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50-512: A sandwich is a dish typically consisting of meat, cheese or vegetables used as a filling between slices of bread , or placed atop a slice of bread; or, more generally, any dish in which bread serves as a container or wrapper for another food type, and allows it to be a finger food . The sandwich began as a portable, convenient food in the Western world, though over time it has become prevalent worldwide. There has been social media debate over

100-632: A Journey through part of the Low Countries, Germany, Italy, and France . From this tour Ray and Willughby returned laden with collections, on which they meant to base complete systematic descriptions of the animal and vegetable kingdoms. In 1667 Ray was elected Fellow of the Royal Society , and in 1669 he and Willughby published a paper on Experiments concerning the Motion of Sap in Trees . In 1671, he presented

150-570: A celebration of Ray's legacy in Braintree, Essex . A "John Ray Gallery" was opened in the Braintree Museum . The John Ray Initiative (JRI) is an educational charity that seeks to reconcile scientific and Christian understandings of the environment. It was formed in 1997 in response to the global environmental crisis and the challenges of sustainable development and environmental stewardship. John Ray's writings proclaimed God as creator whose wisdom

200-459: A late-night meal among the aristocracy . The sandwich is named after John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich , an eighteenth-century English aristocrat . It is commonly said that Lord Sandwich, during long sessions of cribbage and other card games at public gambling houses , would order his valet to bring him roast beef between two pieces of toasted bread. He was fond of this form of food because it allowed him to continue gambling while eating, without

250-440: A popular type of lunch food, taken to work, school, or picnics to be eaten as part of a packed lunch . The bread is frequently coated with condiments such as mayonnaise or mustard to enhance its flavour and texture, but may be served plain ("dry"). As well as being homemade, sandwiches are also widely sold in various retail outlets and can be served hot or cold. Although savoury sandwiches—such as deli meat sandwiches—are in

300-431: A single group and the herbs into 21 groups. Division of Herbae; As outlined in his Historia Plantarum (1685–1703): Ray was the first person to produce a biological definition of species , in his 1686 History of Plants : ... no surer criterion for determining species has occurred to me than the distinguishing features that perpetuate themselves in propagation from seed. Thus, no matter what variations occur in

350-477: A soft matzah —flat, unleavened bread—during Passover in the manner of a modern wrap made with flatbread . Flat breads of only slightly varying kinds have long been used to scoop or wrap small amounts of food en route from platter to mouth throughout Western Asia and northern Africa. From Morocco to Ethiopia to India , bread is usually baked in flat rounds, contrasting with the European loaf tradition. During

400-451: A soft filling between the baked layers. In corporate finance, Dutch Sandwich and Double Irish with a Dutch sandwich refer to schemes for tax evasion. The word butty , originally referring to a buttered slice of bread, is common in some northern and southern parts of England and Wales as a slang synonym for "sandwich," particularly to refer to certain kinds of sandwiches including the chip butty , bacon butty , or sausage butty . Sarnie

450-455: A specific association with that place, such as Boston baked beans or bistecca alla fiorentina , and sometimes not: poached eggs Florentine essentially means "poached eggs with spinach ". Some are named for particular individuals: Some dishes have many stories about their creation, which can sometimes make it difficult to know the true origin of the name of a dish. John Ray John Ray FRS (29 November 1627 – 17 January 1705)

500-628: A whole, giving facts that are arguments for God's will expressed in His creation of all 'visible and invisible' ( Colossians 1:16). Ray gave an early description of dendrochronology , explaining how to find the ash tree's age from its tree-rings. Ray's work on plant taxonomy spanned a wide range of thought, starting with an approach that was predominantly in the tradition of the herbalists and Aristotelian , but becoming increasingly theoretical and finally rejecting Aristotelianism. Despite his early adherence to Aristotelian tradition, his first botanical work,

