133-484: Neelam Sanjiva Reddy (19 May 1913 – 1 June 1996) was an Indian politician who served as the sixth president of India , serving from 1977 to 1982. Beginning a long political career with the Indian National Congress Party in the independence movement , he went on to hold several key offices in independent India – as Deputy Chief minister of Andhra state and the first chief minister of Andhra Pradesh ,
266-450: A Congress party representative . Reddy became the deputy chief minister of Andhra State in 1953 and the first Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh in 1956. He was a union cabinet minister under Prime Ministers Lal Bahadur Shastri and Indira Gandhi from 1964 to 1967 and Lok Sabha Speaker from 1967 to 1969. He later retired from active politics but returned in 1975, responding to Jayaprakash Narayan 's call for " Total Revolution " against
399-560: A Member of Parliament in the Lok Sabha from 1952 to 1954 before becoming the Chief Minister of Madras State in April 1954. During his almost decade long tenure as the chief minister, he played a major role in developing the infrastructure of the state and improving the quality of life of the needy and the disadvantaged. He was responsible for introducing free education to children and expanded
532-552: A Tamil daily and often discussed the happenings with people of his age at the shop. Kamaraj was attracted by Annie Besant 's Home Rule Movement and inspired by the writings of Bankim Chandra Chatterjee and Subramania Bharati . Due to his inclination towards politics and not spending time on the business, he was sent to Thiruvananthapuram to work at a timber shop owned by another of his relatives. While in Kerala, he continued to participate in public activities and took part in
665-777: A commemorative stamp and special cover in honour of Reddy on the occasion of his birth centenary. In Hyderabad , there is the Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy College of Education. As part of the centenary celebrations of his birth, the Government of Andhra Pradesh has announced that it will rename the Andhra Pradesh State Revenue Academy, Reddy's alma mater the Government Arts College and the Government Medical College, Anantapur after
798-523: A Janata Party candidate. He was the only non-Congress candidate to be elected from Andhra Pradesh. The Congress Party led by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi was defeated, ending 30 years of Congress rule in India and a five party coalition with Morarji Desai as its leader came to power. Reddy was unanimously elected Speaker of the Sixth Lok Sabha on 26 March 1977. However he resigned a few months later to contest in
931-606: A closely contested election, he was elected President of the Andhra Pradesh Congress Committee defeating N G Ranga . When the Andhra State was formed in 1953, T. Prakasam became its Chief Minister and Reddy became the deputy . After the formation of the state of Andhra Pradesh by incorporating Telangana with the Andhra State, Reddy became its first Chief Minister from 1 November 1956 to 11 January 1960. He
1064-450: A maximum period of three years with repeated parliamentary approval every six months. If the emergency needs to be extended for more than three years, this can be achieved by a constitutional amendment , as has happened in Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir . During such an emergency, the president can take over the entire work of the executive, and the governor administers the state in the name of
1197-548: A mid term election . Singh was asked to continue as the caretaker prime minister till a new government was sworn in after the election. Reddy's decision was met with angry denunciations and protests by members of the Janata Party who even threatened to have him impeached. Although heading a caretaker government, Singh proposed as many as seven ordinances on a broad range of matters from effecting changes in company law, providing state funding of elections and reservation of jobs for
1330-408: A ministerial vacuum in the executive according to H. M. Seervai . The faction of the Janata Party supporting Desai continued to have the support of 205 MPs as opposed to Charan Singh's 80 MPs. Reddy used presidential discretion in choosing Charan Singh as the next Prime Minister over a contending claim from Jagjivan Ram , the leader of the Janata Party. Following Desai's resignation and the fall of
1463-423: A municipal councillor and chairman of Virudhunagar municipality on 31 May 1941. He was released from prison on 3 November 1941 and was handed the chairmanship of the council on 16 March 1942. He resigned from the post immediately as he thought he had greater responsibility for the nation and further stated that "One should not accept any post to which one could not do full justice". In August 1942, Kamaraj attended
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#17330844934291596-475: A parliamentary majority with the support of the opposition Congress Party led by his rival, the former Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. In return for her support, Gandhi demanded that a law establishing special courts to try her and her son Sanjay Gandhi be repealed – a proposition that was unacceptable to Charan Singh. Gandhi therefore withdrew her support, forcing Singh to resign. His government lasted 24 days and he never faced Parliament. The convention of appointing
1729-422: A prime minister in a hung House but with conditions on time to prove majority was later adopted by President R Venkataraman . Following Charan Singh's resignation, Reddy summoned Chandrashekhar and Jagjivan Ram to Rashtrapati Bhavan to look into the possibility of forming an alternate government. Reddy, convinced that they would not be able to form one, accepted Singh's advice and dissolved Lok Sabha, calling for
1862-604: A result, about 6,000 schools closed previously and 12,000 new schools were added. When it was found that the enrollment was still low and the children were malnourished, Kamaraj expanded the Midday Meal Scheme to all schools to provide at least one free meal per day. Schemes were introduced wherein public help and contributions were sought to finance and improve educational infrastructure in the respective communities. Free uniforms were introduced to weed out distinctions based on caste and class in schools. The education system
1995-414: A simple Khadi shirt and dhoti and was often referred to as Black Gandhi by the people. He ate a simple meal and refused special privileges. During his tenure as Chief Minister, when the municipality of Virudhunagar provided a direct water connection to his house, Kamarajar ordered it to be disconnected immediately as he did not want any special privileges and opined that public agencies should serve
2128-412: A simple majority. It has never been declared. A state of financial emergency remains in force indefinitely until revoked by the president. The president can reduce the salaries of all government officials, including judges of the supreme court and high courts , in cases of a financial emergency. All money bills passed by state legislatures are submitted to the president for approval. They can direct
2261-663: A two-time Speaker of the Lok Sabha and a Union Minister— before becoming the Indian president. Born in present-day Anantapur district , Andhra Pradesh , Reddy completed his schooling at Adayar and joined the Government Arts College at Anantapur. He quit to become an Indian independence activist and was jailed for participating in the Quit India Movement . He was elected to the Madras Legislative Assembly in 1946 as
