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77-659: Sandford-on-Thames , also referred to as simply Sandford, is a village and Parish Council beside the River Thames in Oxfordshire just south of Oxford . The village is just west of the A4074 road between Oxford and Henley . In 1086 the Domesday Book counted 18 families as living by the sandy ford over the Thames between Iffley and Radley . Six hundred years later the population of

154-415: A "town council". The majority of successor parishes, and a number of other small market towns now have town councils , with the power of parish councils but their chairmen are entitled to style themselves as " town mayor ". Similarly, a handful of parishes have been granted city status by letters patent : the council of such a parish is known as "city council" and the chairman is entitled to be known as

231-560: A beach where people can swim, lie in the sun , or participate in water sports. On a cruise ship or ocean liner , the lido deck features outdoor pools and related facilities. The term probably made its way into English via "Lansbury's Lido", a nickname used in the British press for London's Serpentine bathing place. The bathing place was revamped in 1930 as a project of the Labour First Commissioner for Works, George Lansbury ,

308-415: A geographical area known as a civil parish. The civil parishes were also grouped to form rural districts , which became the geographical areas of rural district councils. Civil geographical parishes continued to exist in urban districts, but did not have parish councils. Whilst the bulk of the rationalised activities went to district councils, parish councils took over a number of lesser powers including all

385-456: A grassed area on the riverside near Sandford Lock which is the site of the old wharf , and recreation areas off Heyford Hill Lane which also contain children's play equipment. All are maintained by the Parish Council . The Oxford Preservation Trust owns the land between Broadhurst Gardens and the River Thames . The village shop and post office was closed in 1987. The Village Hall has

462-417: A large function room which hosted Sunday dinners and occasional evening events including weekly bingo and seasonal dances . The New Year's Eve dance was a particular highlight. There was also a caravan park , a cricket pitch and a marina on the Thames river. After Dick Morris' death in 1966, his wife Freda continued on in partnership with her son Lloyd and together they ran the club until 1985 when

539-507: A parish council has been able to alternatively style itself as a "village council", "neighbourhood council" or "community council". A provision of this Act is that is that civil parishes may now be established in the London boroughs. Since the enactment of the Local Government and Rating Act 1997 , district and unitary councils may create a parish council for a new civil parish either through

616-407: A parish council must be formed. Where there are between 151 and 999 electors the principal council may recommend the establishment of either a parish council or parish meeting. Where there are 150 electors or fewer a parish council may not be formed. Reviews come into effect on 1 April in the year following the date the reorganisation order is made. Where a new parish council is created, elections to

693-582: A parish council: smaller ones, typically those with fewer than 150 electors, often have parish meetings instead, which can fulfil many of the functions of a parish council. Alternatively, parishes with small populations may apply to be grouped together with one or more neighbouring parishes under a common parish council. Civil parish councils were formed in England under the reforming Local Government Act 1894 ( 56 & 57 Vict. c. 73) to take over local oversight of civic duties in rural towns and villages from

770-455: A petition of local government electors for an area. A petition is deemed valid where it is signed by a sufficient proportion of the electorate (ranging from 50% in an area with fewer than 500 electors to 10% in one with more than 2,500). The sufficient proportion of the electorate necessary in areas with more than 2,500 electors was reduced from 10% to 7.5% under an amendment to the Act made in 2015. At

847-565: A plaque to whom appears on the Serpentine pavilion to this day. The re-opening garnered significant press attention as a result of Lansbury's introduction of "mixed" bathing. Lido , an Italian word for "beach", forms part of the place names of several Italian seaside towns known for their beaches, such as Lido di Venezia , the barrier beach enclosing the Venetian Lagoon . Like the Lido di Venezia,

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924-590: A radical new power: to "do anything that individuals generally may do" as long as that is not limited by some other Act. This is known as the General Power of Competence (GPC), and is available to "eligible" parish councils. An eligible council is one which has resolved to adopt the GPC, with at least two-thirds of its members being declared elected, rather than co-opted, and the Clerk must hold an appropriate qualification. However

1001-491: A review or in response to a petition. This has led to the creation of new parish councils at an increased rate, especially in large towns and cities which do not have a history of parish governance. Since 13 February 2008 the power to create new parishes and parish councils, to alter parish boundaries, to dissolve parish councils and to abolish parishes has been devolved to district , unitary and London Borough councils (collectively known as "principal councils"). This process

