291-548: The Indian freedom movement . Chatrik's poetry, steeped in Indian traditions of romance and classical poetry, often celebrated varied moods of nature in his verse as well as feelings of patriotism. Brought up on English and American poetry, Puran Singh was also influenced by Freudian psychology in his oftentimes unabashedly sensuous poetry. Modernism was also introduced into Punjabi poetry by Prof. Mohan Singh (1905–78) and Shareef Kunjahi . The Punjabi diaspora also began to emerge during
2370-755: The Kumbh Mela as a part of their spiritual practice. The Nath also have a large settled householder tradition in parallel to its monastic groups. Some of them metamorphosed into warrior ascetics during the Islamic rule of the Indian subcontinent . The Nath tradition was influenced by other Indian traditions such as Advaita Vedanta monism, and in turn influenced it as well as movements within Vaishnavism , Shaktism and Bhakti movement through saints such as Kabir and Namdev . The Sanskrit word nātha नाथ literally means "lord, protector, master". The related Sanskrit term Adi Natha means first or original Lord, and
2449-528: The Punjabi Qissa , a genre of romantic tragedy which also derived inspiration from Indic, Persian and Quranic sources. The Qissa of Heer Ranjha by Waris Shah (1706–1798) is among the most popular of Punjabi qisse. Other popular stories include Sohni Mahiwal by Fazal Shah, Mirza Sahiba by Hafiz Barkhudar (1658–1707), Sassi Punnun by Hashim Shah (1735?–1843?), and Qissa Puran Bhagat by Qadaryar (1802–1892). Heroic ballads known as Vaar enjoy
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2528-770: The Punjabi language , is characteristic of the historical Punjab of present-day Pakistan and India and the Punjabi diaspora . The Punjabi language is written in several scripts, of which the Shahmukhi and Gurmukhī scripts are the most commonly used in Western Punjab and Eastern Punjab , respectively. The earliest writings in Punjabi belong to the Nath Yogi era from the 9th to the 14th centuries. They referred to God with various names such as "Alakh Nirajan" which are still prevalent in Punjabi vernacular. According to Master Tara Singh ,
2607-538: The Ramanandis , as well as Sufi fakirs in the Indian subcontinent. The Naths recruited devotees into their fold irrespective of their religion or caste, converting Muslim yogins to their fold. The Nath tradition was influenced by the Bhakti movement saints such as Kabir , Namdev and Jnanadeva . The Siddha-siddhanta-paddhati (SSP) by Goraksanatha is a key text for the nathayogis . It explores their philosophy,
2686-474: The Arya Samaj, Ahmadis , and various Muslim anjuman organizations. Punjabi tracts of the era breached upon various topics, such as caste, religion, conversion, diet, and intoxicants. In a series of letters debating Arya Samajists such as Lala Lajpat Rai, Master Tara Singh rebuked the idea proposed by the Arya Samaj that Punjabi was a "child" of the "mother", Hindi, by stating that Punjabi literature predates
2765-539: The British period in Punjab, the most popular literary language based on the number book produced in it was Urdu, however Punjabi-language books were a close second. Whilst a few Punjabi lithograph texts may have been produced prior to 1850, Punjabi commercial book publishing began to arise after 1850, slowly increasing in prominance until the 1870's and 1880's, when thousands of them were being produced and distributed, written in both Gurmukhi and Perso-Arabic scripts. One of
2844-469: The Deccan region and the eastern states of India, with hardly any mention of north, northwest or south India. This community also can be found in some parts of Rajasthan but these are normal like other castes, considered as other backward castes. Gorakhshanatha is traditionally credited with founding the tradition of renunciate ascetics, but the earliest textual references about the Nath ascetic order as an organized entity (sampradaya), that have survived into
2923-648: The Khalsa Tract Society (est. 1894), the Panch Khalsa Society, and the Sikh Handbill Society. Norman Gerald Barrier estimated that Sikh organizations had produced 1,200 tracts between the years 1880 and 1915 that represented varying views and positions. Sikh organizations were proficient in this genre of literature but Hindu and Muslim organization also produced Punjabi tracts. Some religious sects and organizations that churned out tracts include
3002-539: The Massod Khaddar Posh Trust Award 4 times, and has had his books transliterated into Gurmukhi for Indian Punjabi readers. Urdu poets of the Punjab have also written Punjabi poetry including Munir Niazi (1928–2006). The poet who introduced new trends in Punjabi poetry is Pir Hadi abdul Mannan . Though a Punjabi poet, he also wrote poetry in Urdu . Ali Arshad Mir was an epic poet whose works gave voice to