550-553: Is a similar colloquialism. Likewise, the word sanger is used for sandwich in Australian slang . The colloquial Scottish word piece may refer either to a sandwich or to a light meal, especially one that includes a sandwich. For example, the phrase jeely piece refers to a jam sandwich . The colloquial form "sammich" (alternatively, "sammidge") is used in the Southeastern United States. In Japanese, sando or sandoichi

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600-497: Is found in many cultures historically. Before being known as a "sandwich", this food combination seems to have been known as "bread and meat" or "bread and cheese". These two phrases are found throughout English drama from the 16th and 17th centuries. In the first century BCE, the ancient Jewish sage Hillel the Elder is said to have wrapped meat from the Paschal lamb and bitter herbs in

650-777: Is provided by Sandwich's biographer, N. A. M. Rodger , who suggests Sandwich's commitments to the Navy, and to politics and the arts, mean the first sandwich was more likely to have been consumed at his desk. The sandwich's popularity in Spain and England increased dramatically during the nineteenth century, when the rise of industrial society and the working classes made fast, portable, and inexpensive meals essential. In London, for example, at least seventy street vendors were selling ham sandwiches by 1850; during that decade sandwich bars also became an important form of eating establishment in western Holland, typically serving liver and salt beef sandwiches. In

700-459: Is used. Sandwiches have been widely sold in cafes, railway stations, pubs and diners since the invention of sliced bread in the 1920s. Sandwiches kept unwrapped, drying up and edges curling, until they were sold, were widely found in Britain until the 1970s. Cafes and buffets in railway stations and on trains were notorious, and the term " British Rail sandwich " was often used satirically. In 1979,

750-524: The Catalogus plantarum circa Cantabrigiam nascentium (1660), was almost entirely descriptive, being arranged alphabetically. His model was an account by Bauhin of the plants growing around Basel in 1622 and was the first English county flora, covering about 630 species. However at the end of the work he appended a brief taxonomy which he stated followed the usage of Bauhin and other herbalists. Ray's system, starting with his Cambridge catalogue, began with

800-627: The Middle Ages in Europe, thick slabs of coarse and usually stale bread , called " trenchers ," were used as plates. After a meal, the food-soaked trencher was fed to a dog or to beggars at the tables of the wealthy, and eaten by diners in more modest circumstances. The immediate culinary precursor with a direct connection to the English sandwich was to be found in the Netherlands of the seventeenth century, where

850-563: The 1690s, he published three volumes on religion—the most popular being The Wisdom of God Manifested in the Works of the Creation (1691), an essay describing evidence that all in nature and space is God's creation as in the Bible is affirmed. In this volume, he moved on from the naming and cataloguing of species like his successor Carl Linnaeus . Instead, Ray considered species' lives and how nature worked as

900-632: The British sandwich industry made and sold £8 billion worth of sandwiches. Dish (food) A dish may be served on tableware , or may be eaten in one's hands. Instructions for preparing a dish are called recipes . Some dishes, for example a hot dog with ketchup , rarely have their own recipes printed in cookbooks as they are made by simply combining two ready-to-eat foods. Many dishes have specific names, such as Sauerbraten , while others have descriptive names, such as "broiled ribsteak". Many are named for particular places, sometimes because of

950-506: The British store chain Marks & Spencer introduced a small range of chilled, pre-made sandwiches sold in wedge-shaped boxes, sealed to keep them fresh. As they proved popular, a small experiment involving five stores rapidly grew to cover more than one hundred stores. Within a year, the store was looking for ways to manufacture sandwiches at an industrial scale. By the end of the decade, the British sandwich industry had become worth £1bn. In 2017,

1000-614: The US, a court in Indiana ruled in 2024 that tacos and burritos are sandwiches, specifically that "The Court agrees with Quintana that tacos and burritos are Mexican-style sandwiches". The court further ruled that such a definition of sandwich would also apply to a "restaurant that serves made-to-order Greek gyros, Indian naan wraps, or Vietnamese banh mi". The state of New York has a definition of "sandwich" that explicitly includes burritos, gyros , hot dogs, and wraps and pita sandwiches. In Spain, where