2394-407: A vacancy caused by the expiration of the term of office of President shall be completed before the expiration of the term. An election to fill a vacancy in the office of President occurring by reason of their death, resignation or removal, or otherwise shall be held as soon as possible after, and in no case later than six months from, the date of occurrence of the vacancy; and the person elected to fill
2527-525: Is indirectly elected by an electoral college comprising both houses of the Parliament of India and the legislative assemblies of each of India's states and territories , who themselves are all directly elected by the citizens. Article 53 of the Constitution of India states that the president can exercise their powers directly or by subordinate authority, though all of the executive powers vested in
2660-631: Is a 1982 short documentary film directed by Prem Vaidya & C. L. Kaul and produced by the Films Division of India , covering his term of presidency. The character Mahendranath, Chief Minister of the fictional state of Afrozabad in former Prime Minister P V Narasimha Rao's novel, The Insider , is based on Reddy, portraying his career in Andhra Pradesh and his political rivalry with Kasu Brahmananda Reddy . President of India The president of India ( ISO : Bhārata kē Rāṣṭrapati )
2793-588: Is at Kalpally Burial Ground, Bangalore. In 2013, the Government of Andhra Pradesh commemorated Reddy's birth centenary. Reddy was born into a Telugu Hindu family in Illur village, Madras Presidency (present-day Anantapur district , Andhra Pradesh ) on 19 May 1913. He studied at the Theosophical High School at Adayar in Madras and later enrolled at the Government Arts College at Anantapur, an affiliate of
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#17330844934292926-465: Is bound by the provisions of the constitution notwithstanding any advice by the union cabinet. As per Article 142 , it is the duty of the president to enforce the decrees of the supreme court. The primary duty of the president is to preserve, protect and defend the constitution and the law of India per Article 60 . The president appoints the Chief Justice of India and other judges on the advice of
3059-426: Is inconsistent with the constitution. Article 143 gives the president the power to consult the supreme court about the constitutional validity of an issue. The president shall assent to constitutional amendment bills without power to withhold the bills per Article 368 (2) . When either of the two Houses of the Parliament of India is not in session, and if the government feels the need for an immediate procedure,
3192-818: Is named "Kamaraj Terminal". The port at Ennore in North Chennai has been named as Kamarajar Port Limited . The railway station at Maraimalai Nagar , a municipality south of Chennai, is named as Maraimalai Nagar Kamarajar Railway Station . Major roads bearing his name include the North Parade Road in Bengaluru , Marina Beach Road in Chennai, and Parliament Road in New Delhi . There are many statues dedicated to him across India including at Parliament of India in New Delhi and
3325-602: Is not approved by the parliament or violates the constitution. Thus, it is believed that the POI is the de jure head of the state, whereas PM is the de facto head. The President of the Indian Union will be generally bound by the advice of his Ministers. ... He can do nothing contrary to their advice nor can do anything without their advice. The President of the United States can dismiss any Secretary at any time. The President of
3458-507: Is not fully satisfied, on the basis of the report of the governor of the concerned state or from other sources, that the governance in a state cannot be carried out according to the provisions in the constitution, they can proclaim under Article 356 a state of emergency in the state. Such an emergency must be approved by the parliament within a period of 2 months. Under Article 356 of the Indian constitution , it can be imposed from six months to
3591-533: Is often referred to as Karma Veerar (man of action) and Perunthalaivar (great or tall leader) in Tamil . Former Vice-president of the United States Hubert Humphrey , referred to Kamaraj as one of the greatest political leaders in all the countries. Though he lacked a formal higher education, he showed good intelligence, intuitiveness and understanding of human nature, which led to him being called by
3724-547: Is the head of state of the Republic of India . The president is the nominal head of the executive, the first citizen of the country, as well as the supreme commander of the Indian Armed Forces . Droupadi Murmu is the 15th and current president, having taken office from 25 July 2022. The office of president was created when India became a republic on 26 January 1950 when its constitution came into force. The president
3857-403: Is the common head of all independent constitutional entities. All their actions, recommendations ( Article 3 , Article 111, Article 274, etc.) and supervisory powers ( Article 74(2) , Article 78C, Article 108, Article 111, etc.) over the executive and legislative entities of India shall be used in accordance to uphold the constitution. There is no bar on the actions of the president to contest in
3990-455: Is the responsibility of the president to withdraw the ordinance as soon as the reasons for the promulgation of the ordinance are no longer applicable. Bringing laws in the form of ordinances has become a routine matter by the government and president, but the provisions made in Article 123 are meant for mitigating unusual circumstances where immediate action is inevitable when the extant provisions of
4123-452: The 1971 Indian general election , INC (O) performed very poorly, winning just 16 seats compared to the 352 won by the Indira led faction. The party again fared poorly in the 1971 Indian general election . He remained as part of INC(O) until his death in 1975. On 2 October 1975, Kamaraj complained of chest pain after lunch. He died later in his sleep due to a heart attack , aged 72. His body
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4256-499: The Article 368 procedure. When, after reconsideration, the bill is passed accordingly and presented to the president, with or without amendments, the president cannot withhold their assent from it. The president can also withhold their assent to a bill when it is initially presented to them (rather than return it to parliament) thereby exercising a pocket veto on the advice of the prime minister or council of ministers per Article 74 if it
4389-673: The British Raj and the subsequent Jallianwala Bagh massacre , where hundreds of peaceful protesters against the act were shot down, Kamaraj decided to join Indian National Congress at the age of 16. On 21 September 1921, he met Mahatma Gandhi for the first time during a meeting in Madurai and was influenced by his views on prohibition of alcohol , usage of khadi , non violence and eradication of untouchability . In 1922, Kamaraj traveled to Chennai to partake in protest against
4522-588: The Gandhi–Irwin Pact in 1931. In 1931, he was appointed as a member of All India Congress Committee . In the next decade, the Congress in Madras province was divided into two led with one being led by Rajaji and the other led by S. Satyamurti . Kamaraj supported Satyamurti, as he aligned closely with the ideals propagated by him. Satyamurti became his political guru while Kamaraj became a trusted aide of Satyamurti. In
4655-620: The Indian constitution , the president is empowered with the powers to grant pardons in the following situations: The decisions involving pardoning and other rights by the president are independent of the opinion of the prime minister or the Lok Sabha majority. In most cases, however, the president exercises their executive powers on the advice of the prime minister and the cabinet . The president can declare three types of emergencies: national, state and financial, under articles 352, 356 & 360 in addition to promulgating ordinances under article 123. A national emergency can be declared in
