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152-451: The Sandbaggers is a British spy thriller television series created by Ian Mackintosh , about men and women on the front lines of the Cold War . Set contemporaneously with its original broadcast on ITV from 1978 to 1980, The Sandbaggers examines the effect of espionage on the personal and professional lives of British intelligence officers and their American colleagues. All but three of

304-622: A Daimler , are driven (from the Foreign Office) north along Horse Guards Road , left onto The Mall , right onto Marlborough Road, past St James's Palace , to meet Wellingham for lunch. Later, Burnside and Milner drive south down Bolton Street , turn right onto Piccadilly and head towards Knightsbridge via the Hyde Park Corner road underpass. 3-01 "All In a Good Cause". D'Arcy and Burnside stroll along Carlton House Terrace in London, past

456-843: A black cab along Grosvenor Street to see Ross at the US Embassy on Grosvenor Square , Mayfair. 3-07 "Opposite Numbers". This episode features extensive interior and exterior location filming in Malta . The SALT conference takes place at the Grand Hotel Verdala in Rabat (demolished, 2021) and the Malta Hilton in St. Julian's . Burnside hides Filatov at 4 Vjal Santu Wistin, also in Rabat. Ross and Burnside walk north along Victoria Embankment , from Westminster Pier to

608-632: A double agent , transmitting false intelligence to Imperial Germany on the eve of the Great War. The Scarlet Pimpernel (1905) by Baroness Orczy chronicled an English aristocrat 's derring-do in rescuing French aristocrats from the Reign of Terror of the French Revolution (1789–99). But the term "spy novel" was defined by The Riddle of the Sands (1903) by Irish author Erskine Childers . The Riddle of

760-474: A "total war" campaign to mobilise society for the war. As part of the "total war" campaign, the state warned people to be vigilant at all times for spies; alongside this campaign went a mania for spy stories, which likewise warned people to be vigilant against spies. Novels and films with a counterespionage theme became ubiquitous in Manchukuo from 1937 onward. Despite the intensely patriarchal values of Manchukuo,

912-475: A Britannia hotel). Burnside and Ross meet for a drink in the lounge on the top floor of the London Hilton on Park Lane . The runway exteriors (including the model 'Malaysian World' Boeing 707 ) were filmed at Leeds Bradford Airport (the control tower and Cookridge Tower can be seen in wide shots). The aeroplane interiors were shot on film so appear to have been filmed on location inside a real aircraft or in

1064-564: A MI6 agent's attempts to uncover a mole in apartheid -era South Africa . Greene had worked as a MI6 agent in Freetown, an important British naval base during World War Two, searching for German spies who would radio information about the movements of ships to the Kriegsmarine , experiences which inspired The Heart of the Matter . Greene's case officer during World War Two was Harold "Kim" Philby, who

1216-466: A Mossad spy in Greece. The book was published as a novel, but Roth insisted that the book was not a novel as he argued that the book was presented only as a novel in order to give it deniability. At the end of the book, the character of Philip Roth is ordered to publish the account as a novel, and it ends with Roth the character saying: "And I became quite convinced that it was my interest to do that...I'm just

1368-674: A Pale Horse (1984). Manning Coles published Drink to Yesterday (1940), a grim story occurring during the Great War, which introduces the hero Thomas Elphinstone Hambledon . However, later novels featuring Hambledon were lighter-toned, despite being set either in Nazi Germany or Britain during the Second World War (1939–45). After the War, the Hambledon adventures fell to formula, losing critical and popular interest. The events leading up to

1520-598: A Spy (1938), The Mask of Dimitrios (US: A Coffin for Dimitrios , 1939), and Journey into Fear (1940) feature amateurs entangled in espionage. The politics and ideology are secondary to the personal story that involved the hero or heroine. Ambler's Popular Front –period œuvre has a left-wing perspective about the personal consequences of "big picture" politics and ideology, which was notable, given spy fiction's usual right-wing tilt in defence of establishment attitudes. Ambler's early novels Uncommon Danger (1937) and Cause for Alarm (1938), in which NKVD spies help

1672-671: A book later in 1969. In Seventeen Moments of Spring , the story is set in the Great Patriotic War as Isayev goes undercover, using the alias of a Baltic German nobleman Max Otto von Stierlitz to infiltrate the German high command. The plot of Seventeen Moments of Spring takes place in Berlin between January–May 1945 during the last days of the Third Reich as the Red Army advances onto Berlin and

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1824-597: A cabin training fuselage. Burnside drives with C, in a Daimler , from Lambeth , across Westminster Bridge , to see Wellingham at the Foreign Office . 2-04 "A Question of Loyalty". In Warsaw, Wallace waits for Motika outside Leeds Polytechnic 's Brunswick Building (demolished in 2009 to make way for the Leeds Arena ); the top of Wade House at the Merrion Centre can be seen when he returns to his car. Motika's apartment

1976-612: A coffee in the McDonalds at 155 Victoria Street , London, and walk out into Cathedral Piazza, and then along Boyle Street . That night, Burnside takes a stroll along Charing Cross Road , before running into some skinheads in Leicester Square and ending up in St Thomas' Hospital , Lambeth. Judging by the brickwork, and the building seen through the windows, the interiors were probably filmed at Leeds General Infirmary . Burnside rides in