1050-499: The US: it usually refers to an item that uses sliced bread from a loaf. An item with similar fillings but using an entire bread roll cut horizontally in half, is generally referred to as a roll , or with certain hot fillings, a burger . However, in Australia hot sliced (not ground) beef between two slices of toasted bread is referred to as a steak sandwich : the sliced loaf bread distinguishes

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1100-644: The United States, the sandwich was first promoted as an elaborate meal at supper. By the early 20th century, as bread became a staple of the American diet, the sandwich became the same kind of popular, quick meal as was already widespread in the Mediterranean . In the US, a court in Boston , Massachusetts , ruled in 2006 that a sandwich includes at least two slices of bread and "under this definition, this court finds that

1150-489: The Willughby collections, notes and manuscripts at this time. The plants gathered on his British tours had already been described in his Catalogus plantarum Angliae (1670), which formed the basis for later English floras. He had likely already used the botanical collections to lay much of the groundwork of his Methodus plantarum nova (1682), His great Historia generalis plantarum appeared in 3 vols. in 1686, 1688, 1704. In

1200-481: The concept of species , as "a group of morphologically similar organisms arising from a common ancestor". Another significant contribution to taxonomy was his division of plants into those with two seedling leaves ( dicotyledons ) or only one ( monocotyledons ), a division used in taxonomy today. John Ray was born in the village of Black Notley in Essex. He is said to have been born in the smithy, his father having been

1250-511: The declaration that the Solemn League and Covenant was not binding on those who had taken it. Tobias Smollett quoted the reasoning given in the biography of Ray by William Derham : The reason of his refusal was not (says his biographer) as some have imagined, his having taken the solemn league and covenant; for that he never did, and often declared that he ever thought it an unlawful oath: but he said he could not say, for those that had taken

1300-526: The division between the imperfect or lower plants ( Cryptogams ), and perfect ( planta perfecta ) higher plants ( Seed plants ). The latter he divided by life forms , e.g. trees ( arbores ), shrubs ( frutices ), subshrubs ( suffrutices ) and herbaceous plants ( herbae ) and lastly grouping them by common characteristics. The trees he divided into 8 groups, e.g. Pomiferae (including apple and pear). The shrubs he placed in 2 groups, Spinosi ( Berberis etc.) and Non Spinosi ( Jasmine etc.). The subshrubs formed

1350-475: The earliest of the English parson-naturalists . At Cambridge, Ray spent much of his time in the study of natural history , a subject which would occupy him for most of his life, from 1660 to the beginning of the eighteenth century. When Ray found himself unable to subscribe as required by the Act of Uniformity 1662 he, along with 13 other college fellows, resigned his fellowship on 24 August 1662 rather than swear to

1400-572: The flora and fauna of the British Isles. As of 2017, the Society had published 179 volumes. The John Ray Society (a separate organisation) is the Natural Sciences Society at St Catharine's College, Cambridge . It organises a programme of events of interest to science students in the college. In 1986, to mark the 300th anniversary of the publication of Ray's Historia Plantarum , there was

1450-592: The habit of the time, he was accustomed to preach in his college chapel and also at Great St Mary's , long before he took holy orders on 23 December 1660. Among these sermons were his discourses on The wisdom of God manifested in the works of the creation , and Deluge and Dissolution of the World . Ray was also highly regarded as a tutor and he communicated his own passion for natural history to several pupils. Ray's student, Isaac Barrow , helped Francis Willughby learn mathematics and Ray collaborated with Willughby later. It

1500-475: The individuals or the species, if they spring from the seed of one and the same plant, they are accidental variations and not such as to distinguish a species... Animals likewise that differ specifically preserve their distinct species permanently; one species never springs from the seed of another nor vice versa. Ray published about 23 works, depending on how they are counted. The biological works were usually in Latin,