4788-451: The Indian general elections of 1951 , Kamaraj won from Srivalliputhur constituency and became the Member of Parliament . In the 1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election , Congress fared badly winning less than half of the seats (152 out of 375). Though it emerged as the single largest party, Kamaraj did not want to form a Congress government as it did not have a majority on its own. But
4921-519: The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 . The first two emergencies were in the face of external aggression and War. They were hence external emergencies. Even as the second emergency was in progress, another internal emergency was proclaimed by President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed , with Indira Gandhi as prime minister in 1975. In 1977, the second and the third emergencies were together revoked. If the president
5054-502: The Janata government headed by him, Reddy appointed Charan Singh as prime minister. This was on the condition that he should prove his majority on the floor of the House before the end of August. Singh was sworn in on 28 July 1979 but never faced Parliament to prove his majority when Reddy convened it on 20 August. Reddy had appointed him Prime Minister since he had produced a letter claiming to have
5187-602: The University of Madras , as an undergraduate . In 1958, Sri Venkateswara University , Tirupati bestowed the degree of Honorary Doctor of Laws on him because of his role in its founding. Reddy was married to Neelam Nagaratnamma , the sister of politician T. Nagi Reddy . The couple had one son and three daughters. Reddy joined the Indian struggle for independence from the British Raj following Mahatma Gandhi 's visit to Anantapur in July 1929 and dropped out of college in 1931. He
5320-578: The Vaikom Satyagraha , which was conducted for getting access to the prohibited public areas of the Vaikom Temple to people of all castes. Kamaraj was called back to his native and despite attempts by his mother to find him a bride, Kamraj refused to get married. After the Rowlatt Act of 1919 which indefinitely extended preventive detention and imprisonment of Indians without trial, was passed by
5453-429: The advisory opinion of the supreme court per Article 143 . Per Article 88 , the president can ask the attorney general to attend the parliamentary proceedings and report to him any unlawful functioning if any. The president appoints as prime minister , the person most likely to command the support of the majority in the Lok Sabha (usually the leader of the majority party or coalition). The president then appoints
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5586-493: The backward classes . Reddy however refused to promulgate the ordinances arguing that such momentous changes could not be made by a caretaker government. In the elections of 1980, Indira Gandhi's party the Indian National Congress (I) returned to power by winning 351 seats in the Lok Sabha. Neither the Janata Party nor Charan Singh's Lok Dal won the 54 seats needed for recognition as the official opposition in Parliament. Indira
5719-452: The free Midday Meal Scheme , which resulted in significant improvement in school enrollment and growth of literacy rates in the state over the decade. He is widely known as Kalvi Thanthai (Father of education) because of his role in improving the educational infrastructure. Kamaraj was known for his simplicity and integrity. He remained a bachelor throughout his life and did not own any property when he died in 1975. Former Vice-president of
5852-485: The newly formed cabinet . Throughout his tenure, he had a small cabinet with a maximum of eight ministers as he believed in efficiency of compactness and often selected his ministers based on knowledge and capability. Kamaraj made effective use of the Five-Year Plans of India to aid in the development of the state. He formed state development committees consisting of ministers and bureaucrats which formulated plans for
5985-443: The prime minister . Such a proclamation must be approved by the parliament with at least a two-thirds majority within one month. Such an emergency can be imposed for six months. It can be extended by six months by repeated parliamentary approval-there is no maximum duration. In such an emergency, Fundamental Rights of Indian citizens can be suspended. The six freedoms under Right to Freedom are automatically suspended. However,
6118-556: The "Syndicate", led by Kamaraj. After the Congress victory in the 1967 Indian general election , the rift began to widen and Indira Gandhi was expelled from the party for anti-party activities in 1969. This resulted in the split of the Congress party with Kamaraj heading the INC (O) faction. Indira Gandhi stayed as the Prime Minister with the support of smaller regional parties and dissolved the Lok Sabha to call for fresh elections in 1970. In
6251-446: The 1931 elections to the regional unit of the Congress, he helped Satyamurti to win the post of vice-president. In 1932, Kamaraj was arrested again on charges of sedition and inciting violence. He was sentenced to one year of rigorous imprisonment at Tiruchirappalli . He was later transferred to Vellore Central Prison , where he developed an association with revolutionaries like Jaidev Kapoor and Kamal Nath Tewari . In 1933-34, Kamaraj
6384-582: The All-India Congress Committee in Bombay and returned to spread propaganda material for the Quit India Movement . The police were issued orders to arrest all the leaders who attended the Bombay session. Kamaraj did not want to be arrested before he passed on the message to the local leaders and evaded arrest by various means. After finishing his work, he surrendered to the police to be arrested. While he
6517-461: The Bill, or that they withhold assent from it. As a third option, they can return a bill to parliament, if it is not a money bill , for reconsideration. President may be of the view that a particular bill passed under the legislative powers of parliament is violating the constitution, they can send back the bill with their recommendation to pass the bill under the constituent powers of parliament following
6650-550: The Congress followed suit and resigned from their posts. Kamaraj was elected the President of Indian National Congress on 9 October 1963. After Nehru's untimely death in 1964, Kamaraj successfully navigated the party through turbulent times. Despite being the president of the party, he refused to become the next prime minister himself and was instrumental in bringing to power two Prime Ministers, Lal Bahadur Shastri in 1964 and Nehru's daughter Indira Gandhi in 1966. For this role, he
6783-507: The Constitution of India and its rule of law. Invariably, any action taken by the executive or legislature entities of the constitution shall become law only after the president's assent. The president shall not accept any actions of the executive or legislature which are unconstitutional. The president is the foremost, most empowered and prompt defender of the constitution (Article 60), who has pre-emptive power for ensuring constitutionality in
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#17330844934296916-512: The Executive. He represents the Nation but does not rule the Nation. He is the symbol of the Nation. His place in the administration is that of a ceremonial device on a seal by which the nation's decisions are made known. The primary duty of the president is to preserve, protect and defend the constitution and the law of India as made part of their oath (Article 60 of Indian constitution). The president