1078-445: A shop and cafe run by volunteers, called 'Talking Shop' which offers local foods as well as general provisions. The Sustrans cycle path is accessible from the village across the river Thames and offers easy access to Oxford city centre along the river. Sandford is a scheduled stop for Salters Steamers ' river boat services between Oxford and Abingdon . A regular local bus service between Wallingford and Oxford city centre serves

1155-580: A win for Oxford by just two-thirds of a length. The village has two public houses : the King's Arms on the river (converted in the 19th century from the Mill malthouse ), and The Catherine Wheel on Henley Road. The Fox (built in 1853 by the Morrell family) has been closed since 2009. The village has several public open spaces including a large, fenced recreation ground next to the church containing children's play equipment,

1232-404: Is a power awarded in 2012 to eligible councils, which further broadens the scope of activities that councils can be involved in. Parish councils may exercise powers to provide, maintain and manage certain facilities. There are large variations in the facilities provided by parish councils, but they can include any of the following: They may also provide the following, subject to the consent of

1309-485: Is four years, and councillors are elected by the block vote system, with voters having the same number of votes as seats on the council, in a secret ballot . Those candidates with the highest number of votes sufficient to fill the number of vacant seats are elected. The legislation provides that the number of elected members of a parish council shall not be less than five. Larger parishes may be divided into parish wards, with separate elections for each ward. The timing of

1386-406: Is known as a "community governance review". Principal councils have the power to make a community governance review at any time for all or part of their district. It is envisaged that such reviews will occur at intervals of between 10 and 15 years, and will take into account population changes, the need for well-defined boundaries and the wishes of local inhabitants. Reviews may also be triggered by

1463-402: Is not a quorum elected the district council must dissolve it and order fresh elections. Where there are more candidates than vacancies, a poll must be held. Undivided parishes, or multi-member parish wards, hold elections under the block vote system. If a vacancy occurs during the term of a parish council, it may be filled by either election or co-option. Elections only occur if, following

1540-423: Is taken. Where there are fewer candidates than vacant seats, the parish council has the power to coopt any person or persons to fill the vacancies. This power, however, may only be exercised if there is a quorum of councillors present and within 35 days of the election. If the parish council fails to fill the vacancies within this period, the district council may dissolve it and order fresh elections. If there

1617-490: Is the formal point of contact with the public, and a source of information for the public about the Council's activities. The necessary financial monitoring and reporting are the clerk's responsibility, and in this role the clerk is known as the "Responsible Financial Officer" (RFO) of the Council. The clerk also provides procedural guidance for the Council itself, and ensures that statutory and other provisions governing or affecting

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1694-464: Is the role of the local planning authority to agree who should be the neighbourhood forum for the neighbourhood area. Neighbourhood forums and parish councils can use new neighbourhood planning powers to establish general planning policies for the development and use of land in a neighbourhood. These are described legally as "neighbourhood development plans". In an important change to the planning system, communities can use neighbourhood planning to permit

1771-790: The Oxford Science Park and Oxford United FC's Kassam Stadium which was completed in 2001. The road through the centre of the village (now the Henley Road but formerly called both the Nuneham Road and the London Road) also crosses the Northfield Brook. A toll house known as Sandford Gate stood here until it was knocked down in 1920 and the present house was built. One of the earliest petrol stations , which served William Morris (Lord Nuffield) as he journeyed between Oxford and Nuffield

1848-501: The county council , unitary authority or London borough council of the area in which they lie: Parish councils have the statutory right to be consulted by the local district, borough, county council or unitary authority on: Parish councils may also exercise the following powers: Under the Localism Act 2011 eligible parish councils can be granted a " general power of competence " (GPC) which allows them within certain limits

1925-520: The vestry committee . Parish councils are generically referred to as "local councils" to distinguish them from " principal councils " (e.g. district councils , county councils , unitary authorities or London borough councils) and most are affiliated via County Associations to the National Association of Local Councils (NALC), which represents their interests at a national level. Their activities fall into three main categories: representing

2002-543: The "city mayor". In England, there are currently eight parishes with city status, all places with long-established Anglican cathedrals: Chichester , Ely , Hereford , Lichfield , Ripon , Salisbury , Truro and Wells . Despite its name, the City of Durham Parish Council is not a city; Durham's city status is held by charter trustees . Following the enactment of the Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Act 2007 ,

2079-452: The 1894 Act and subsequent legislation. Compared to higher tiers of English local government, parish councils have very few statutory duties (i.e. things they are required to do by law) but have a much more extensive range of discretionary powers which they may exercise voluntarily. For this reason, there are large variations in the activities of parish councils, depending on their size, resources and abilities. The "General Power of Competence"

