Misplaced Pages

#771228

38-417: The sandpaper figs are so named for their leaves, which are rough and sandpaper -like in texture. The common name may refer to a number of species in the genus Ficus : Australian species: Others: Sandpaper There are many varieties of sandpaper, with variations in the paper or backing, the material used for the grit, grit size, and the bond. Sandpaper is produced in a range of grit sizes and

76-440: A cloth backing. It is used for hand metalworking. It may be sold in sheets or in narrow rolls, typically 25 or 50 mm wide, often described as "emery tape". The cloth backing makes emery cloth stronger in tension than paper, but still allows a sheet to be conveniently torn to size. Emery (largely displaced by improved products such as aluminium oxide and silicon carbide) is used for scrubbing highly abraded and rough surfaces to

114-520: A bit within their industries. Joseph Whitworth 's screw thread measurements were adopted as the first (unofficial) national standard by companies around the country in 1841 . It came to be known as the British Standard Whitworth , and was widely adopted in other countries. By the end of the 19th century differences in standards between companies were making trade increasingly difficult and strained. The Engineering Standards Committee

152-410: A book written in 2019 by Nicholas Rich and Tegwen Malik gives a very comprehensive overview of the history of standards, how ISO standards are drafted along with key ISO standards such as ISO 9001 and ISO 14001. A paper has been published explaining the differences between international standards and private standards . One of the most well established international standardization organizations

190-469: A coarse grit, while a large number such as 1500 indicates a fine grit. The first recorded instance of sandpaper was in 13th-century China when crushed shells, seeds, and sand were bonded to parchment using natural gum . Shark skin ( placoid scales ) has also been used as an abrasive, and the rough scales of the Coelacanth are used for the same purpose by the natives of Comoros . Boiled and dried,

228-536: A commission to oversee the process. By 1906 , his work was complete and he drew up a permanent constitution for the first international standards organization, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). The body held its first meeting that year in London , with representatives from 14 countries. In honour of his contribution to electrical standardisation, Lord Kelvin was elected as

266-535: A large user base, doing some well established thing that between them is mutually incompatible. Establishing international standards is one way of preventing or overcoming this problem. To support this, the World Trade Organization (WTO) Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee published the "Six Principles" guiding members in the development of international standards. The implementation of standards in industry and commerce became highly important with

304-520: A proposal to form a new global standards body. In October 1946 , ISA and UNSCC delegates from 25 countries met in London and agreed to join forces to create the International Organization for Standardization (ISO); the organization officially began operations in February 1947 . Global standards are also referred to as industry or private standards , which are designed and developed with

342-500: A shift to other forms of abrasive, such as aluminium oxide , aluminium zirconia and silicon carbide . Emery is rated on the average grit size, glued to the backing. Common sizes are, from coarse to fine: 40, 46, 54, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, 180, 220, 320, F, and FF. A 46 or 54 grade cloth is used on roughly filed work, while 220 to 320 grit cloth will give a good polish . By the successive use of progressively finer mesh emery paper, near-mirror finishes can be obtained. Water or oil

380-400: A smooth and shiny finish, notably in watchmaking. Emery paper , more commonly seen, has a paper backing and is usually a finer grit. Emery was considered a suitable abrasive for fitting work and the final adjustment of steel parts for a perfect fit. It had the advantage that, unlike harder abrasives, it was not considered to embed abrasive traces in the polished components afterwards. Emery

418-486: A use in modelling. For 00 scale modelling, the fine grades of emery paper can have the appearance of a tarmac surface. Crocus cloth is an abrasive sheet similar to sandpaper or emery cloth but covered with a layer of very fine loose iron oxide particles rather than with bound grains of abrasive. It is intended for final metal and gemstone finishing and is available in various grades (particle sizes). Federal Specification P-C-458 described this material in detail, although

SECTION 10

#1732869924772

456-410: Is ISO 6344 . Sandpaper and emery cloth are coated abrasives for hand use, usually non-precision. Other coated abrasive forms include sanding cords, pads, belts, and discs. Variants are available for use by hand or as components for power tools such as sanders , die grinders and belt sanders . Types of abrasive materials include: Sandpaper may be " stearated " where a dry lubricant is loaded to

494-633: Is commonly used with disc-type coated abrasives. A plastic or metal hub is bonded to one of the faces, which is threaded. This then mates directly to the sander or angle grinder or to a mandrel that can be mounted in a sander, grinder, or drill . The advantage is that the disc can be quickly replaced when needed. Quick-change discs are available in sizes of about 50 millimetres (2.0 in) and larger. Common substrates are paper , cloth, vulcanized fiber, and plastic films and come in grit sizes range from very coarse (~2 mm) to ultrafine (sub micrometre ). The international standard for coated abrasives