7049-500: The House that proved costly when he became, two years later, the Congress Party's nominee to succeed Zakir Hussain as president. In 1969, following President Zakir Husain 's death, the Congress party nominated Reddy, a member of its Syndicate faction, as candidate for president although Prime Minister Indira Gandhi opposed him. She was forced to accept Reddy as the Congress party's official candidate and feared his election would allow
7182-499: The Indian Independence movement in the 1920s and was imprisoned by the British Raj multiple times due to his activities. In 1937, Kamaraj was elected to the Madras Legislative Assembly after winning in the 1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Assembly election . He was active during the Quit India Movement in 1942, because of which he was incarcerated for three years till 1945. After the Indian Independence, Kamaraj served as
7315-570: The Indian National Congress at its Bangalore , Bhavnagar and Patna sessions during 1960 to 1962. At the Congress session at Goa in 1962, Reddy's speech stating India's determination to end the Chinese occupation of Indian territory and the irrevocable nature of the liberation of Goa was enthusiastically received by attendees. He was thrice member of the Rajya Sabha. From June 1964, Reddy
7448-503: The Indian Union has no power to do so, so long as his Ministers command a majority in Parliament As per Article 53 , the executive power of the country is vested in the president and is exercised by the president either directly or through officers subordinate to him in accordance with the constitution. When parliament thinks fit it may accord additional executive powers to the president per Article 70 which may be further delegated by
7581-625: The Indira Gandhi Government. Elected to Parliament in 1977 as a candidate of the Janata Party , Reddy was unanimously elected Speaker of the Sixth Lok Sabha and three months later was elected unopposed as President of India. As president, Reddy worked with Prime Ministers Morarji Desai , Charan Singh and Indira Gandhi. Reddy was succeeded by Giani Zail Singh in 1982 and he retired to his farm in Anantapur. He died in 1996 and his samadhi
7714-755: The Madras Legislative Assembly in 1946 as a Congress representative, Reddy became secretary of the Congress' legislature party. He was also a Member of the Indian Constituent Assembly from Madras. From April 1949 to April 1951, he was the Minister for Prohibition, Housing and Forests of the Madras State . Reddy lost the 1951 election to the Madras Legislative Assembly to the Communist leader Tarimela Nagi Reddy , his brother-in-law. In 1951, in
7847-475: The Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections Act, 1952, a candidate to be nominated for the office of president needs 50 electors as proposers and 50 electors as seconders for their name to appear on the ballot . Article 56(1) of the constitution provides that the president shall hold office for a term of five years, from the date on which they enter their office. According to Article 62, an election to fill
7980-531: The Right to Life and Personal Liberty cannot be suspended ( Article 21 ). The president can make laws on the 66 subjects of the State List (which contains subjects on which the state governments can make laws). Also, all money bills are referred to the president for approval. The term of the Lok Sabha can be extended by a period of up to one year, but not so as to extend the term of parliament beyond six months after
8113-581: The Sword Satyagraha in Madras. He organized regular meetings of the Congress in the Madurai district and started orating. In 1930, Kamaraj participated in the Vedaranyam march organized by C. Rajagopalachari (Rajaji) in support of Gandhi's Salt March . He was arrested for the first time and was imprisoned in Alipore Jail for almost two years. He was released before he served the two-year sentence as
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#17330844934298246-504: The Syndicate to expel her from office. She asked Congress legislators to "vote according to their conscience" rather than blindly toe the Party line, in effect giving a call to support the independent candidate V V Giri. In a closely fought election held on 16 August 1969, V V Giri emerged victorious, winning 48.01 per cent of the first preference votes and subsequently getting a majority on counting
8379-520: The Union government. However, the Union government can insist on compliance with its loan terms when a state has an outstanding loan charged to the consolidated fund of India or an outstanding loan in respect of which a guarantee has been given by the Government of India under the liability of consolidated fund of India. Under article 360 of the constitution, the president can proclaim a financial emergency when
8512-589: The United States Hubert Humphrey , referred to Kamaraj as one of the greatest political leaders in all the countries. He was awarded with India's highest civilian honour, the Bharat Ratna , posthumously in 1976. Kamaraj was born on 15 July 1903 in Virudhupatti , Madras Presidency , to Kumaraswami Nadar and Sivakami Ammal. His father Kumaraswami was a coconut merchant and his parents named him Kamatchi after their family deity. His parents called him as Raja and
8645-400: The actions of the executive or legislature. The role of the judiciary in upholding the Constitution of India is the second line of defence in nullifying any unconstitutional actions of the executive and legislative entities of the Indian Union. Under the draft constitution the President occupies the same position as the King under the English Constitution. He is the head of the state but not of
8778-431: The campaign for Congress and was appointed the general secretary of the provincial congress committee in 1936. In 1937, in the Madras Presidency Legislative Assembly election , Kamaraj was elected as a member of legislative assembly (MLA) with the Congress gaining a simple majority, winning 156 of the 219 seats. In 1940, Kamaraj was elected as the president of the provincial congress committee with Satyamurti serving as
8911-506: The central committee was keen on Congress to form a government and it was decided that Rajaji who had gone into a sabbatical after serving as the Governor General of India was the right person to lead. Rajaji wanted Kamaraj's support and after consultations with then Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru , Rajaji formed the government. Kamaraj resigned from the post of presidency of the party after 12 years, suggesting that someone who can work with Rajaji should be elected president. P. Subbarayan
9044-418: The chief justice. The President may dismiss a judge with a two-thirds vote of the two Houses of the parliament. The Indian government's chief legal adviser, Attorney-General for India , is appointed by the president of India under Article 76(1) and holds office during the pleasure of the president. If the president considers a question of law or a matter of public importance has arisen, they can also ask for
9177-483: The cloth shop run by his maternal uncle Karuppaih Nadar. He learnt the martial art silambam and boxing . He also spent time singing bhajans of lord Muruga along with the locals. Kamaraj showed an interest in public happenings and politics since the age of 13. While working in his uncle's shop, he began to attend panchayats and other political meetings addressed by activists such as P. Varadarajulu Naidu and George Joseph . He keenly followed Swadesamitran ,