2128-673: A daring spy. In His Last Bow , Holmes himself acts as a double agent , providing Germany with a lot of false information on the eve of WWI . The major themes of a spy in the lead-up to the First World War were the continuing rivalry between the European colonial powers for dominance in Asia, the growing threat of conflict in Europe, the domestic threat of revolutionaries and anarchists, and historical romance. Kim (1901) by Rudyard Kipling concerns

2280-704: A detective, Joseph Rouletabille , engages in espionage. After the Russian Revolution (1917) , the quality of spy fiction declined, perhaps because the Bolshevik enemy won the Russian Civil War (1917–23). Thus, the inter-war spy story usually concerns combating the Red Menace, which was perceived as another "clash of civilizations". Spy fiction was dominated by British authors during this period, initially former intelligence officers and agents writing from inside

2432-614: A dirt road, filmed at Caley Crags on the Otley Chevin , north of Leeds. Ross and Burnside meet on Trafalgar Square , London. 1-07 "Special Relationship". Mittag's apartment in East Berlin was filmed at the old Quarry Hill housing complex in Leeds (demolished, 1978). After lunch Burnside and Dickens take a walk through the Hyde Park area of Woodhouse Moor , Leeds. Ross tells Burnside the mission

2584-638: A document as an official secret is not subject to judicial review , and a violation of the act is punishable with between one and seven years' imprisonment. The act has been controversial for its use to silence dissent and stifling anti-corruption activities. In New Zealand , the Official Secrets Act 1951 was repealed by the Official Information Act 1982 . In Singapore , the Official Secrets Act (Cap. 213, 2012 Rev. Ed.) prohibits

2736-605: A failed attempt to bomb the Greenwich Observatory in the hope that the revolutionaries will be blamed. Conrad's next novel, Under Western Eyes (1911), follows a reluctant spy sent by the Russian Empire to infiltrate a group of revolutionaries based in Geneva . G. K. Chesterton 's The Man Who Was Thursday (1908) is a metaphysical thriller ostensibly based on the infiltration of an anarchist organisation by detectives, but

2888-565: A field agent; he reprised the role in the sequel The Cardinal of the Kremlin (1987). Other important American authors who became active in spy fiction during this period include Robert Littell , The Defection of A. J. Lewinter (1973); James Grady , Six Days of the Condor (1974); William F. Buckley Jr. , Saving the Queen (1976); Nelson DeMille , The Talbot Odyssey (1984); W. E. B. Griffin ,

3040-432: A follow-up season in which his character, using a wheelchair, had taken over Burnside's role as Director of Special Operations. Because of the atmosphere of authenticity that the scripts evoked and the liberal use of "spook" jargon, there has been speculation that Mackintosh might have been a former operative of SIS or had, at least, contact with the espionage community. This has extended to speculation that his disappearance

3192-636: A good Mossadnik". Official Secrets Act An Official Secrets Act ( OSA ) is legislation that provides for the protection of state secrets and official information, mainly related to national security . However, in its unrevised form (based on the UK Official Secrets Act 1911 ), it can include all information held by government bodies. OSAs are currently in-force in over 40 countries (mostly former British colonies ) including Bangladesh , Kenya , Pakistan , Hong Kong , India , Ireland , Myanmar , Uganda , Malaysia , Singapore and

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3344-637: A long-haired, hashish -smoking fop in the novels The Dolly Dolly Spy (1967), The Great Spy Race (1968), The Bang Bang Birds (1968) and Think, Inc. (1971); James Mitchell 's 'David Callan' series, written in his own name, beginning with Red File for Callan (1969); William Garner 's John Morpurgo in Think Big, Think Dirty (1983), Rats' Alley (1984), and Zones of Silence (1986); and Joseph Hone 's 'Peter Marlow' series, beginning with The Private Sector (1971), set during Israel's Six-Day War (1967) against Egypt, Jordan and Syria. In all of these series

3496-444: A mixed Russian-Han heritage; the implication being that people of "pure" descent from one of the "five races" of Manchukuo would not betray it. In "A Mixed Race Woman", the villain initially appears to Mali, the eponymous character who has a Russian father and a Han mother, but she ultimately is revealed to be blackmailed by the story's true villain, the foreign spy Baoerdun, and she proves to be loyal to Manchukuo after all as she forces

3648-567: A moral human being, who remains sociable and kind to all people, including the citizens of the state that his country is at war with. Unlike Bond, Isayev is devoted to his wife who he deeply loves and despite spending at least ten years as a spy in Germany and having countless chances to sleep with attractive German women remains faithful towards her. Through Isayev is a spy for the NKVD as the Soviet secret police

3800-713: A newspaper correspondent where he met Lansdale who appears in The Quiet American as Alden Pyle while the character of Thomas Fowler, a cynical, but goodhearted British journalist in Saigon was partly based on himself. MI6 was outraged by Our Man In Havana with its story of James Wormold, a British vacuum cleaner salesman in Cuba, recruited to work for MI6 who bamboozles his employers by selling them diagrams of vacuum cleaners, which he persuades MI6 are really diagrams of Soviet missiles. MI6 pressed for Greene to be prosecuted for violating