532-443: Is good for hand sanding or working with harder materials. In comparison, 50% to 70% of the surface is covered with abrasive grains with open coat sandpaper. The separation between particles makes the sandpaper more flexible, which prevents the sandpaper from clogging. However, the gaps in grit coverage limits the sandpaper's ability to perform even polishing jobs. Open coat sandpaper is better for softer materials. Wet and dry sandpaper

570-473: Is more effective used wet because clogging is reduced by particles washing away from the grinding surface. Sandpaper comes in a number of different shapes and sizes: Grit size refers to the size of the particles of abrading materials embedded in the sandpaper. These measurements are determined by the amount of the abrasive material that can fit through a square inch filter. Several standards have been established for grit size. These standards establish not only

608-464: Is often substituted for emery, silicon carbide being slightly harder , and more durable with less tendency to fracture than corundum. The use of natural emery papers is rare today generally being replaced with silicon carbide or pure aluminium oxide papers. Emery cloth has the abrasives bonded to a fabric instead of a paper. The cloth is more tear resistant, flexible, and costly. Emery boards have applications similar to emery paper or cloth. It also has

646-493: Is often used as a lubricant and to float the abrasive debris and worn abrasive away from the work, preventing the build-up of debris in the emery paper. The paper will lose effectiveness if too much debris builds up, a condition known as "clogging", or "loading". Originally, emery paper was made from milled emery rock, bonded or sized to paper often with an animal glue for water resistance. Today, synthetic adhesives are used in place of natural glues and silicon carbide (SiC)

684-405: Is optimal for regular rounded or flat surfaces. Sandpaper backings may be glued to the paper or form a separate support structure for moving sandpaper, such as used in sanding belts and discs. Stronger paper or backing increases the ease of sanding wood. The harder the backing material, the faster the sanding, the faster the wear of the paper and the rougher the sanded surface. A quick-change system

722-589: Is the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Other prominent international standards organizations including the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Together, these three organizations have formed the World Standards Cooperation alliance. International standards can be applied directly or adapted to meet local conditions. When adopted, they lead to

760-631: Is the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), a specialized agency of the United Nations which was founded on 17 May 1865 as the International Telegraph Union. The ITU was initially focused on the standardization of telegraph signals, and later evolved to include telephony , radio and satellite communications, and other information and communication technology . By the mid to late 19th century , efforts were being made to standardize electrical measurement. An important figure

798-409: Is used to remove material from surfaces, whether to make them smoother (for example, in painting and wood finishing ), to remove a layer of material (such as old paint ), or sometimes to make the surface rougher (for example, as a preparation for gluing ). The grit size of sandpaper is usually stated as a number that is inversely related to the particle size. A small number such as 20 or 40 indicates

SECTION 20

#1732869924772

836-596: The Japanese Industrial Standards Committee (JIS), the micron grade (generally used for very fine grits). Cheaper sandpapers may sometimes only use descriptive nomenclature such as "coarse", "medium" and "fine" without referring to any standard. International standard An international standard is a technical standard developed by one or more international standards organizations . International standards are available for consideration and use worldwide. The most prominent such organization

874-456: The rough horsetail plant is used in Japan as a traditional polishing material, finer than sandpaper. Glass paper was manufactured in London in 1833 by John Oakey , whose company had developed new adhesive techniques and processes, enabling mass production. Glass frit has sharp-edged particles and cuts well whereas sand grains are smoothed down and do not work well as an abrasive. Cheap sandpaper

912-413: The abrasive to the paper. Hide glue is still used, but this glue often cannot withstand the heat generated during machine sanding and is not waterproof. Waterproof sandpapers or wet/dry sandpapers use a resin bond and a waterproof backing. Sandpaper can be either closed coat or open coat . Approximately 90% to 95% of the surface is covered with abrasive grains with a closed coat. Closed coat sandpaper

950-438: The abrasive. Stearated papers are useful in sanding coats of finish and paint as the stearate " soap " prevents clogging and increases the useful life of the sandpaper. The harder the grit material, the easier the sanding of harder surfaces like hardwoods such as hickory , pecan , or wenge . The grit material for polishing granite must be harder than granite. Emery cloth is a type of coated abrasive that has emery glued to