9310-404: The constitution to re-promulgate president's rule in a state when the earlier promulgation ceased to operate for want of parliaments approval within two months duration. During 2014 in Andhra Pradesh, president's rule was first imposed on 1 March 2014 and it ceased to operate on 30 April 2014. President's rule was promulgated after being fully aware that the earliest parliament session is feasible at
9443-428: The contrary. Indian police officials along with the British officers engaged in coercive tactics and harassment to try and force a confession in the case. Varadarajulu Naidu and George Joseph argued on Kamaraj's behalf in court and the charges were proved to be baseless. Despite his acquittal, Kamaraj had sold most of his ancestral properties apart from the house to finance the case. In the 1934 elections , he organized
9576-405: The control of any of the said Governments. Certain office-holders, however, are permitted to stand as presidential candidates. These are: In the event that the vice president, a state governor or a minister is elected president, they are considered to have vacated their previous office on the date they begin serving as president. A member of parliament or a State Legislature can seek election to
9709-486: The country by a governor-general . Following independence, the Constituent Assembly of India , under the leadership of B. R. Ambedkar , undertook the process of drafting a completely new constitution for the country. The Constitution of India was eventually enacted on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950, making India a republic . The offices of monarch and governor-general were replaced by
9842-428: The court of law. Legislative power is constitutionally vested in the Parliament of India of which the president is the head, to facilitate the lawmaking process per the constitution (Article 78, Article 86, etc.). The president summons both the houses ( Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha ) of the parliament and prorogues them. They can dissolve the Lok Sabha . The president inaugurates parliament by addressing it after
9975-488: The development and reviewed the implementation across various departments. Kamaraj brought major changes to the education system and infrastructure. The family vocation based Modified Scheme of Elementary education 1953 introduced earlier was withdrawn and school education was made free for children up to 11 years. In order to ensure that students do not walk long distances, the educational policy formulated that schools be opened within every 3 km (1.9 mi) radius. As
10108-612: The election, retired from active politics and moved back to Anantapur where he took to farming. In response to Jayaprakash Narayan 's call for a Total Revolution , Reddy emerged from his political exile in 1975. In January 1977, he was made a member of the Committee of the Janata Party and in March, he fought the General Election from the Nandyal (Lok Sabha constituency) in Andhra Pradesh as
10241-410: The end of May 2014 after the general elections. It was reimposed again unconstitutionally on 28 April 2014 by the president. Article 282 accords financial autonomy in spending the financial resources available with the states for public purposes. Article 293 gives liberty to states to borrow without any limit to its ability for its requirements within the territory of India without any consent from
10374-457: The end of the declared emergency. National Emergency has been proclaimed 3 times in India to date. It was declared first in 1962 by President Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan , during the Sino-Indian War . This emergency lasted through the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 and up to 1968. It was revoked in 1968. The second emergency in India was proclaimed in 1971 by President V. V. Giri on the eve of
10507-492: The epithet of Padikkatha Methai (uneducated genius). In 1976, Kamaraj was posthumously awarded Bharat Ratna , India's highest civilian honor. In 2004, Government of India issued special commemorative coins of ₹ 100 and ₹ 5 denomination to mark the centenary celebrations of him. Many public places, roads and buildings are named after Kamaraj. Madurai University is renamed as Madurai Kamaraj University in his honor. The old domestic terminal of Chennai International Airport
10640-431: The financial stability or credit of the nation or any part of its territory is threatened. However, until now no guidelines defining the situation of financial emergency in the entire country or a state or union territory or a panchayat or a municipality or a corporation have been framed either by the finance commission or by the central government. Such an emergency must be approved by the parliament within two months by
10773-609: The former president. In the 1960s, when he was Union Minister for Mines, a statue of him had been unveiled at Vijayawada by K. Kamaraj , the then president of the Congress Party , prompting Reddy to ask for its removal as he deemed the practice of erecting statues of people holding public office undesirable. A statue of Sanjiva Reddy, unveiled in 2005, stands at the Andhra Pradesh Secretariat (now Telangana Secretariat) in Hyderabad. Neelam Sanjiva Reddy – President of India
10906-425: The general elections and also at the beginning of the first session every year per Article 87(1). The presidential address on these occasions is generally meant to outline the new policies of the government . All bills passed by the parliament can become laws only after receiving the assent of the president per Article 111 . After a bill is presented to them, the president shall declare either that they assent to
11039-606: The general secretary. He conducted a campaign asking people not to contribute to war funds when Arthur Hope , the Governor of Madras was collecting contributions to fund the Allies in the Second World War . In December 1940, he was arrested under the Defence of India rules for speeches that opposed contributions to the war fund, and sent to Vellore prison. While in jail, he was elected as
11172-644: The house and the setting up of the Committee on the Welfare of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. During his term as Speaker a defamation suit filed against him by an MP resulted in the Supreme Court's ruling that parliamentarians had complete freedom of speech in the House and that the courts had no say in such matters. Reddy described his role as being the 'watchman of the Parliament'. He however had several hostile encounters with Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in
11305-459: The imposition of President's rule in nine opposition-ruled states on the advice of the government. Reddy was succeeded as president by Giani Zail Singh , who was sworn in on 25 July 1982. In his farewell address to the nation, Reddy criticised the failure of successive governments in improving the lives of the Indian masses and called for the emergence of a strong political opposition to prevent governmental misrule. Following his presidential term,
11438-600: The latter's promotion of his son, Kanti Desai, in politics and over Desai's communication with Chief Ministers Vengala Rao and Channa Reddy on the issue of land ceilings in Andhra Pradesh. Following mass defections from the Janata Party and from the cabinet, Morarji Desai's 30-month-old government ended in July 1979 after he handed in his resignation to Reddy before a no-confidence motion could be tabled against his government in Parliament. Reddy's actions following Desai's resignation have been much debated. His decision to accept Desai's resignation before an alternative government created
11571-419: The law are inadequate. Re-promulgation of an ordinance after failing to get approval within the stipulated time of both houses of parliament is an unconstitutional act by the president. The president should not incorporate any matter in an ordinance which violates the constitution or requires an amendment to the constitution. The president should take moral responsibility when an ordinance elapses automatically or
