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32-763: In the 19th and early 20th centuries, the Pamir language family was sometimes referred to as the Ghalchah languages by western scholars. The term Ghalchah is no longer used to refer to the Pamir languages or the native speakers of these languages. The Pamirian languages are spoken primarily in the Badakhshan Province of northeastern Afghanistan and the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region of eastern Tajikistan . Pamirian languages are also spoken in Xinjiang and

64-554: A population of about 414,000. The general population is mainly made up of Kho people , who speak Khowar , which is also spoken in parts of Yasin , Gilgit , Dir, and Swat . Chitral is also home to the Kalash tribe, who live in Bumburet and two other remote valleys southwest of Chitral town. A few thousand Nuristani people are also known to live in Chitral. The main language of the region

96-454: Is Khowar . There are also smaller communities of speakers of Arabic , Dameli , Gawar-Bati , Gujari(Gojri) , Kalasha , Kyrgyz , Kataviri / Kamviri , Madaklashti , Palula , Sariquli , Wakhi , and Yidgha . Urdu has official status. The city of Chitral is the main city in the district and serves as its capital. It is situated on the west bank of the Chitral River (also known as

128-653: Is mountains and glaciers. Chitral is connected to the rest of Pakistan by two major road routes, the Lowari Pass ( elevation. 10,23 ft.) from Dir and Shandur Top (elevation 12,200 ft.) from Gilgit. Both routes used to be closed in winter, but circa 2017 the highway Lowari Tunnel under the Lowari Pass opened to vehicular traffic for at least ten hours per day. A number of other high passes, including Darkot Pass , Thoi Pass , and Zagaran Pass , provide access on foot to Chitral from Gilgit-Baltistan . The district has

160-568: Is occupied by the Hindu Kush and Pamir mountain ranges. According to the World Wildlife Fund, Badakhshan contains temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands , as well as Gissaro-Alai open woodlands along the Pamir River. Common plants found in these areas include pistachio , almond , walnut , apple, juniper , and sagebrush . Montane grasslands and shrublands are existent in

192-663: Is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan , located in the northeastern part of the country. It is bordered by Tajikistan 's Gorno-Badakhshan in the north and the Pakistani regions of Lower and Upper Chitral and Gilgit-Baltistan in the southeast. It also has a 91-kilometer (57-mile) border with China in the east. It is part of a broader historical Badakhshan region, parts of which now also lie in Tajikistan and China. The province contains 22 districts , over 1,200 villages and approximately 1,055,000 people. Fayzabad serves as

224-564: Is one of the most destitute areas in the world. Opium poppy growing is the only real source of income in the province and Badakhshan has one of the highest rates of maternal mortality in the world, due to the complete lack of health infrastructure, inaccessible locations, and bitter winters of the province. Lapis lazuli has been mined in the Sar-e-Sang mines, located in the Kuran wa Munjan District of Badakhshan, for over 6,000 years. The mines were

256-454: Is represented in Afghan domestic cricket competitions by the Badakhshan Province cricket team BORNA Cricket Club which belongs to BORNA Institute of Higher Education is coming up with its own team and will be groomed by the experts in the field of cricket. As of 2020, the population of the province is about 1,054,087, constituting a multi-ethnic rural society. Dari-speaking Tajiks make up

288-1064: The Yazgulyam River in Tajikistan . Yazgulyam is not written. The Vanji language was spoken in the Vanj river valley in the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region in Tajikistan , and was related to Yazgulyam . In the 19th century, the region was forcibly annexed to the Bukharan Emirate and a violent assimilation campaign was undertaken. By the end of the 19th century the Vanji language had disappeared, displaced by Tajik Persian . Most language speakers and others in Tajikistan refer to languages in this group as 'Pamirski" or 'Pamir'. (e.g. "I can speak Pamir, Ishkashem and Wakhi") The Munji and Yidgha languages are closely related. There are about 6,000 speakers of Yidgha in Upper Lotkoh Valley recorded in

320-467: The subject-object-verb syntactic typology . Václav Blažek (2019) suggests that the Pamir languages have a Burushaski -like substratum . Although Burushaski is today spoken in Pakistan to the south of the Pamir language area, Burushaski formerly had a much wider geographic distribution before being assimilated by Indo-Iranian languages. The Shughni , Sarikoli , and Yazgulyam languages belong to