3081-451: The Nath ascetic order, distributed in about 500 monasteries across India but mostly in northern and western regions of India, along with a much larger householder Nath tradition. The oldest known monastery of the Naths that continues to be in use, is near Mangalore , in Karnataka. This monastery (Kadri matha ) houses Shaiva iconography from the 10th century. A notable feature of the monks
3160-403: The Nath tradition has historically been known for its esoteric and heterodox practices. The unconventional ways of the Nath tradition challenged all orthodox premises, exploring dark and shunned practices of society as a means to understanding theology and gaining inner powers. They formed monastic organizations, itinerant groups that walked great distances to sacred sites and festivals such as
3239-487: The Navnath Sampradaya. The most revered teachers across its various subtraditions are: Charpath The establishment of the Naths as a distinct historical sect purportedly began around the 8th or 9th century with a simple fisherman, Matsyendranatha (sometimes called Minanath, who may be identified with or called the father of Matsyendranatha in some sources). One of earliest known Hatha text Kaula Jnana Nirnaya
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3318-694: The Portuguese Christian missionaries. Except for few, the Nath yogi chose to abandon the village. The Inchegeri Sampradaya , also known as Nimbargi Sampradaya, is a lineage of Hindu Navnath teachers from Maharashtra which was started by Shri Bhausaheb Maharaj. It is inspired by Sant Mat teachers as Namdev , Raidas and Kabir . The Inchegeri Sampraday has become well-known through the popularity of Nisargadatta Maharaj . The Nath tradition has two branches, one consisting of sadhus (celibate monks) and other married householder laypeople. The householders are significantly more in number than monks and have
3397-422: The Punjabi poetry authored by Baba Farid, Guru Nanak, and Bhai Gurdas was already at a high-level where subtle ideas could be expressed through a medium of a literary language, therefore Punjabi must have evolved centuries before then, perhaps in the 9th or 10th centuries. An example of surviving work of an early-stage showcasing Old Punjabi emerging from Apabhraṃśa is a doha couplet dated to 760 by Saraha ,
3476-495: The Raj and also produced poetry whose theme was revolt against British rule in Ghadar di Gunj ( Echoes of Mutiny ). The genre of Punjabi tract literature arose in the late-19th century and played a vital role in Punjabi socio-religious reforms and engaging in refutation and criticism of religious rivals. The tracts produced tended to be anywhere from one to at-most sixteen pages in-length. Some notable Sikh tract societies include
3555-597: The Sahitya Akademi in 1982. In it, Pritam explores the impact of social morality on women. Kumar's epic Luna (a dramatic retelling of the legend of Puran Bhagat) won the Sahitya Akademi Award in 1965. Socialist themes of revolution meanwhile influenced writers like Pash whose work demonstrates the influence of Pablo Neruda and Octavio Paz . Punjabi fiction in modern times has explored themes in modernist and post-modernist literature. Punjabi culture. Moving from
3634-575: The Sahitya Akedemi award for his collection of short stories Nave Lok in 1967. His stories are gripping and provide deep insight into the rural and urban modern Punjab. He has been hailed as the “emperor of Punjabi short stories”. Modern Punjab drama developed through Ishwar Nanda's Ibsen-influenced Suhag in 1913, and Gursharan Singh who helped popularize the genre through live theatre in Punjabi villages. Sant Singh Sekhon, Kartar Singh Duggal , and Balwant Gargi have written plays, and Atamjit Singh
3713-644: The United States, as well as writers in Africa such as Ajaib Kamal , born in 1932 in Kenya, and Mazhar Tirmazi, writer of famous song "Umraan Langhiyan Pabhan Bhaar." Themes explored by diaspora writers include the cross-cultural experience of Punjabi migrants, racial discrimination, exclusion, and assimilation, the experience of women in the diaspora, and spirituality in the modern world. Second generation writers of Punjabi ancestry such as Rupinderpal Singh Dhillon (writes under
3792-495: The accumulated wisdom of the Punjab region, without distinction as to script, language, religion, nationality, or other physical conditions. PDL has contributed significantly to the accessibility and preservation of Punjabi literature, making it available to a wider audience and ensuring its continuity for future generations. Punjabi diaspora literature has developed through writers in the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and
3871-473: The appearance of Hindi. The Arya Samaj proposed that the Ramayan of Tulsi Das (fl. 16th and 17th centuries) and the works of Chand Bardai (fl. 12th century), were examples of early Hindi literature. This was refuted as the language used in these works is strictly-speaking not Hindi, as per J. S. Grewal. Until the end of the 17th century, no Hindi literature had arisen. Punjabi literature had an early claim to