11704-565: The mid 1960s, Kamaraj noticed that the Congress party was slowly losing its vigor, and he offered to resign the post chief minister to focus on rebuilding the party. on Gandhi Jayanti On 2 October 1963, he resigned from the post of the Chief Minister and at the time of resignation, he was the longest serving chief minister in any state in India. After his resignation as the Chief Minister, Kamaraj proposed that all senior Congress leaders should resign from their posts and devote their energy to
11837-559: The nation and the House. Reddy authored a book, Without Fear or Favour: Reminiscences and Reflections of a President , published in 1989. Sanjiva Reddy's birth centenary was celebrated in 2013 by the Government of Andhra Pradesh with the concluding ceremony in Anantapur being addressed by President Pranab Mukherjee and with the Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka in attendance. The Postal Department of India released
11970-565: The new office of President of India, with Rajendra Prasad as its first incumbent. India retained its Commonwealth membership per the London Declaration , recognising The King as "the symbol of the free association of its independent member nations and as such the Head of the Commonwealth." The Indian constitution accords to the president the responsibility and authority to defend and protect
12103-465: The offer. Reddy was elected unopposed, the only President to be elected thus, after being unanimously supported by all political parties including the opposition Congress party. At 64, he was the youngest person to be elected President of India until Droupadi Murmu was elected President in 2022 . He was also the only serious presidential candidate to have contested twice – in 1969 against V V Giri and in 1977. 37 candidates had filed their nominations for
12236-429: The office of the president but if they are elected as president, they shall be deemed to have vacated their seat in parliament or State Legislature on the date on which they enter upon their office as President [Article 59(1)] . Article 57 provides that a person who holds, or who has held, office as president shall, subject to the other provisions of this constitution, be eligible for re-election to that office. Under
12369-591: The officers from the Indian Foreign Service . The president is the first citizen of the country. The president is the Supreme Commander of the Indian Armed Forces . Only the president can declare war or conclude peace, on the advice of the Union Council of Ministers headed by the prime minister. All important treaties and contracts are made in the president's name. As mentioned in Article 72 of
12502-631: The other members of the Council of Ministers, distributing portfolios to them on the advice of the prime minister. The Council of Ministers remains in power at the 'pleasure' of the president. The president appoints 12 members of the Rajya Sabha from amongst persons who have special knowledge or practical experience in respect of such matters as literature, science, art and social service. The president may nominate not more than two members of Anglo Indian community as Lok Sabha members per Article 331 , which
12635-419: The parliamentary board of the party. Despite Gandhi's later appeal, Kamaraj refused to take back his resignation. Meanwhile, Kamaraj had considerable influence with the party which led to Rajaji to take a sabbatical. In the 1946 Madras Presidency legislative assembly election , Kamaraj won from Sattur-Aruppukottai with Congress emerging as the largest party. Tanguturi Prakasam was made as Chief Minister but
12768-471: The party and Satyamurti had died. While he met with Rajaji to set aside their differences, it did not work out as Rajaji was re-admitted to the party against the wishes of Kamaraj. On the advice of Sardar Patel , a truce was brokered later. In 1946, after Gandhi's visit to Madras, Gandhi wrote that Rajaji was the best leader of the party in the presidency and some people are working against him. Kamaraj alluded this as an indirect reference to him and resigned from
12901-432: The portmanteau of both the names became Kamaraj later. He had a younger sister named Nagammal. At the age of five, Kamaraj was enrolled in the local elementary school before being admitted to a different school. His grandfather and father died in quick succession when he was only six years old, forcing his grandmother and mother to support the family. He dropped out of school at the age of 12 and joined to work in
13034-402: The presidency of whom 36 were rejected by the returning officer. Following these disqualifications, Reddy remained the only validly nominated candidate in the fray which made elections unnecessary. Reddy thus became the first person to be elected President of India without a contest and remains the only President to have been elected unopposed. Neelam Sanjiva Reddy was elected on 21 July 1977 and
13167-639: The president are, in practice, exercised by the prime minister heading the Council of Ministers . The president is bound by the constitution to act on the advice of the council and to enforce the decrees passed by the Supreme Court under article 142. India achieved independence from the British on 15 August 1947 , initially as a dominion within the Commonwealth of Nations with George VI as king, represented in
13300-454: The president as the upholder of the constitution shall be satisfied that immediate action is mandatory as advised by the union cabinet and they are confident that the government commands majority support in the parliament needed for the passing of the ordinance into an act and parliament can be summoned to deliberate on the passing of the ordinance as soon as possible. The promulgated ordinance is treated as an act of parliament when in force and it
13433-401: The president can promulgate ordinances that have the same force and effect as an act passed by parliament under its legislative powers. These are in the nature of interim or temporary legislation and their continuance is subject to parliamentary approval. Ordinances remain valid for no more than six weeks from the date the parliament is convened unless approved by it earlier. Under Article 123 ,
13566-496: The president of the Indian National Congress between 1964–1967 and was responsible for the elevation of Lal Bahadur Shastri and later Indira Gandhi to the position of Prime Minister of India , because of which he was widely acknowledged as the " Kingmaker " in Indian politics during the 1960s. Later, he was the founder and president of the Indian National Congress (O) . Born as Kamatchi , Kamaraj had dropped out of school early and had little formal education. He became active in
13699-474: The president to the governors of states per Article 160 . Union cabinet with prime minister as its head, should aid and advise the president in performing their functions. Per Article 74 (2) , the council of ministers or prime minister are not accountable legally to the advice tendered to the president but it is the sole responsibility of the president to ensure compliance with the constitution in performing their duties. President or their subordinate officers
13832-461: The president. However, in practice, such negotiations are usually carried out by the prime minister along with their Cabinet (especially the Minister of External Affairs ). Also, such treaties are subject to the approval of the parliament. The president represents India in international forums and affairs where such a function is chiefly ceremonial. The president may also send and receive diplomats, i.e.