2156-482: The 1950s Gilbert Henry James Morris (known as Dick Morris) entered into a long lease with Magdalen College and together with his wife Freda founded the Temple Farm Country Club . The land encompassed several buildings including the main house which held the bar for members, and two floors of bedrooms where Mr. and Mrs. Morris resided and also included guest rooms. The barn also had a bar (the barn bar) and

2233-612: The 1980s, this occupies the site of the former mill which closed on Christmas Eve 1982. Originally a corn mill belonging to the Abbey of Abingdon and recorded in 1100 as owned by the local monks for bread making, it came into the hands of the Knights Templars at the beginning of the 14th century. It was converted to a paper mill in 1826 in order to supply the increasing demands of the University of Oxford . The listed cottages upstream from

2310-469: The Clerk. The Clerk as the Proper Officer "enacts" (cause to happen) the decisions of the Council, and they receive official correspondence and issue correspondence on the instructions of the Council. The clerk also prepares agendas for meetings of the Council and its committees, gives notice of these to the Council members and the public, and records and publishes the minutes of these meetings. The Clerk

2387-410: The Council is managed by its Clerk, a paid employee appointed by the council, who acts in a combined statutory role of Proper Officer (secretary or chief executive) and Responsible Financial Officer (treasurer). They may be full-time or part-time, depending on the amount of council business, and large parish councils may require more than one official for these tasks, in which case they are a group led by

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2464-451: The English ratepayers is between 28,000 and 29,000. Not only are we exposed to this multiplicity of authority and this confusion of rating power, but the qualification, tenure, and mode of election of members of these Authorities differ in different cases." The government chose the civil parish as the basic unit of local government in rural areas. Each parish council's area of responsibility was

2541-418: The GPC can allow councils to engage in a range of activities such as setting up a trading company or co-operative to operate commercial activities, such as lending or investing money, or running a local shop, post office or energy company. Or allow it to contribute towards the provision of a service by another authority. The central function of the Council, the making of local decisions and policy relevant to

2618-526: The King's Arms was used extensively both by the paper mill and also by the brickworks , which developed well until 1914 when the engines were taken for service in the First World War . In 1920 the 126 foot tall brickworks chimney was demolished. The land is now a trailer park site. The name is preserved in Brick Kiln Lane (formerly Crab or Crab Gate Lane) running east out of the village towards

2695-414: The advertisement of the vacancy for 14 days, 10 electors send a written request to the returning officer. If no request is received, the parish council will be required to fill the vacancies by co-option. If vacancy occurs within 6 months of a scheduled election, then a by-election cannot be called, but the council has the power to co-opt. The nomination qualifications required of a candidate for co-option are

2772-403: The barn bar. The inscription 1614 was carved onto the gateway of the garden through which the torchlight procession carrying his remains was carried en route to burial. Rock Farm, formerly called Sandford Farm, was bought by a Mr. Benfield in 1897. He and his partner Mr Loxley were owners of a building firm and developed the clay on Rock Farm to supply their building works with bricks. Apart from

2849-401: The chairman, and a quorum of the main council committee is at least one-third of the members, or three members, whichever is the greater. Every meeting is open to the public, who are encouraged to attend, except for those items where the Council formally resolves to exclude the public and press on the grounds that publicity would be prejudicial to the public interest. This would have to be due to

2926-622: The confidential nature of the business. This latter also applies to any subcommittee of the parish council. A Council can form committees with delegated powers for specific purposes; however these must adhere to the protocols for public attendance, minute-taking and notice of meetings that apply to the main Council. A committee may form sub-committees. A Council can also appoint advisory groups which are exempt from these constraints to give flexibility, but these have no delegated powers and cannot make financial decisions. Such groups may contain members who are not councillors. Public notice of meetings of

3003-552: The council and its committees must be given at least three clear days before and be displayed in a "noticeable place" in the Parish, giving time, date and venue. A summons to attend the meeting is also issued, specifying the agenda, to every member of the Council. Items not on the agenda cannot be formally debated or resolved. Items brought up by the attendance of the general public or in correspondence can be discussed, but formal resolutions on these must be deferred if they are not covered by

3080-431: The course either by bicycle or on foot. Contemporary newspaper reports estimate the crowd at between seven and ten thousand. The Cambridge crew, unusually for the time, included a Dane at bow and a Turk at number four. The Oxford crew included four medical students. The race was rowed between the narrow banks of a 1.25 miles (2.01 km) downstream course with the start about 0.25 miles (400 m) below Sandford Lock and