3950-569: The area to adopt words from Persian and Arabic as a result. Lala Lajpat Rai wanted all non-Indic words to be replaced with Sanskrit words, Tara Singh responded that this was "narrow-minded partisanship" and "fanatical prejudice". Tara Singh highlighted that Hindi itself was born out of Shauraseni Prakrit , which in-turn derived from Sanskrit, making its story of development ordinary and similar to other regional languages of northern India, meaning it could not claim special status based on its origin. Tara Singh claimed that Lala Lajpat Rai's true objective
4029-577: The characteristics of an endogamous caste. Both Nath sadhus and householders are found in Nepal and India, but more so in regions such as West Bengal, Nepal, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and Karnataka. The ascetics created an oversight organization called the Barah Panthi Yogi Mahasabha in 1906, based in the Hindu sacred town of Haridwar . According to an estimate by Bouillier in 2008, there are about 10,000 ascetics (predominantly males) in
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#17328767349434108-507: The city of Gorakhpur in Uttar Pradesh is named after him. The Gurkhas of Nepal and Indian Gorkha take their name after him, as does Gorkha , a historical district of Nepal. The monastery and the temple in Gorakhpur perform various cultural and social activities and serves as the cultural hub of the city, and publishes texts on the philosophy of Gorakhnath. Gorakshanatha did not emphasize
4187-436: The compositions of Baba Farid in the 13th century as an example, predating the development of Hindi literature by several centuries. Lala Lajpat Rai objected to the contemporary Khalsa Party's development of Punjabi literature, claiming it was an objectionable "mixture" ( khichṛī ) that borrowed words from English, Arabic, and Sanskrit. Tara Singh responded that Hindi freely borrowed words from other languages and therefore there
4266-550: The concept of the Absolute, the universe from their perspective, and the traits of an avadhutayogi . Goraksanatha rejects the traditional four-class system ( caturvarna ) of brahmanas , ksatriyas , vaisyas , and sudras , which are defined by their respective qualities of sadācāra - सदाचार (good conduct) , śaurya - शौर्य (bravery) , vyavasāya - व्यवसाय (trade and commerce) , and sevā - सेवा (service). Instead, he introduces sixty-four additional classes based on
4345-400: The country, particularly in the eponymous city of Gorakhpur , whereas among urban elites, the movement founded by Gorakhnath has been ridiculed. According to Muller-Ortega (1989: p. 37), the primary aim of the ancient Nath Siddhas was to achieve liberation or jivan-mukti while alive, and ultimately "paramukti" which it defined as the state of liberation in the current life and into
4424-585: The doctrines nor the evidence that links them has been uncovered. The Nath Yogis were deeply admired by the Bhakti movement saint Kabir . The Nath Sampradaya is traditionally divided into twelve streams or Panths . According to David Gordon White , these panth s were not really a subdivision of a monolithic order, but rather an amalgamation of separate groups descended from either Matsyendranatha, Gorakshanatha or one of their students. However, there have always been many more Natha sects than will conveniently fit into
4503-584: The earliest commercial Punjabi books on record is an 1851 edition of Waris Shah's Heer Ranjha version produced by the Chashm-i-Nur Press of Lahore. Not much is known about Punjabi books before 1867, the year the administration began compiling reports on vernacular publishing. However, the publishing and distribution of Punjabi books until 1867 was extremely limited, with only twelve books being registered by then at Lahore. Amongst these early Punjabi books, most are government publications but one example of
4582-516: The figures of Matsyendranatha in the 10th century and his guru Shiva , known as Adinath (first lord). During East India Company and later British Raj rule, itinerant yogis were suppressed and many were forced into householder life. Many of their practices were banned in an attempt to limit their political and military power in North India. During colonial rule the term Yogi/Jogi became a derisive word and they were classified by British India census as
4661-504: The following genres Nath Saiddhantika Non - Saiddhantika Traditional Natha , also called Nath ( Sanskrit : नाथसम्प्रदाय , romanized : Nāthasaṃpradāya ), are a Shaiva sub-tradition within Hinduism in India and Nepal. A medieval movement, it combined ideas from Buddhism , Shaivism and Yoga traditions of the Indian subcontinent . The Naths have been