3952-446: A novel and the TV mini-series that has offended Westerners who are more accustomed to seeing spy stories via the prism of the fast-paced Bond stories is the way that Isayev spends much time interacting with ordinary Germans despite the fact these interactions do nothing to advance the plot and are merely superfluous to the story. However, the point of these scenes are to show that Isayev is still

4104-557: A park in Yorkshire (location tbc). Wellingham and Burnside walk north along Victoria Embankment next to Westminster Pier . 1-03 "Is Your Journey Really Necessary?". Burnside confronts Sally Graham by the orangery in Holland Park gardens in London. 1-04 "The Most Suitable Person". Colin Grove is seen walking along Devonshire Place in London, close to Harley Street . The SIS field school

4256-403: A perception for the colour of human beings: a swift, feminine sensitivity to their characters and motives. He knew mankind as a huntsman knows his cover, as a fox the woods. For a spy must hunt while he is hunted, and the crowd is his estate. He could collect their gestures, record the interplay of glance and movement, as a huntsman can record the twisted bracken and broken twig, or as a fox detects

4408-551: A ruthless oligarchy wears the mask of the "serene republic". In nineteenth-century France, the Dreyfus Affair (1894–99) contributed much to public interest in espionage . For some twelve years (ca. 1894–1906), the Affair, which involved elements of international espionage, treason , and antisemitism , dominated French politics. The details were reported by the world press: an Imperial German penetration agent betraying to Germany

4560-510: A spy novel review column. Nevertheless, counting on the aficionado, publishers continued to issue spy novels by writers popular during the Cold War era, among them Harlot's Ghost (1991) by Norman Mailer . In the US, the new novels Moscow Club (1991) by Joseph Finder , Coyote Bird (1993) by Jim DeFelice, Masquerade (1996) by Gayle Lynds , and The Unlikely Spy (1996) by Daniel Silva maintained

4712-569: A thinly disguised version of the CIA while posing as a journalist. Writing under the pen name Trevanian , Roger Whitaker published a series of brutal spy novels starting with The Eiger Sanction (1972) featuring an amoral art collector/CIA assassin who ostensibly kills for the United States, but in fact kills for money. Whitaker followed up The Eiger Sanction with The Loo Sanction (1973) and Shibumi (1979). Starting in 1976 with his novel Saving

The Sandbaggers - Misplaced Pages Continue

4864-434: A tiny scale, at close range" and complained that he has seen too many "people cheated and misled, whole lives thrown away, people shot and in prison, whole groups and classes of men written off for nothing". Le Carré's middle-class hero George Smiley is a middle-aged spy burdened with an unfaithful, upper-class wife who publicly cuckolds him for sport. The American scholars Norman Polmar and Thomas Allen described Smiley as

5016-457: A typical episode, Burnside moves from office to office speaking (and arguing) with his colleagues across Whitehall and in the intelligence community. These are interspersed with scenes of the Sandbaggers operating in the field, or of the "Ops Room", where missions are coordinated and controlled. The title theme music, composed by jazz pianist Roy Budd , establishes its rhythmic undertone with

5168-607: A very low status. One consequence of the French influence on Russian culture was that the subject of espionage was usually ignored by Russian writers during the Imperial period. Traditionally, the subject of espionage was treated in the Soviet Union as a story of villainous foreign spies threatening the USSR. The organisation established to hunt down German spies in 1943, SMERSH, was an acronym for

5320-529: Is "go" on Cavendish Street at the south entrance to the Parkinson Building on the Leeds University campus. Burnside is brought to tears on the south west steps of Lambeth Bridge , Westminster, in front of Thames House . 2-01 "At All Costs". Burnside smokes a cigarette on the south west steps of Lambeth Bridge , Westminster, in front of Thames House . Burnside and Ross have their "10:20 meeting" in

5472-470: Is D., as shown on a letter addressed to "N.D. Burnside, Esq." on his desk. Willie Caine ( Ray Lonnen ), "Sandbagger One" Caine, a former paratrooper , is head of the Special Operations Section. He shares a bond of friendship and trust with Burnside, and is not afraid to speak his mind; Burnside describes Caine as "probably the best operative currently operating anywhere in the world". He is

5624-415: Is a harried spymaster who doesn't drink; Willie Caine is an intelligence officer not a "super spy", who abhors guns and violence, and is paid a basic civil servant's salary. The plots are complex, multi-layered, and unpredictable: regular characters are killed off abruptly, and surprise twists abound. Episodes consist of a series of conversations , but the dialogue is intelligent and frequently witty. In

5776-726: Is almost entirely devoid of incidental music . One notable exception is the last episode of series 1 (episode 7) where Burnside's feelings get the better of him for reasons the audience (by then) fully understand. Most exterior filming was done in Leeds and the surrounding Yorkshire countryside. The producers successfully used the modernist and brutalist architecture available in Leeds and Yorkshire to create convincing vignettes of eastern bloc locations, but much of this has been redeveloped, reclad or demolished in recent years. Additional exteriors were filmed on location in London and Malta , otherwise

5928-495: Is going on in the "secret world" of intelligence-gathering affected both non-fiction and fiction books about espionage. The Cold War and the struggle between Soviet intelligence-known as the KGB from 1954 onward-vs. the CIA and MI6 made the subject of espionage a popular one for novelists to write about. Most of the spy novels of the Cold War were really action thrillers with little resemblance to