1550-438: The latter continued his journey into Spain . He had previously in three different journeys (1658, 1661, 1662) travelled through the greater part of Great Britain, and selections from his private notes of these journeys were edited by George Scott in 1760, under the title of Mr Ray's Itineraries . Ray himself published an account of his foreign travel in 1673, entitled Observations topographical, moral, and physiological, made on

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1600-578: The litter of mythology and fable... and always insists upon accuracy of observation and description and the testing of every new discovery". Ray's works were directly influential on the development of taxonomy by Carl Linnaeus . The Ray Society , named after John Ray, was founded in 1844. It is a scientific text publication society and registered charity , based at the Natural History Museum, London , which exists to publish books on natural history, with particular (but not exclusive) reference to

1650-466: The majority, sweet sandwiches—such as jam sandwiches and fluffernutters —form their own category. The sandwich is named after the inventor of a certain roast beef sandwich in 18th century England, John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich . The Wall Street Journal has described it as Britain's "biggest contribution to gastronomy ". The use of some kind of bread or bread-like substance to lie under some other food, or to scoop it up and enclose or wrap it,

1700-541: The naturalist John Ray observed that in the taverns beef hung from the rafters "which they cut into thin slices and eat with bread and butter laying the slices upon the butter"—explanatory specifications that reveal the Dutch belegde broodje , open-faced sandwich , was as yet unfamiliar in England. Initially perceived as food that men shared while gaming and drinking at night, the sandwich slowly began appearing in polite society as

1750-523: The need for a fork, and without getting his cards greasy from eating meat with his bare hands. The dish then grew in popularity in London, and Sandwich's name became associated with it. The rumour in its familiar form appeared in Pierre-Jean Grosley 's Londres ( Neuchâtel , 1770), translated as A Tour to London in 1772; Grosley's impressions had been formed during a year in London in 1765. An alternative

1800-731: The oath, that no obligation lay upon them, but feared there might." His religious views were generally in accord with those imposed under the restoration of Charles II of England , and (though technically a nonconformist ) he continued as a layman in the Established Church of England . From this time onwards he seems to have depended chiefly on the bounty of his pupil Francis Willughby , who made Ray his constant companion while he lived. They travelled extensively, carrying out field observations and collecting specimens of botany, ornithology, ichthyology, mammals, reptiles and insects. Initially they agreed that Ray would take responsibility for

1850-462: The plants, and Willughby for birds, beasts, fishes, and insects. Willughby arranged that after his death, Ray would have 6 shillings a year for educating Willughby's two sons. In the spring of 1663 Ray started together with Willughby and two other pupils ( Philip Skippon and Nathaniel Bacon ) on a tour through Europe , from which he returned in March 1666, parting from Willughby at Montpellier , whence

1900-624: The precise definition of sandwich , specifically whether a hot dog or open sandwich can be categorized as such. Other items, like hamburger and burrito , were also considered. In the United States, the Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the Food and Drug Administration are the responsible agencies for protecting the definition of sandwich . The USDA uses the definition, "at least 35% cooked meat and no more than 50% bread" for closed sandwiches, and "at least 50% cooked meat" for open sandwiches. However,

1950-537: The research of Francis Jessop on formic acid to the Royal Society. Following Willughby's death in 1672, Ray took on the responsibility of bringing both Willughby's work and his own to publication. Ray was left with an ornithology and ichthyology to edit as well as his own work dealing with mammals, reptiles and insects. Although he presented the Ornithologia (1676) as Willughby's, he made extensive contributions to

2000-620: The rest in English. His first publication, while at Cambridge, was the Catalogus plantarum circa Cantabrigiam nascentium (1660), followed by many works, botanical, zoological,theological and literary. Until 1670, he wrote his name as John Wray . From then on, he used 'Ray', after "having ascertained that such had been the practice of his family before him". Including the various editions, there are 172 works of Ray, of which most are rare. The only libraries with substantial holdings are all in England. The list in order of holdings is: Ray's biographer, Charles Raven, commented that "Ray sweeps away