3157-407: The deaths of six Christ Church students who drowned here in three separate incidents between 1843 and 1921. Even into the 1950s the river at Sandford-on-Thames was still regarded as a place to come and relax. On Sundays people came from Oxford to swim at The Lido below the lock and to picnic. The King's Arms had extensive tea-lawns on which to spend lazy Sunday afternoons. The first lock at Sandford

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3234-404: The development they want to see - in full or in outline – without the need for planning applications. These are called "neighbourhood development orders". In 1974, the local government reforms allowed the creation of successor parish councils, to cover those areas formerly the responsibility of a municipal corporation. Such an area could be declared a "town", and the council would then be known as

3311-478: The election cycle is usually linked to that of the election of a district councillor for the ward containing the parish. Where the elections to a district council are delayed or cancelled (e.g due to its abolishment with the formation of a unitary council or a change from elections by thirds to the whole council), the term of a parish council may be extended to match the next elections to the new authority. A candidate must be at least 18 years old and at least one of

3388-435: The end of the review process, which must be completed within 12 months, the principal council is empowered to issue a reorganisation order setting out the changes. This order may: In order to abolish an existing parish council, the principal council must provide evidence that this in response to "justified, clear and sustained local support" from the area's inhabitants. Where a new parish is formed with 1,000 electors or more,

3465-445: The existing agenda to the next meeting so that due notice can be given. It is common practice to have a "public participation" item at the beginning of the agenda so that the public knows the time when this will occur. The minutes of the meeting are taken by the clerk, and are ratified at the next meeting of the council. They must also be displayed in a noticeable place in the parish, and for many councils, they are now also displayed on

3542-530: The finish at the Radley College Boathouse. Oxford won the toss and chose the Oxfordshire bank, with Cambridge rowing on the Berkshire side. Oxford set off at 40 strokes compared to Cambridge's 37, and were almost immediately in the lead and a length up in some thirty seconds. Despite being left at the start, Cambridge did not give up and responded well, with the judge's verdict at the finish recorded as

3619-399: The floor plan of the original ancient barn which the developer of the site got permission to demolish. During the ground preparation for the new houses at Rock farm a large quantity of building stone was unearthed. some of which was dressed for windows and other architectural features. This may have been from Elizabeth Isham 's house which was believed to have been near there. Some of the stone

3696-482: The following: and candidates must state on their consent for nomination form their qualification for election, which must be at least one of the following: The chairman of the previous council shall remain in office, even if not elected to the newly constituted council, until a new chairman is appointed at the first meeting of the new council. Where there are an equal number or fewer candidates than there are vacancies, all candidates are elected unopposed, and no poll

3773-529: The freedom to do anything an individual can do provided it is not prohibited by other legislation, as opposed to being limited to the powers explicitly granted to them by law. To be eligible for this a parish council must meet certain conditions, such as at least two-thirds of the councillors being elected as opposed to being co-opted or appointed, and having a clerk with suitable qualifications. However, such activities cannot use precept funding, and specific funding must be obtained from other sources. In principle

3850-519: The internet. Procedures for the conduct of meetings are set out in Schedule 12 of the Local Government Act 1972, and where this is not overridden by legislation, by the standing orders of the Council. Most adopt the National Association of Local Councils (NALC) model standing orders. Councillors are expected to adhere to the "Nolan principles" of conduct in public life The administration of

3927-467: The large number of bodies which existed for a variety of activities such as public health, secular burials, water supply and drainage. It also finally removed secular duties from the local vestry committees and gave them to the new parish councils. An idea of the scope of this huge re-organisation can be gained from the words of H H Fowler , President of the Local Government Board, who said in

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4004-667: The lease expired. After the long incarnation as Temple Farm Country Club the property burnt down in the 1990s and was restored as a hotel, originally part of the Four Pillars Hotels Group and from 2016 part of the De Vere Hotel group. The barn bar was said to be the final resting place of the Oxford Martyr George Napier, whose remains were taken from the Thames and laid to rest in the family chapel that later became

4081-436: The local community, delivering services to meet local needs, and improving quality of life and community well being. Parish councils have the power to tax their residents to support their operations and to carry out local projects, and this is done through the council tax system. Although there is no limit to the amount that can be raised, the money can only be raised for a limited number of purposes, listed below, as defined in