352-568: The 1980s Soviet–Afghan War at which point the Mujahideen began a rebellion against the central Afghan government. During the 1990s, much of the area was controlled by forces loyal to Burhanuddin Rabbani and Ahmad Shah Massoud , who were de facto the national government until 1996. Badakhshan was the only province that the Taliban did not conquer during their rule from 1996 to 2001. However, during

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384-412: The Afghan wars – however, during the 2010s Taliban insurgents managed to attack and take control of several districts in the province. On 26 October 2015, the 7.5 Mw Hindu Kush earthquake shook northern Afghanistan with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII ( Severe ). This earthquake destroyed almost 30,000 homes, left several hundred dead, and more than 1,700 injured. Fayzabad Airport serves

416-618: The Kunar River) at the foot of Tirich Mir , which at 7,708 m (25,289 ft) is the highest peak of the Hindu Kush . Until 14 August 1947, it served as the capital of the princely state of Chitral . The district of Chitral is divided into twenty-four union councils and two tehsils : This district is represented by one elected MNA (Member of the National Assembly) in Pakistan National Assembly . Its constituency

448-590: The Munji-Yidgha branch. There are about 2,500 speakers of Sanglechi and Ishkashmi in Afghanistan and Tajikistan respectively; they are not written languages. There are around 58,000 speakers of the Wakhi language in Afghanistan , Tajikistan , China , Pakistan , and Russia . The vast majority of Pamir speakers in Tajikistan and Afghanistan also use Tajik (Persian) as a literary language, which is—unlike

480-686: The Pamir language Sarikoli is spoken beyond the Sarikol Range on the Afghanistan-China border and thus qualifies as the easternmost of the extant Iranian languages. Wakhi communities are also found in the adjacent Chitral District , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and in Gojal , Gilgit Baltistan in Pakistan . The only other living member of the Southeastern Iranian group is Pashto . No features uniting

512-626: The Pamir languages as a single subgroup of Iranian have been demonstrated. The Ethnologue lists the Pamir languages along with Pashto as Southeastern Iranian, however, according to Encyclopedia Iranica , the Pamirian languages and Pashto belong to the North-Eastern Iranian branch. Members of the Pamirian language area include four reliable groups: a Shughni-Yazgulyam group including Shughni , Sarikoli , and Yazgulyam ; Munji and Yidgha ; Ishkashimi and related dialects; and Wakhi . They have

544-488: The Princely State. Chitral is counted amongst the highest regions of the world, sweeping from 1,094 metres at Arandu to 7,726 metres at Tirichmir and packing over 40 peaks more than 6,100 metres in height. The terrain of Chitral is very mountainous, and Tirich Mir (25,289 feet), the highest peak of the Hindu Kush , rises in the north of the district. Around 4.8 percent of the land is covered by forest, and 76 percent

576-729: The Shughni-Yazgulami branch. There are about 75,000 speakers of languages in this family in Afghanistan and Tajikistan (including the dialects of Rushani , Bartangi , Oroshori , Khufi , and Shughni ). In 1982, there were about 20,000 speakers of Sarikoli in the Sarikol Valley located in the Tashkurgan Tajik Autonomous County in Xinjiang Province, China . Shughni and Sarikoli are not mutually intelligible. In 1994, there were 4000 speakers of Yazgulyam along

608-563: The course of the wars a non-Taliban Islamic emirate was established in Badakhshan by Mawlawi Shariqi, paralleling the Islamic Revolutionary State of Afghanistan in neighboring Nuristan . Rabbani, a Badakhshan native, and Massoud were the last remnants of the anti-Taliban Northern Alliance during the peak of Taliban control in 2001. Badakhshan was thus one of the few provinces of the country that witnessed little insurgency in

640-517: The former Chitral district of Pakistan , and in 2008 there were around 5,300 speakers of Munji mainly in the Mamalgha and Munjan valleys in the Kuran wa Munjan district of the Badakhshan province in northeastern Afghanistan . Munji-Yidgha shares with Bactrian a development *ð > /l/ , absent from the other three Pamir groups. The extinct Sarghulami language of Badakhshan is thought to be of

672-671: The high mountains. The entire region that now forms the Chitral District was an independent monarchical state until 1895, when the British negotiated a treaty with its hereditary ruler, the Mehtar, under which Chitral became a semi-autonomous princely state within the Indian Empire. Chitral retained this status even after its accession to Pakistan in 1947, finally being made an administrative district of Pakistan on 14 August 1947, disestablishing