2050-505: The same USDA manual determines that burritos and fajitas are "sandwich-like", and frankfurters are "sandwich type", while stromboli is explicitly excluded. In Britain, the British Sandwich Association defines a sandwich as "any form of bread with a filling, generally assembled cold"; a definition which includes wraps and bagels , but potentially excludes dishes assembled and served hot, such as burgers. Sandwiches are

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2100-533: The steak sandwich from a burger. The verb to sandwich has the meaning "to position anything between two other things of a different character, or to place different elements alternately," and the noun sandwich has related meanings derived from this more general definition. For example, an ice cream sandwich consists of a layer of ice cream between two layers of cake or biscuit. Similarly, Oreos and Custard creams are described as sandwich biscuits (UK/Commonwealth) or sandwich cookies (US) because they consist of

2150-431: The term 'sandwich' is not commonly understood to include burritos , tacos , and quesadillas , which are typically made with a single tortilla and stuffed with a choice filling of meat, rice, and beans." The issue stemmed from the question of whether a restaurant that sold burritos could move into a shopping centre where another restaurant had a no-compete clause in its lease prohibiting other "sandwich" shops. Also in

2200-694: The village blacksmith . After studying at Braintree school, he was sent at the age of sixteen to Cambridge University: studying at Trinity College . Initially at Catharine Hall, his tutor was Daniel Duckfield, and later transferred to Trinity where his tutor was James Duport , and his "intimate friend" and fellow-pupil the celebrated Isaac Barrow . Ray was chosen minor fellow of Trinity in 1649, and later major fellow. He held many college offices, becoming successively lecturer in Greek (1651), mathematics (1653), and humanity (1655), praelector (1657), junior dean (1657), and college steward (1659 and 1660); and according to

2250-445: The word sandwich is borrowed from the English language, it refers to a food item made with English sandwich bread . It is otherwise known as a bocadillo . Similar usage applies in other Spanish-speaking cultures, such as Mexico, where the word torta is also used for a popular variety of roll-type sandwiches. In the UK and Australia, the term sandwich is more narrowly defined than in

2300-505: The work. His task became more difficult after the death of Lady Cassandra, Willughby's mother, on July 25, 1675. Lady Cassandra had supported Ray's continued work, but the widow Willughby had no interest in her late husband's scientific interests or his scientific friends. Ray was no longer allowed to instruct the children, and Ray and his wife Margaret Oakley were forced to leave the Willughby household in Middleton. Critically, Ray lost access to

2350-413: Was a Christian English naturalist widely regarded as one of the earliest of the English parson-naturalists . Until 1670, he wrote his name as John Wray . From then on, he used 'Ray', after "having ascertained that such had been the practice of his family before him". He published important works on botany , zoology , and natural theology . His classification of plants in his Historia Plantarum ,

2400-411: Was an important step towards modern taxonomy . Ray rejected the system of dichotomous division by which species were classified by repeated sub-division into groups according to a pre-conceived series of characteristics they have or have not, and instead classified plants according to similarities and differences that emerged from observation. He was among the first to attempt a biological definition for

2450-572: Was at Trinity that he came under the influence of John Wilkins , when the latter was appointed master of the college in 1659. After leaving Cambridge in 1663 he spent some time travelling both in Britain and the continent. In 1673, Ray married Margaret Oakley of Launton in Oxfordshire; in 1676 he went to Middleton Hall near Tamworth , and in 1677 to Falborne (or Faulkbourne ) Hall in Essex. Finally, in 1679, he removed to his birthplace at Black Notley , where he afterwards remained. His life there

2500-425: Was quiet and uneventful, although he had poor health, including chronic sores. Ray kept writing books and corresponded widely on scientific matters, collaborating with his doctor and contemporary Samuel Dale . He lived, in spite of his infirmities, to the age of seventy-seven, dying at Black Notley. He is buried in the churchyard of St Peter and St Paul where there is a memorial to him. He is widely regarded as one of

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