6080-501: Is his highest aim, he learns to love the crowds who pass him in the street without a glance; he clings to them for his anonymity and his safety. His fear makes him servile—he could embrace the shoppers who jostle him in their impatience and force him from the pavement. He could adore the officials, the police, the bus conductors, for the terse indifference of their attitudes. But this fear, this servility, this dependence had developed in Smiley

6232-480: Is probably closer to that of the CIA than that of the SIS. There is no formal section of the SIS known as the Special Operations Section, as far as is publicly known, and there is no intelligence unit known as the Sandbaggers. However, the departures from accuracy in the show may have been deliberate, in order to avoid problems with the SIS under the Official Secrets Act . Ray Lonnen mentioned in an interview that one episode in

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6384-667: Is the Director of Operations (D/Ops) of the British Secret Intelligence Service (SIS, also known as MI6). Himself a former Sandbagger and a former Royal Marine officer, Burnside has been D/Ops for only six months at the start of the series. He is arrogant and obsessively dedicated to his job, and regularly finds himself at odds with his superiors, politicians, the Foreign Office , and the Security Service (MI5) . The opening titles reveal that Burnside's middle initial

6536-527: Is the location of Jeff Ross's office (and is now a hotel). Episode-specific locations 1-01 "First Principles". The Norwegian Embassy is at 25 Belgrave Square , London. Torvik and Burnside meet at Park Square, Leeds . Ross and Burnside meet by the Roosevelt memorial on Grosvenor Square , London. The crash site and tundra of the Kola Peninsula were filmed up on Ilkley Moor . The Oslo airport interior

6688-439: Is usually considered the first American modern (glamour and dirt) spy thriller weighing action and reflection. Richard Helms , the director-general of the CIA from 1966 to 1973 loathed le Carré's morally grey spy novels, which he felt damaged the image of the CIA, and encouraged Hunt to write spy novels as a rebuttal. Helms had hopes that Hunt might write an "American James Bond" novel, which would be adopted by Hollywood and do for

6840-550: The Men at War series (1984–); Stephen Coonts , Flight of the Intruder (1986); Canadian-American author David Morrell , The League of Night and Fog (1987); David Hagberg , Without Honor (1989); Noel Hynd, False Flags (1990); and Richard Ferguson, Oiorpata (1990). The culture of Imperial Russia was deeply influenced by the culture of France, and traditionally spy novels in France had

6992-576: The Anglo – Russian " Great Game ", which consisted of a geopolitical rivalry and strategic warfare for supremacy in Central Asia , usually in Afghanistan . The Secret Agent (1907) by Joseph Conrad examines the psychology and ideology motivating the socially marginal men and women of a revolutionary cell. A diplomat from an unnamed (but clearly Russian) embassy forces a double-agent, Verloc, to organise

7144-419: The Iron Curtain . Several episodes revolve around Burnside's frustration at trying to operate his directorate in the face of budget cuts and what he believes to be unwarranted bureaucratic or political interference. One of the themes running through the series is the relationship between SIS and America's Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the UK-USA Agreement . Burnside goes to great lengths to preserve

7296-438: The McDonalds at 155 Victoria Street , London, which is still there. The entrance has moved and the interior redecorated, but you can still sit at their usual table. In Sofia , Burnside and Caine swap TWA bags with Ross on a bench outside the biology department in zone 1, campus west of York University . The bench is directly opposite the biology greenhouses with the " Eric Milner-White A block" of student accommodation across

7448-417: The Ministry of Defence (MoD) . Art In series one and two, the large painting that hangs in Greenley's office is "The Charge of the Light Brigade" by Robert Alexander Hillingford . When Gibbs becomes "C" in series three, it is replaced by an unidentified naval painting. The painting in Wellingham's office is "Northumberland House, Charing Cross," by John Paul . Neil Burnside ( Roy Marsden ) Burnside

7600-466: The Official Secrets Act 1889 , 1911 , 1920 , 1939 and 1989 . Individuals working with sensitive information are often required to sign a statement affirming their agreement to adhere to the restrictions of the OSA, colloquially known as "signing the Official Secrets Act". However, signing this statement does not alter the legal obligations, as the Act is a law , not a contract , and its provisions apply irrespective of whether an individual has signed

7752-401: The Ouse . 2-05 "It Couldn't Happen Here". In West Virginia, Herron's house was filmed at Newton Kyme Hall , Tadcaster , north east of Leeds. Ross and Burnside have a McDonald's lunch in St James's Park opposite HM Treasury . In West Virginia, O'Shea and Caine drive past University House, the Refectory, and the Clothworkers' Building on Leeds University campus. Herron's funeral is held at

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7904-452: The Royal Society , turn right down the steps at the Duke of York column , cross The Mall and walk into St James's Park . 3-02 "To Hell with Justice". This episode features extensive exterior and interior location filming in Malta . Tyler stays at the Excelsior Hotel (now the Grand Excelsior) in Floriana . Tyler and Burnside talk at the Upper Barrakka Gardens . 3-03 "Unusual Approach". In Rhodes , Burnside, Peel, and Wellingham stay at