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704-564: The languages of the Pamir group—a Southwestern Iranian tongue. The language group is endangered, with the total number of speakers roughly around 100,000 in 1990. One of the most prolific researchers of the Pamir languages was Soviet linguist Ivan Ivanovich Zarubin . Linguist Ross Perlin is also leading a Pamir languages research and preservation project at the Endangered Language Alliance . Badakhshan Province Badakhshan Province ( Pashto / Dari : بدخشان)

736-399: The largest and most well-known source in ancient times . Most recent mining activity has focused on lapis lazuli, with the proceeds from the lapis mines being used to fund Northern Alliance troops, and before that, anti-Soviet Mujahideen fighters. Recent geological surveys have indicated the location of other gemstone deposits, in particular rubies and emeralds . It is estimated that

768-511: The majority followed by a few Uzbeks , Kyrgyz , Qizilbash , and others. There are also speakers of the following Pamiri languages : Shughni , Munji , Ishkashimi , and Wakhi . The inhabitants of the province are mostly Sunni Muslims , although there are also some Ismaili Shia Muslims . 60.1% of the population lived below the national poverty line , one of the higher figures in the country. Chitral District Chitral District ( Khowar : ݯھیترارو ضلع ; Urdu : ضلع چترال )

800-500: The mines at Kuran wa Munjan District hold up to 1,290 tonnes of azure (lapis lazuli). Exploitation of this mineral wealth could be key to the region's prosperity. On 5 October 2018 in Washington, D.C. , Afghan officials signed a 30-year contract involving a $ 22 million investment by investment group Centar and its operating company, Afghan Gold and Minerals Co., to explore and develop an area of Badakhshan for gold mining. The province

832-672: The province with regular direct flights to Kabul . The percentage of households with clean drinking water increased from 13% in 2005 to 21% in 2011. The percentage of births attended to by a skilled birth attendant increased from 1.5% in 2003 to 2% in 2011. Badakhshan University is located in Fayzabad , a city which also has a number of public schools including an all-girls school. The overall literacy rate (6+ years of age) fell from 31% in 2005 to 26% in 2011. The overall net enrolment rate (6–13 years of age) increased from 46% in 2005 to 68% in 2011. Despite massive mineral reserves, Badakhshan

864-696: The province's northwestern and central areas. Common vegetation includes almond, pistachio, willows , and sea-buckthorn . Badakhshan was an independent country until late 18th century before it was ruled by the Durranis followed by the Barakzai dynasty , and was untouched by the British during the three Anglo-Afghan Wars that were fought in the 19th and 20th centuries, which allowed the Emanzai Tribe to rise in regional control. It remained peaceful for about 100 years until

896-746: The province, with the Hindu Kush alpine meadow in the high mountains in the northern and southwestern regions. The Wakhan corridor contains two montane grassland and shrubland regions: the Karakoram-West Tibetan Plateau alpine steppe and in the Pamir Mountains and Kuh-e Safed Khers in Darwaz region. South of Fayzabad the terrain becomes dominated by deserts and xeric shrublands . Common vegetation includes thorny bushes, zizyphus, acacia, and Amygdatus. Paropamisus xeric woodlands can be found in

928-571: The provincial capital. Resistance activity has been reported in the province since the 2021 Taliban takeover of Afghanistan . During the Sassanids ' reign it was called "bidix", and in Parthian times "bthšy". In Sassanid manuscripts found in Ka'ba-ye Zartosht it was called "Bałasakan". In Chinese sources from the 7th century onwards it was called "Po-to-chang-na". Badakhshan is bordered by Takhar Province to

960-407: The south. It also shared an international border with Afghanistan to the north and west. Afghanistan's narrow strip of Wakhan Corridor separated Chitral from Tajikistan in the north. Chitral shares much of its history and culture with the neighbouring Hindu Kush territories of Gilgit-Baltistan, a region sometimes called "Peristan" because of the common belief in fairies ( peri ) inhabiting

992-485: The west, Panjshir Province to the south west, Nuristan Province to the south, Tajikistan to the north and east (that nation's Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province and Khatlon Province ), China through a long spur called the Wakhan Corridor to the east, and Pakistan to the south-east ( Chitral and Gilgit-Baltistan ). The total area of Badakhshan is 44,059 square kilometres (17,011 sq mi), most of which

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1024-580: Was a district in the Malakand Division of the Pakistani province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , from 14 August 1947 to 2018. It was the largest district in the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, covering an area of 14,850 km , before splitting into Upper and Lower Chitral Districts in 2018. It was the northernmost district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. It shared a border with Gilgit-Baltistan to the east and with Swat and Dir districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to

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