13965-552: The president. The Legislative Assembly can be dissolved or may remain in suspended animation. The parliament makes laws on the 66 subjects of the state list (see National emergency for explanation). A State Emergency can be imposed via the following: This type of emergency needs the approval of the parliament within 2 months. It can last up to a maximum of three years via extensions after each 6-month period. However, after one year it can be extended only if The Sarkaria Commission held that presidents have unconstitutionally misused
14098-419: The presidential elections of July 1977. Reddy's second term as Speaker lasted three months and 17 days and remains till date the shortest tenure for anyone to have held that post. The presidential election of 1977 was necessitated by the death in office of the incumbent Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed . Although Prime Minister Morarji Desai wanted to nominate danseuse Rukmini Devi Arundale for the post, she turned down
14231-450: The provision of Article 356 many times for achieving political motives, by dismissing the state governments although there was no constitutional break down in the states. During 2005, President's rule was imposed in Bihar state, misusing Article 356 unconstitutionally to prevent the democratically elected state legislators to form a government after the state elections. There is no provision in
14364-408: The public and not private individuals. He often refused police protection and security, determining it as waste of public resources. Kamaraj did not own any property and had a mere ₹130 of money, two pairs of sandals, four pair of shirts and dhotis apart from a few books in his possession when he died. He was a man of action who believed that any goal could be realized through the correct means and
14497-507: The re-vitalization of the Congress party. He suggested to then Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru that senior Congress leaders should leave ministerial posts to take up organizational work. This suggestion came to be known as the Kamaraj Plan , which was designed to alleviate the notion that congressmen are lured by power and to create a dedication to values and objectives of the party. Six Union Ministers and six Chief Ministers of
14630-412: The second preference votes. In the final tally, Giri had 420,077 votes against the quota of 418,169 votes required to be elected president and Reddy had 405,427 votes. The election led to much discord within the Congress Party and culminated in the historic split of 1969 and the subsequent rise of Indira Gandhi in Indian politics. Subsequently, Reddy, who had resigned as Speaker of the Lok Sabha to contest
14763-442: The state to observe certain principles (economy measures) relating to financial matters. Article 58 of the constitution sets the principal qualifications one must meet to be eligible to the office of the president. A president must be: A person shall not be eligible for election as president if they hold any office of profit under the Government of India or the Government of any State or any local or other authority subject to
14896-510: The then Chief Minister of Karnataka Ramakrishna Hegde invited Reddy to settle down in Bangalore but he chose to retire to his farm in Anantapur. He died of pneumonia in Bangalore in 1996 at the age of 83. His samadhi is at Kalpally Burial Ground, Bangalore. Parliament mourned Reddy's death on 11 June 1996 and members cutting across party lines paid him tribute and recalled his contributions to
15029-467: The third person to be elected Speaker of the house during their inaugural term. To emphasize the independence of the Speaker's office, Reddy resigned from the Congress Party. His term as Speaker was marked by several firsts including the admission of a No-Confidence Motion on the same day as the President's address to a joint session of Parliament, the handing down of a sentence of imprisonment for Contempt of
15162-453: The utilization of local resources and electrification support was provided by the Government. Public sector industries including Integral Coach Factory at Chennai, Heavy Vehicles Factory at Avadi , Neyveli Lignite Corporation , BHEL at Tiruchirappalli, Manali Refinery , Hindustan Photo Films at Udagamandalam were established. Kamaraj remained Chief Minister for three consecutive terms , winning elections in 1957 and 1962 . By
15295-430: The vacancy shall, subject to the provisions of Article 56, be entitled to hold office for the full term of five years from the date on which they enter their office. K Kamaraj Kumaraswami Kamaraj (15 July 1903 – 2 October 1975), popularly known as Kamarajar was an Indian independence activist and politician who served as the Chief Minister of Madras from 13 April 1954 to 2 October 1963. He also served as
15428-652: The visit of Prince of Wales as a part of the Non-cooperation movement . He was later elected to be a part of the town committee of the Congress in Virudhunagar. As a part of the role, he collected donations to finance the printing of speeches of Gandhi and distributed them to the people to induce them to join the Indian independence movement . In the next few years, Kamaraj participated in the Flag Satyagraha in Nagpur and
15561-425: The whole of India or a part of its territory for causes of war or armed rebellion or an external aggression. Such an emergency was declared in India in 1962 ( Indo-China war ), 1971 ( Indo-Pakistan war ), and 1975 to 1977 (declared by Indira Gandhi ). Under Article 352 of the India constitution, the president can declare such an emergency only on the basis of a written request by the cabinet of ministers headed by
15694-596: Was Union Minister of Steel and Mines in the Lal Bahadur Shastri government. He also served as Union Minister of Transport , Civil Aviation , Shipping and Tourism from January 1966 to March 1967 in Indira Gandhi's Cabinet. In the general elections of 1967, Reddy was elected to the Lok Sabha from Hindupur in Andhra Pradesh. On 17 March 1967, Reddy was elected Speaker of the Fourth Lok Sabha becoming only
15827-664: Was Chief Minister for a second time from 12 March 1962 to 20 February 1964, thus holding that office for over five years. Reddy was MLA from Sri Kalahasti and Dhone respectively during his stints as Chief Minister. The Nagarjuna Sagar and Srisailam multipurpose river valley projects were initiated during his tenure. The Government of Andhra Pradesh later renamed the Srisailam project to Neelam Sanjiva Reddy Sagar in his honour. The Congress governments under Reddy placed emphasis on rural development , agriculture and allied sectors. The shift towards industrialisation remained limited and