8056-437: The Saltaire United Reformed Church in Shipley , north Bradford . Burnside confronts Stratford-Baker in St James's Park (the Duke of York column is visible above the trees). 2-06 "Operation Kingmaker". Peele buys a suit from a Dunn & Co. store at 373 Strand , London (now closed). Burnside emerges from St James's Park and runs into Gibbs on the Clive steps outside the Foreign Office . Later Peele and Burnside, in

8208-467: The United Kingdom , and have previously existed in Canada and New Zealand . There were earlier English and British precedents, long before the acts enumerated here. As early as the 16th Century , following Francis Drake's circumnavigation , Queen Elizabeth I declared that all written accounts of Drake's voyages were to become the "Queen's secrets of the Realm". In addition, Drake and the other participants of his voyages were sworn to their secrecy on

8360-440: The Vale of York or Humberhead Levels (location tbc). Burnside has tea with Lady Wellingham at the "Parkway Tower" (location tbc). Caine and Lincke wait for the Brussels police on York Place, Leeds (the Hotel Metropole is clearly visible in the background). The police car pulls up outside Devonshire House at 37-38 York Place, and Boulin's base is on the first floor of the then semi-derelict 5 York Place (the interior windows match

8512-428: The cimbalom , an instrument often associated with spy thrillers ( John Barry , for example, used the cimbalom in his scores for The Ipcress File and The Quiller Memorandum ). From series 2 onwards, the theme contains an additional organ playing the same melody line. This version (or 'mix') was also used in the opening titles of episode 2 and episode 7 of series 1). Unusually for an episodic drama, The Sandbaggers

8664-407: The "secrets" that he was selling them was merely information culled from the newspapers. The bumbling vacuum cleaner salesman Wormold in Our Man in Havana seems to been inspired by Herbert Greene. In The Human Factor , Greene portrayed MI6 again in a highly unsympathetic light, depicting the British government as supporting the apartheid regime of South Africa because it was pro-Western while

8816-404: The 1950s, inspired an even more popular series of films starting in 1962. The success of the Bond novels and films has greatly influenced popular images of the work of spies even though the character of Bond is more of an assassin than a spy. Despite the commercial success of Fleming's extravagant novels, John le Carré , himself a former spy, created anti-heroic protagonists who struggled with

8968-414: The 20 episodes of the three series were written by Mackintosh, who died during the recording of series three. The series was produced in Leeds by Yorkshire Television . Neil Burnside ( Roy Marsden ) is director of operations (D/Ops) in Britain's Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) . Although commonly known as MI6 among the general public, the service is only ever referred to as SIS in the series to reflect

9120-474: The Act, of espionage in relation to the SOSUS network site at Naval Station Argentia in Newfoundland . Hong Kong has the Official Secrets Ordinance 1997 (Cap. 521), in which it is largely based on the British Official Secrets Acts 1911 to 1989 . Ireland has the Official Secrets Act 1963 , that repealed the previous British legislation of 1911 and 1920. The Official Secrets Act, as amended, applies to all civil servants and potentially anyone within

9272-592: The Act. The United States does not have a broad-reaching Official Secrets Act, although the Espionage Act of 1917 has similar components. Much of the Espionage Act remains in force, although some has been struck down by the Supreme Court as unconstitutional because of the First Amendment (see United States v. The Progressive , Brandenburg v. Ohio , New York Times Co. v. United States ). 18 U.S.C.   § 798 , enacted in 1951, makes dissemination of secret information involving cryptography , espionage , and surveillance illegal for all people, and

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9424-748: The Anglo–American theft of a superior Soviet jet aeroplane. Other important British writers who first became active in spy fiction during this period include Ian Mackintosh , A Slaying in September (1967); Kenneth Benton , Twenty-fourth Level (1969); Desmond Bagley , Running Blind (1970); Anthony Price , The Labyrinth Makers (1971); Gerald Seymour , Harry's Game (1975); Brian Freemantle , Charlie M (1977); Bryan Forbes , Familiar Strangers (1979); Reginald Hill , The Spy's Wife (1980); and Raymond Harold Sawkins , writing as Colin Forbes, Double Jeopardy (1982). Philip Gooden provides an analysis of British spy fiction in four categories: professionals, amateurs, dandies and literary types. During

9576-488: The Brain (1933) by former intelligence officer Compton Mackenzie was the first successful spy novel satire . Prolific author Dennis Wheatley also wrote his first spy novel, The Eunuch of Stamboul (1935) during this period. In the sham state of Manchukuo , spies often featured in stories published in its government-sponsored magazines as villains threatening Manchukuo. Manchukuo had been presented since its founding in 1931 as an idealistic Pan-Asian experiment, where

9728-425: The Cheka. The frequent name changes for the secret police made no impression with the Russian people who still call any secret policeman a Chekisty . Semichastny felt that the legacy of the Yezhovshchina ("Yezhovz times") of 1936-1939 had given the KGB a fearsome reputation that he wanted to erase as wanted ordinary people to have a more favorable and positive image of the Chekisty as the protectors and defenders of

9880-457: The FBI was as "coolly efficient super-cop" who always successful in performing his duties. The FBI director, J.E. Hoover , had long cultivated the American press and Hollywood to promote a favorable image of the FBI. In 1955, Edward S. Aarons began publishing the Sam Durell CIA "Assignment" series, which began with Assignment to Disaster (1955). Donald Hamilton published Death of a Citizen (1960) and The Wrecking Crew (1960), beginning