4740-413: The greater audience in Punjabi, he shifted to Punjabi, and initially made a mark as a playwright. Along with many South-Asian littérateurs of his generation ( Faiz Ahmed Faiz , Harivansh Rai Bachchan , Buddhadev Bose ), he taught English but wrote in an Indian language. His first collection of one-act plays, Chhe Ghar (Six homes, 1941) was a critical success, particularly the play Bhavi , which unfolds
4819-565: The householders. Both the Nath monks and householders wear a woolen thread around their necks with a small horn, rudraksha bead and a ring attached to the thread. This is called Singnad Janeu . The small horn is important to their religious practice, is blown during certain festivals, rituals and before they eat. Many Nath monks and a few householders also wear notable earrings. Those Nath ascetics who do tantra, include smoking cannabis in flower (marijuana) or resin (charas, hashish) as an offering to Shiva, as part of their practice. The tradition
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#17328767349434898-460: The modern era, are from the 17th century. Before the 17th century, while a mention of the Nath sampradaya as a monastic institution is missing, extensive isolated mentions about the Nath Shaiva people are found in inscriptions, texts and temple iconography from earlier centuries. In the Deccan region, only since the 18th century according to Mallison, Dattatreya has been traditionally included as
4977-566: The name Roop Dhillon) have explored the relationship between British Punjabis and their immigrant parents as well as experiment with surrealism, science fiction and crime fiction. Bhupinder kaur Sadhaura (1971–) have biography of peer Budhu Shah Ji , book name is Guru Bhagat Peer Budhu Shah ( hanoured by Haryana Punjabi Sahitya Academy ). Other known writers include Sadhu Binning and Ajmer Rode (Canada), Mazhar Tirmazi , Amarjit Chandan , Avtar Singh Sandhu ( Paash ) (1950–1988) and Surjit Kalsi . Currently Punjabi writing can be split between
5056-615: The names of Nath Gurus appear in much older texts. For example, Matsyendranatha is mentioned as a siddha in section 29.32 of the 10th century text Tantraloka of the Advaita and Shaivism scholar Abhinavagupta. The mention of Nath gurus as siddhas in Buddhist texts found in Tibet and the Himalayan regions led early scholars to propose that Naths may have Buddhist origins, but the Nath doctrines and theology
5135-725: The novel to the storytelling traditions of Qissa and oral tradition as well as to questions of social reform. The novels, short stories and poetry of Amrita Pritam (1919–2005) highlighted, among other themes, the experience of women, and the Partition of India . Punjabi poetry during the British Raj moreover began to explore more the experiences of the common man and the poor through the work of Puran Singh (1881–1931). Other poets meanwhile, such as Dhani Ram Chatrik (1876–1957), Diwan Singh (1897–1944) and Ustad Daman (1911–1984), explored and expressed nationalism in their poetry during and after
5214-673: The practice of sixty-four kalas (arts). As a yogi , he believes in an inclusive order that goes beyond these class distinctions. sadacara-tattve brahmana vasanti | saurya ksatriyah | vyavasaye vaisyah | seva-bhave sudrah | catuh-sasti-kalasvapi catuh-sasti-varnah || Good conduct signifies brahmanas , bravery ksatriyas , trade and commerce vaisyas , service sudras and the sixty-four arts sixty-four (additional) varnas . na vidhir-naiva varnas-ca na varjyavarjya-kalpana | na bhedo nidhanam kincin-nasaucam nodaka-kriya || yogisvaresvarasyaivam nitya-trptasya yoginah | cit-svatma-sukha-visrantibhava-labdhasya punyatah || To an eminent yogi who
5293-693: The propagation of Sikh thought and ideology to the themes of the Progressive Movement, the short story in Punjabi was taken up by Nanak Singh, Charan Singh Shaheed, Joshua Fazal Deen, and Heera Singh Dard. Women writers such as Ajeet Cour and Dalip Kaur Tiwana meanwhile have questioned cultural patriarchy and the subordination of women in their work. Hardev Grewal has introduced a new genere to Punjabi fiction called Punjabi Murder Mystery in 2012 with his Punjabi novel Eh Khudkushi Nahin Janab! Qatl Hai (published by Lahore Books). Kulwant Singh Virk (1921–1987) won
5372-799: The rediscovery of Punjabi identity and language in Pakistan since 1947. Ali's short story collection Kahani Praga received the Waris Shah Memorial Award in 2005 from the Pakistan Academy of Letters. Mansha Yaad also received the Waris Shah Award for his collection Wagda Paani in 1987, and again in 1998 for his novel Tawan TawaN Tara , as well as the Tamgha-e-Imtiaz ( Pride of Performance ) in 2004. The most critically successful writer in recent times has been Mir Tanha Yousafi who has won
5451-517: The remaining eight is somewhat inconsistent between the regions Nath sampradaya is found, but typically consists of c. 9th century Matsyendranatha and c. 12th century Gorakhshanatha along with six more. The other six vary between Buddhist texts such as Abhyadattasri , and Hindu texts such as Varnaratnakara and Hathapradipika . The most common remaining Nath gurus include Caurangi (Sarangadhara, Puran Bhagat), Jalandhara (Balnath, Hadipa), Carpatha, Kanhapa, Nagarjuna and Bhartrihari. The Nath tradition