4158-450: The lock (now River View) that can be seen across the road from the old wharf were also built in 1826. Occupied by mill workers, they originally boasted flat roofs made of tarred paper, (a first in Britain). The millrace continues to flow under the footbridge that crosses from the King's Arms pub to the lock . At the beginning of the 20th century the wharf adjacent to and upstream from

4235-449: The lock-keeper's house (dated 1914) flows from the "big lasher" weir which creates strong currents and eddies. In spite of the danger, this was a favourite swimming place up to the mid-20th century. In 1921 the river here claimed the lives of three Christ Church students, including Michael Llewelyn Davies , the adopted son of J. M. Barrie , who was the inspiration for Peter Pan . An obelisk that has stood here since at least 1821 records

4312-737: The majority of their funding by levying a precept upon the council tax paid by the residents of the parish (or parishes) covered by the council. In 2021-22 the amount raised by precept was £616 million. Other funding may be obtained by local fund-raising or grants for specific activities. They can vary enormously in size, activities and circumstances; representing populations ranging from fewer than 100 (small rural hamlets) to up to 130,000 ( Northampton Town Council ). Most of them are small: around 80% represent populations of less than 2,500; Parish councils are made up of unpaid councillors who are elected to serve for four years: there are about 70,000 parish councillors country-wide. Not every civil parish has

4389-399: The new body will be held at the time of next council elections. In the intervening period the principal council appoint the parish council from among their own membership. Lido (swimming pool) In British English , a lido ( / ˈ l iː d oʊ / LEE -doh , / ˈ l aɪ d oʊ / LY -doh ) is a public outdoor swimming pool and surrounding facilities, or part of

4466-479: The original proposal to grant a general power of competence to councils was not carried through, and the doctrine of ultra vires remained. This meant that parish councils could not do anything outside their statutory powers. It was not until the Localism Act 2011 that parish councils were freed of the constraints of ultra vires which had limited the activities of parish councils to only those things for which they had been given statutory powers. They were given

4543-443: The parish council was retained as the "grass roots" tier of local democracy for rural areas. In addition, many small towns which had previously formed municipal boroughs or urban districts became " successor parishes " within larger districts . The Act also recognised the role of parish councils in development planning in their parish, and gave them the right to be informed and consulted on applications for such development. However,

4620-399: The parliamentary debate for the 1894 Act: "62 counties, 302 Municipal Boroughs, 31 Improvement Act Districts, 688 Local Government Districts, 574 Rural Sanitary Districts, 58 Port Sanitary Districts, 2,302 School Board Districts ... 1,052 Burial Board Districts, 648 Poor Law Unions, 13,775 Ecclesiastical Parishes, and nearly 15,000 Civil Parishes. The total number of Authorities which tax

4697-562: The precept may not be raised specifically for activities which rely only on the power of the GPC, and such funding must be obtained from other sources. The Localism Act also introduced new rights and powers to allow local communities to shape new development by coming together to prepare neighbourhood plans. Neighbourhood planning can be taken forward by two types of body: town and parish councils or "neighbourhood forums". Neighbourhood forums are community groups that are designated to take forward neighbourhood planning in areas without parishes. It

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4774-466: The public interest of the parish, is performed at the meetings of the Council. A parish council must hold an annual meeting and at least three other meetings in a year; however, monthly meetings are the most common, and some larger councils have fortnightly meetings. An extraordinary meeting may be called at any time by the chairman or members, but due notice must be given. A parish council consists of no fewer than five elected parish councillors, including

4851-516: The reign of Edward II the Templars were suppressed and in 1324 the Knights Hospitaller took over. In 1541 Henry VIII dissolved the order, and the land passed to Cardinal Sir Thomas Wolsey . The river Thames dominates Sandford's history, with the fertile meadows promoting agriculture and the water providing both transport and power. Roman pottery from kilns found on the northern edge of

4928-471: The river taking traffic, including horses and carts, over the river to Abingdon , once the county town of Berkshire . An ancient mounting block can still be seen on the western river bank just below the lock , which travellers would have used to remount their horses having crossed the river on foot. In his book Three Men in a Boat , Jerome K. Jerome described the pool under Sandford lasher as "a very good place to drown yourself in". The watercourse behind

5005-560: The road name, the last remnants of Rock Farm are the original farmhouse, now called Manor House and originally called Sandford Farm, with its tied cottages running down the left side of Rock Farm Lane, another row of four to the right of Manor house and the old dovecote in Keene Close which was restored in the 1990s and stands in front of one of the houses in the recent Rock Farm development. The new barn style house in Rock Farm Lane stands on