15960-473: Was charged with a conspiracy to murder John Anderson , then Governor of Bengal , which was part of a larger Madras Conspiracy Case. He was accused of supplying arms but was acquitted due to lack of evidence in 1934. On 21 September 1933, a post office and the police station in Virudhunagar were bombed. On 9 November, Kamaraj was implicated in the bombing despite the local police inspector giving statement to
16093-756: Was closely associated with the Youth League and participated in a student satyagraha . In 1938, Reddy was elected Secretary of the Andhra Pradesh Provincial Congress Committee , an office he held for ten years. During the Quit India Movement , he was imprisoned and was mostly in jail between 1940 and 1945. Released in March 1942, he was arrested again in August and sent to the Amraoti jail where he served time with activists T Prakasam , S. Satyamurti , K Kamaraj and V V Giri till 1945. Elected to
16226-459: Was defeated for the first time in the elections. The death of the incumbent member of Nagercoil Lok Sabha constituency in 1968 led to a by-election. Despite the opposition of the DMK led state government and Rajaji, Kamaraj won the elections on 8 January 1969. Ever since the appointment of Indira Gandhi as the Prime Minister, indifference arose between her and the top leaders of the Congress, termed as
16359-487: Was elected as president but made way for Kamaraj to become president again in 1953. In 1953, Andhra state was partitioned from Madras and the Modified Scheme of Elementary Education was construed as perpetuating the caste hierarchy. These forced Rajaji to resign and after much deliberation, Kamaraj was asked to take over as chief minister, which was opposed by C. Subramaniam , who had been nominated by Rajaji. Kamaraj
16492-573: Was elected by the legislators as the leader of the party and assumed the chief minister-ship of Madras state on 13 April 1955. Kamaraj resigned as member of parliament and opted to contest and win in the by elections to the Gudiyatham Assembly constituency rather than get elected as a Member of Legislative Council . He was supported by prominent people across party lines including Periyar E. V. Ramasami and C. N. Annadurai . Kamaraj nominated C. Subramaniam, who had contested his leadership, to
16625-479: Was in jail, Satyamurti died in March 1943. He was under detention for three years before being released in June 1945 and this was his last and longest served prison sentence. Kamaraj was imprisoned six times by the British for his pro-Independence activities, that added up to more than 3,000 days in jail. After his release from the jail, Kamaraj found that the Congress has weakened significantly as Rajaji had resigned from
16758-446: Was kept for public viewing at Rajaji Hall . On the next day, it was taken in procession to Gandhi Mandapam and cremated with full state honors. Memorials dedicated to Kamaraj have been established in Chennai, Virudhunagar and Kanniya Kumari . Kamaraj spent most of his career in politics and did not spend much time on relationships and family. Kamaraj was known for his simplicity and integrity. He followed Gandhian principles, wore
16891-529: Was largely driven by the central government's investments in large public sector enterprises in the state. Reddy's first term as Chief Minister ended in 1960 after he resigned on being elected President of the Indian National Congress . In 1964, he resigned voluntarily following unfavourable observations made against the Government of Andhra Pradesh by the Supreme Court in the Bus Routes Nationalisation case. Reddy served thrice as President of
17024-616: Was reformed to incorporate a new syllabus and the number of working days were increased. New institutions of higher education were established including the IIT Madras in 1959. The efforts resulted in significant improvement in school enrollment and growth of literacy rates in the state over the decade (18.33% in 1951 to 36.39% in 1961), which earned him the moniker Kalvi Thanthai (Father of education). Major irrigation schemes and dams were planned and implemented during his tenure. Small and medium-sized enterprises were encouraged to increase
17157-425: Was removed in 2019. Governors of states are also appointed by the president who shall work at the pleasure of the president. Per Article 156 , the president is empowered to dismiss a governor who has violated the constitution in their acts. The president is responsible for making a wide variety of appointments. These include: All international treaties and agreements are negotiated and concluded on behalf of
17290-432: Was replaced by O. P. Ramaswamy within a year due to his differences with Kamaraj. Ramaswamy himself was succeeded by P. S. Kumaraswamy Raja in 1949 after disagreements with Kamaraj. During the period, Kamaraj wielded a considerable influence on the party affairs as the president of the Congress party. As India achieved Independence on 15 August 1947, Kamaraj hoisted the Indian flag at Satyamurti's house in Madras. In
17423-600: Was sworn in as prime minister by Reddy for what would become her last term in office in January 1980. Between 1980 and 1982 President Reddy led seven state visits abroad, visiting the USSR, Bulgaria, Kenya, Zambia, the UK, Ireland, Indonesia, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Yugoslavia. At home, as president, he signed an ordinance that gave the new government wide powers to imprison people for up to a year without trial under preventive detention and ordered
17556-543: Was sworn in as the sixth President of India on 25 July 1977. Reddy worked with three governments, with Prime Ministers Morarji Desai, Charan Singh and Indira Gandhi. Reddy announced, on the eve of India's thirtieth anniversary of Independence, that he would be moving out of the Rashtrapati Bhawan to a smaller accommodation and that he would be taking a 70 percent pay cut in solidarity with India's impoverished masses. Relations between Reddy and Desai soon soured over
17689-520: Was widely acclaimed as the "kingmaker" during the 1960s. In 1965, during the food crisis, Kamaraj worked with then Ministry of Finance T. T. Krishnamachari to introduce ration cards and food rationing . The food crisis, Anti-Hindi agitations and disillusionment with the Congress party led to the defeat of the Congress against the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) in the 1967 Madras State Legislative Assembly election . Kamaraj himself
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