5530-629: The rise of Sikh power. The more contemporary Mittarpiara (beloved friend), develops on the notion of a group of Sikhs and other Indians developing a friendship with Lenin to liberate India from the British. In total, his drama corpus runs into ten full-length plays and four one-act play collections. He also wrote five short story collections, of which Tija Pahar was very well received. Many of his stories have been translated into several languages. In addition, he also wrote two novels and five books of literary criticism, as well as several histories and translations. His scholarly works include Sahityarth ,
5609-479: The texts integrate the teachings of Yoga and Vedanta schools of Hinduism in a similar way. Numerous technical treatises in the Hindu tradition, composed in Sanskrit about Hatha Yoga, are attributed to Gorakshanatha . The Hatha Yoga ideas that developed in the Nath tradition influenced and were adopted by Advaita Vedanta , though some esoteric practices such as kechari-mudra were omitted. Their yoga ideas were also influential on Vaishnavism traditions such as
5688-466: The twelve formal panths . In Goa, the town called Madgaon may have been derived from Mathgram, a name it received from being a center of Nath Sampradaya Mathas (monasteries). Nath yogis practiced yoga and pursued their beliefs there, living inside caves. The Divar island and Pilar rock-cut caves were used for meditation by the Nath yogis. In the later half of the 16th century, they were persecuted for their religious beliefs and forced to convert by
5767-404: The voiceless - the downtrodden and the oppressed, his role is considered crucial in 20th century Punjabi literature. Eastern Punjab (India) Amrita Pritam (1919–2005), Jaswant Singh Rahi (1930–1996), Shiv Kumar Batalvi (1936–1973), Surjit Patar (1944–) and Pash (1950–1988) are some of the more prominent poets and writers of East Punjab (India). Pritam's Sunehe ( Messages ) received
5846-471: The way we ourselves think and act. The earliest texts on Hatha yoga of the Naths, such as Vivekamārtaṇḍa and Gorakhshasataka , are from Maharashtra , and these manuscripts are likely from the 13th century. These Nath texts, however, have an overlap with the 13th century Jnanadeva commentary on the Hindu scripture Bhagavad Gita , called the Jnanesvari. This may be because of mutual influence, as both
5925-567: Was a major 16th century Punjabi and Persian poet and prose writer. In 1588/1589, a Muslim scholar Abdī Kodhan wrote a treatise on Islam in Punjabi under the title of rīsālā e mēhndī to be taught in Nizamiyyah madrassas . Another important prose writer from the 16th century was Abdullah Lahori , who wrote Bāra Anva . The Vars of Bhai Gurdas employ the Punjabi language in a series of stanzas, known as pauṛīs . Punjabi Sufi poetry also influenced other Punjabi literary traditions particularly
6004-561: Was an idealist but introverted while his mother was more practical and religious, practicing Sikh Singh Sabha . There was considerable marital discord in the family which colours many of his stories. Sekhon eventually graduated with master's degrees in Economics and also in English. In the 1930s, he started writing in English, and after some initial publications including some in shared publications with W.H. Auden and Stephen Spender . But given
6083-440: Was awarded the Sahitya Akademi Award in 2010 (which he returned in 2015) for his play Tatti Tawi De Vich . Panjab Digital Library (PDL) is a significant initiative in preserving and providing access to Punjabi literature, manuscripts, and historical documents. Established in 2003, the library has digitized over 65 million pages related to Sikh and Punjabi culture. Its mission is to locate, digitize, preserve, and make accessible
6162-427: Was not a new movement, but one evolutionary phase of a very old Siddha tradition of India. The Siddha tradition explored Yoga , with the premise that human existence is a psycho-chemical process that can be perfected by a right combination of psychological, alchemy and physical techniques, thereby empowering one to a state of highest spirituality, living in prime condition ad libitum , and dying when one so desires into
6241-569: Was to "banish Punjabi from the land of its birth". Western Punjab (Pakistan) Najm Hossein Syed , Fakhar Zaman and Afzal Ahsan Randhawa are some of the more prominent names in West Punjabi literature produced in Pakistan since 1947. Literary criticism in Punjabi has also emerged through the efforts of West Punjabi scholars and poets, Shafqat Tanvir Mirza , Ahmad Salim , and Najm Hosain Syed (b. 1936). The work of Zaman and Randhawa often treats
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