988-636: The average grit size, but also the allowable variation from the average. The two most common are the United States CAMI (Coated Abrasive Manufacturers Institute, now part of the Unified Abrasives Manufacturer's Association) and the European FEPA (Federation of European Producers of Abrasives) "P" grade. The FEPA system is the same as the ISO 6344 standard. Other systems used in sandpaper include

1026-421: The backing is usually designated by a letter. For paper backings, the weight ratings range from "A" to "F", with A designating the lightest and F the heaviest. Letter nomenclature follows a different system for cloth backings, with the weight of the backing rated J, X, Y, T, and M, from lightest to heaviest. A flexible backing allows sandpaper to follow irregular contours of a workpiece; relatively inflexible backing

1064-499: The body's first President. The International Federation of the National Standardizing Associations (ISA) was founded in 1926 with a broader remit to enhance international cooperation for all technical standards and specifications. The body was suspended in 1942 during World War II . After the war, ISA was approached by the recently formed United Nations Standards Coordinating Committee (UNSCC) with

1102-519: The creation of national standards that are either equivalent to or largely align with the international standards in technical content, though they may have: (i) editorial variations, such as differences in appearance, the use of symbols, measurement units, or the choice of a point over a comma as the decimal marker, and (ii) variations arising from conflicts with government regulations or industry-specific requirements, which may be influenced by factors such as climate, geography, technology, infrastructure, or

1140-574: The lack of efficiency in this system and began to consider proposals for an international standard for electric engineering. In 1904 , Crompton represented Britain at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis as part of a delegation by the Institute of Electrical Engineers . He presented a paper on standardisation, which was so well received that he was asked to look into the formation of

1178-524: The onset of the Industrial Revolution and the need for high-precision machine tools and interchangeable parts . Henry Maudslay developed the first industrially practical screw-cutting lathe in 1800, which allowed for the standardisation of screw thread sizes for the first time. Maudslay's work, as well as the contributions of other engineers, accomplished a modest amount of industry standardization ; some companies' in-house standards spread

Sandpaper fig - Misplaced Pages Continue

1216-399: The safety standards deemed necessary by the relevant authorities. International standards are one way to overcome technical barriers in international commerce caused by differences among technical regulations and standards developed independently and separately by each nation, national standards organization, or business. Technical barriers arise when different groups come together, each with

1254-453: The specification was cancelled in 1989. Abrasive papers and cloths with a waterproof backing allow the use of a lubricant, typically water, which can both decapitate rough surfaces when used dry and produce a semi-polished satin type finish when wet. Super-fine grades can produce a "key" adhesion surface appropriate for spray painting in critical decorative applications such as automotive bodywork repair. Different adhesives are used to bond

1292-512: Was R. E. B. Crompton , who became concerned by the large range of different standards and systems used by electrical engineering companies and scientists in the early 20th century . Many companies had entered the market in the 1890s and all chose their own settings for voltage , frequency , current and even the symbols used on circuit diagrams. Adjacent buildings would have totally incompatible electrical systems simply because they had been fitted out by different companies. Crompton could see

1330-445: Was also used for cleaning, as a means of removing rust from polished steel components. Both emery cloth and paper are still sold in hardware and do it yourself stores, but have been largely supplanted by the increased use of machine grinding to precision size, which has minimized or eliminated the need for hand-fitting; the widespread availability of powered hand tools employing sanding and grinding accessories such as flapwheels ; and

1368-726: Was established in London in 1901 as the world's first national standards body. After the First World War , similar national bodies were established in other countries. The Deutsches Institut für Normung was set up in Germany in 1917 , followed by its counterparts, the American National Standard Institute and the French Commission Permanente de Standardisation , both in 1918 . There are not many books that cover standards in general, but

1406-405: Was in automotive paint refinishing. In addition to paper, backing for sandpaper includes cloth ( cotton , polyester , rayon ), PET film , "fibre", and rubber. Cloth backing is used for sandpaper discs and belts, while PET film is used as backing for extremely fine grits. Fibre or vulcanized fibre is a strong backing material consisting of many layers of polymer impregnated paper. The weight of

1444-411: Was often passed off as glass paper; Stalker and Parker cautioned against it in A Treatise of Japaning and Varnishing published in 1688. In 1921, 3M invented a sandpaper with silicon carbide grit and a waterproof adhesive and backing, known as Wet and dry . This allowed use with water, which would serve as a lubricant to carry away particles that would otherwise clog the grit. Its first application

#771228