10032-418: The House of Commons. In 2001, the Act was repealed and replaced by the Security of Information Act , created in the wake of September 11, 2001 attacks to replace the vaguely-worded Official Secrets Act. Twenty-two prosecutions occurred under the Official Secrets Act in Canada, over half of which were in relation to the Gouzenko Affair . In 1989, Stephen Joseph Ratkai was charged and convicted under

10184-414: The Nazis grew more desperate. In 1973, Semnadtsat' mgnoveniy vesny was turned into a television mini-series, which was extremely popular in the Soviet Union and turned the Isayev character into a cultural phenomena. The Isayev character plays a role in Russian culture, even today, that is analogous to the role James Bond plays in modern British culture. As aspect of Seventeen Moments of Spring , both as

10336-411: The OSA in a manner that can prevent politically embarrassing disclosures rather than purely safeguarding national security. This has led to calls for reform, including recommendations from the Law Commission to modernise the Acts, introduce clearer language, and incorporate provisions that balance state security with transparency and public interest . In response to ongoing concerns and to address

10488-421: The Official Secrets Act, claiming that he revealed too much about MI6's methods in Our Man in Havana , but it decided against charging Greene out of the fear that prosecuting him would suggest the unflattening picture of MI6 in Our Man in Havana was based on reality. Greene's older brother, Herbert, a professional con-man had briefly worked as a spy for the Japanese in the 1930s before his employers realised that

10640-441: The Palestinians, against the backdrop of continuing Cold War tensions, and the increasing use of terrorism as a political tool. The end of the Cold War in 1991 mooted the USSR , Russia and other Iron Curtain countries as credible enemies of democracy, and the US Congress even considered disestablishing the CIA . Espionage novelists found themselves at a temporary loss for obvious nemeses . The New York Times ceased publishing

10792-489: The Queen , the conservative American journalist and former CIA agent William F. Buckley published the first of his Blackford Oakes novels featuring a CIA agent whose politics were the same as the author's. Blackford Oakes was portrayed as a "sort of an American James Bond" who ruthlessly dispatches villainous KGB agents with much aplomb. The first American techno-thriller was The Hunt for Red October (1984) by Tom Clancy . It introduced CIA deskman (analyst) Jack Ryan as

10944-611: The Sands described two British yachtsman cruising off the North Sea coast of Germany who turned amateur spies when they discover a secret German plan to invade Britain. Its success created a market for the invasion literature subgenre, which was flooded by imitators. William Le Queux and E. Phillips Oppenheim became the most widely read and most successful British writers of spy fiction, especially of invasion literature. Their prosaic style and formulaic stories, produced voluminously from 1900 to 1914, proved of low literary merit . During

11096-769: The Second World War, and the War itself, continue to be fertile ground for authors of spy fiction. Notable examples include Ken Follett , Eye of the Needle (1978); Alan Furst , Night Soldiers (1988); and David Downing , the Station series, beginning with Zoo Station (2007). The metamorphosis of the Second World War (1939–45) into the Soviet–American Cold War (1945–91) gave new impetus to spy novelists. Atomsk by Paul Linebarger (later known as Cordwainer Smith ), written in 1948 and published in 1949, appears to be

11248-429: The Soviet Union instead of torturers and killers. As such, Semichastny encouraged the publication of a series of spy novels that featured heroic Chekisty defending the Soviet Union. It was also during Semichastny's time as KGB chairman that the cult of the "hero spies" began in the Soviet Union as publications lionised the achievements of Soviet spies such as Colonel Rudolf Abel, Harold "Kim" Philby, Richard Sorge and of

11400-586: The Soviet writer Yulian Semyonov published a novel set in the Russian Civil War featuring a Cheka agent Maxim Maximovich Isaуev as its hero. Inspired by its success, the KGB encouraged Semyonov to write a sequel, Semnadtsat' mgnoveniy vesny ("Seventeen Moments of Spring"), which proved to one of the most popular Soviet spy novels when it was serialized in Pravda in January–February 1969 and then published as

11552-557: The United States, where the achievements of Anglo-American intelligence during the Second World War were to a certain extent publicized soon after the war such as the fact that the Americans had broken the Japanese naval codes (which came out in 1946) and the British deception operation of 1943, Operation Mincemeat (which was revealed in 1953), there was nothing equivalent in the Soviet Union until

11704-576: The Villa Messina in Rabat, Malta (now a care home). In Russia, Wallace's arrival at Krasnodar airport was filmed on the Leeds University campus in the section of the "red route" corridor linking the EC Stoner Building to the Mathematics and Earth Sciences Building. The Roger Stevens Building is visible through the window behind. A few shots of the control tower at Leeds Bradford airport cement

11856-433: The War, John Buchan became the pre-eminent British spy novelist. His well-written stories portray the Great War as a "clash of civilisations" between Western civilization and barbarism . His notable novels are The Thirty-nine Steps (1915), Greenmantle (1916) and sequels, all featuring the heroic Scotsman Richard Hannay . In France Gaston Leroux published the spy thriller Rouletabille chez Krupp (1917), in which