5082-562: The running of the Council are observed. Clerks are encouraged to have a formal qualification, such as the Certificate in Local Council Administration (CiLCA). A councillor cannot become the paid clerk of their council, due to conflict of interest, but they can be appointed on an unpaid basis; preferably temporarily. A councillor cannot become a paid clerk until 12 months after leaving office. The cycle of parish council elections

5159-564: The same as for those for election. If the number of vacancies on the parish council is such that there is no longer a quorum, the district council may temporarily appoint persons to bring the council up to strength in the interval prior to an election. Civil parish councils were formed in England under the reforming Local Government Act 1894 ( 56 & 57 Vict. c. 73) to take over local oversight of civic duties in rural towns and villages . The act created two new types of local authority, parish councils and district councils , to rationalise

5236-587: The secular activities of the parish Vestry committee; a system of local government based on ecclesiastical parishes that originated in the feudal system . Two principal Acts of Parliament have increased the general powers of parish councils, and removed onerous constraints. The Redcliffe-Maud Report led to the Local Government Act 1972 , which dramatically re-organised local government with amalgamation of district councils, large-scale changes to county boundaries and creation of metropolitan areas. However,

5313-693: The south wall in St Andrew's church: a wooden village shrine which lists the fallen of both World Wars, and three individual commemorative plaques to E.G. Wilkins, H.S. Cannon and H.C. Cannon. Each has been recorded and included in the National Inventory of War Memorials at the Imperial War Museum . In 1239 Sir Thomas de Sandford gave land to the Knights Templar enclave in Oxford 's Temple Cowley . In

5390-521: The upper gates can be seen in the stonework above the present upper gates). A new lock on the present site was opened in 1836 which lasted until the most recent improvements when the present lock was built in 1972. Littlemore Brook joins the River Thames near Sandford-on-Thames. The Knights Templar name lived on until recently in Temple Farm, which was acquired by Magdalen College, Oxford in 1900. In

5467-468: The village had barely doubled, and it was still under 200 people at the start of the 19th century. Today the population numbers more than 1,000 and the parish boundaries have undergone considerable revision. In the middle of the 12th century a small "field church" dedicated to Saint Andrew was built on a hill in the Sandford manorial grounds for the use of the nearby Minchery nuns. The original Norman porch

5544-525: The village hints at Sandford's manufacturing heritage. The toponym "Sandford" suggests a river crossing , and there are references to Sandford Ferry throughout history. In May 1644, during the English Civil War , the Earl of Essex took his troops across the river at Sandford to join the battle of Cropredy . Within living memory there was still a ferry (later a toll bridge) at the King's Arms public house by

5621-497: The village. Despite extensive local research by the Parish Council and local residents, no suitable ancient field names could be found that could be adapted for the new roads created at Heyford Hill Lane in the late 1990s. Consequently, surnames of past local residents were proposed, and they were accepted by South Oxfordshire District Council. The names adopted are: Parish councils in England Parish councils receive

5698-399: Was incorporated into the reconstructed building at the back of Manor house which was the south end of the old milking parlor. Roman pottery shards and some firing slag was also found at the end of what is now Keene close. (Mr Gerald Keene was the last farmer to operate the farm at this site.) Next to and downstream from the lock is a waterfront housing development, Sandford Mill. Built in

5775-605: Was on the Henley Road opposite the present garage. The garage served as a Spitfire wing repair shop in the Second World War . In 1943, the second wartime Boat Race between the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge was held on the Thames at Sandford. Like the first, it was unofficial and no Blues were awarded. However, public enthusiasm was high and the river banks were thronged with spectators, all of whom had to reach

5852-412: Was restored and repaired in 1652 through the generosity of Elizabeth Isham but the majority of the improvement works to the church took place in the 25 years between 1840 and 1865. In the centre of the graveyard stands a fine yew tree planted on Good Friday 1800 and just to the east of the porch is a flat-topped gravestone from which bread was handed out to the poor of the parish. Four war memorials are on

5929-662: Was the navigation weir or flash lock situated on the old river channel at the site of the lasher today. This was described in 1624 as "Great Lockes" and was replaced in about 1632 by one of the first pound locks to be built in England . Iffley , Sandford and Culham locks were built by the Oxford-Burcot Commission following the Thames Navigation Act 1623 ( 21 Jas. 1 . c. 32). The old lock has since been filled in but its position can still be seen (the position of

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