12008-477: The Western powers were betraying their values by supporting the white supremacist South African government. Much controversy ensued when shortly after the publication of The Human Factor it emerged that such a plan had in fact been carried out, which led to much speculation about whether this was a coincidence or whether Greene had more access to secret information than he let on. There was also much speculation that

12160-463: The actual work of spies. The writer Malcolm Muggeridge who had worked as a spy in World War Two commented that thriller writers in the Cold War took to writing about espionage "as easily as the mentally unstable become psychiatrists or the impotent pornographers". The city that was considered to be the "capital of the Cold War" was Berlin, owing to its post-war status as the city was divided between

12312-459: The agreement and the so-called " special relationship ", most notably in the episode of the same name (1-07). The Sandbaggers was created by Ian Mackintosh , a Scottish former naval officer turned television writer, who had previously achieved success with the acclaimed BBC television series Warship . He wrote all the episodes of the first two series of The Sandbaggers , but in July 1979, during

12464-527: The amateur protagonist survive, are especially remarkable among English-language spy fiction. Above Suspicion (1939) by Helen MacInnes , about an anti-Nazi husband and wife spy team, features literate writing and fast-paced, intricate, and suspenseful stories occurring against contemporary historical backgrounds. MacInnes wrote many other spy novels in the course of a long career, including Assignment in Brittany (1942), Decision at Delphi (1961), and Ride

12616-470: The book's protagonist, the MI6 officer Maurice Castle, married to a black South African woman, provides information to the KGB to thwart MI6 operations. Much of the plot of The Human Factor concerned a secret plan by the British, American and West German governments to buy up South African gold in bulk in order to stabilise the economy of South Africa , which Greene presented as fundamentally amoral, arguing that

12768-734: The character of Maurice Castle was inspired by Philby, but Greene consistently denied this. Other novelists followed a similar path. Len Deighton 's anonymous spy protagonist of The IPCRESS File (1962), Horse Under Water (1963), Funeral in Berlin (1964), and others, is a working-class man with a negative view of " the Establishment ". Other notable examples of espionage fiction during this period were also built around recurring characters. These include James Mitchell 's 'John Craig' series, written under his pseudonym 'James Munro', beginning with The Man Who Sold Death (1964); and Trevor Dudley-Smith 's Quiller spy novel series written under

12920-487: The counter-spy campaign targeted women who were encouraged to report anyone suspicious to the police with one slogan saying, "Women defend inside and men defend outside". The spy stories of Manchukuo such as "A Mixed Race Woman" often had female protagonists. In "A Mixed Race Woman", it is two ordinary women who break up the spy ring instead of the Manchukuo police as might be expected. The South Korean scholar Bong InYoung noted stories such as "A Mixed Race Woman" were part of

13072-588: The disclosure of official documents and information. The Act was first introduced to Singapore in 1935 as the Official Secrets Ordinance. Section 5 of the Act prohibits the wrongful communication of information that is considered sensitive by the government. The Official Secrets Acts (OSA) of the UK comprise several laws aimed at the protection of state secrets and the prevention of espionage . The key Acts are

13224-678: The early 1960s. Soviet novels prior to the 1960s to the extent that espionage was portrayed at all concerned heroic scouts in the Red Army who during the Great Patriotic War as the war with Germany is known in the Soviet Union who go on dangerous missions deep behind the Wehrmacht's lines to find crucial information. The scout stories were more action-adventure stories than espionage stories proper and significantly always portrayed Red Army scouts rather than Chekisty ("Chekists") as secret policemen are always called in Russia as their heroes. The protagonists of

13376-486: The end of a parachute, they're won and lost in drab, dreary corridors in Westminster." The Sandbaggers features ordinary people doing extraordinary work. The scripts are laced with black humour, depicting the high emotional toll taken on espionage professionals who operate in a world of moral ambiguity. There are very few action sequences, and the equipment available to the operatives is standard and often outdated. Burnside

13528-495: The end of the second series due to angina and is replaced by John Tower Gibbs. Matthew Peele ( Jerome Willis ), Deputy Chief As Deputy Chief, Peele is usually the first person to whom Burnside reports. They share an antagonistic relationship, as Burnside views Peele as a nuisance with no opinions of his own, while Peele considers Burnside reckless, arrogant, and untrustworthy. Peele is generally disliked by most characters, but displays considerable tact and intelligence throughout

13680-946: The end of the street is the Leeds International Pool (demolished, 2009). The airport scenes were shot on the Leeds University campus, using the ground floor of the Roger Stevens Building and the section of the "red route" corridor linking the Roger Stevens to the Mathematics and Earth Sciences Building. Burnside leaves the office on Boyle Street , then he walks south along Victoria Embankment , turns right onto Bridge Street and past Westminster tube station , crosses Canon Row, buys an Evening Standard and stops outside St Stephen's Tavern , before continuing on towards Parliament Square , bearing right onto Parliament Street . 3-05 "Sometimes We Play Dirty Too". Burnside walks east on Northumberland Avenue , Westminster, and enters

13832-431: The ethical issues involved in espionage and sometimes resorted to immoral tactics. Le Carré depicted spies as living a morally grey world having to constantly make morally dubious decisions in an essentially amoral struggle where lies, paranoia and betrayal are the norm for both sides. In le Carré best known novel, The Spy Who Came In From The Cold (1963), the hero Alec Leamas views himself as serving in "...a war fought on

13984-518: The ethos of realism and factual accuracy employed in the writing. The series follows Burnside as he oversees a small, elite group of intelligence officers, the Special Operations Section, nicknamed "Sandbaggers", composed of highly trained operatives whose missions tend to be politically sensitive or especially vital, such as escorting defectors across borders (or preventing defections from the UK), carrying out assassinations , or rescuing operatives from behind

14136-606: The evolving landscape of national security threats, the UK enacted the National Security Act 2023 . This new legislation aims to modernise the country's approach to safeguarding official data and combating espionage , reflecting the recommendations put forth by the Law Commission and other stakeholders. The National Security Act 2023 introduces several key features aimed at addressing contemporary security challenges. It modernises

14288-466: The exterior). After the raid, the police can be seen exiting the building through the right hand doorway which accesses the upper floors. The left door accesses the ground floor, which appears to be a construction site (it is currently a lap dancing club). 2-03 "Decision by Committee". In Sri Lanka , Caine and Milner's hotel is the carefully dressed Trust House Forte Hotel, in Bramhope , north Leeds (now

14440-587: The fact that the plane happened to crash in the one small area that was not covered by either US or Soviet radar. Mackintosh disappeared after he had written just four of the scripts for the third series, so other writers were called in to bring the episode count up to seven. The Sandbaggers ends on an unresolved cliff hanger because the producers decided that no one else could write the series as well as Mackintosh had and chose not to continue it in his absence. Ray Lonnen , who played Sandbagger Willie Caine, indicated in correspondence with fans that there were plans for

14592-428: The fictional spy most likely to be successful as a real spy, citing le Carré's description of him in A Murder of Quality : "Obscurity was his nature, as well as his profession. The byways of espionage are not populated by the brash and colorful adventurers of fiction. A man who, like Smiley has lived and worked for years among his country's enemies learns only one prayer: that he may never, never be noticed. Assimilation

14744-462: The fictitious world of James Bond and the romanticised view of espionage. As Burnside puts it in episode 1.01 "First Principles": "Special operations doesn't mean going in with all guns blazing. It means special planning, special care. Fully briefed agents in possession of all possible alternatives. If you want James Bond, go to a library. But if you want a successful operation, sit at your desk and think. And then think again. Our battles aren't fought at

14896-480: The film ended with disillusioned British spy Alec Leamas and his lover, the naïve young woman Liz Gold being shot down while trying to cross the Berlin Wall from East Berlin into West Berlin. With Secret Ministry (1951), Desmond Cory introduced Johnny Fedora , the secret agent with a licence to kill , the government-sanctioned assassin . Ian Fleming , a former member of naval intelligence, followed swiftly with

15048-408: The first espionage novel of the dawning conflict. The "secret world" of espionage allowed a situation when writers could project anything they wanted onto the "secret world". The author Bruce Page complained in his 1969 book The Philby Conspiracy : "The trouble is that a man can hold almost any theory he cares to about the secret world, and defend it against large quantities of hostile evidence by

15200-642: The glamorous James Bond , secret agent 007 of the British Secret Service, a mixture of counter-intelligence officer, assassin and playboy. Perhaps the most famous fictional spy, Bond was introduced in Casino Royale (1953). After Fleming's death the franchise continued under other British and American authors, including Kingsley Amis , Christopher Wood , John Gardner , Raymond Benson , Sebastian Faulks , Jeffery Deaver , William Boyd and Anthony Horowitz . The Bond novels, which were extremely popular in

15352-401: The gun out of Baoerdun's hand at the story's climax. However, Ding's story also states that Baoerdun would not dare to have attempted his blackmail scheme against a Han woman and that he targeted Mali because she was racially mixed and hence "weak". When Japan invaded China in 1937 and even more so in 1941, the level of repression and propaganda in Manchukuo was increased as the state launched

15504-527: The illusion. 3-04 "My Name is Anna Wiseman". In Brussels, Anna's apartment was filmed at the Granby Hotel , Harrogate (now a care home). Caine climbs the stairs of the Merrion Centre multi-storey car park on Merrion Way, Leeds (refurbished, 2013), to collect a letter from a VW Beetle parked on the top floor. Merrion House (refurbished, 2018), Leeds College of Technology (demolished, 2021) and Leeds Civic Hall (still extant) are all clearly visible against

15656-487: The image of the CIA what Fleming's Bond novels did for the image of MI6. In the 1970s, former CIA man Charles McCarry began the Paul Christopher series with The Miernik Dossier (1973) and The Tears of Autumn (1978), which were well written, with believable tradecraft. McCarry was a former CIA agent who worked as an editor for National Geographic and his hero Christopher likewise is an American spy who works for

15808-640: The junction with Water Bag Bank, past the Old Manor House painted like a chessboard, and down towards the viaduct. 1-05 "Always Glad to Help". The episode opens with set-up shots of the north entrance to the Ministry of Defence (MoD) main building on Horse Guards Avenue , Westminster. Hamad takes Dickens bowling at Humber Bowl in the Merrion Centre , on Merrion Way, Leeds (now called Tenpin Leeds). 1-06 "A Feasible Solution". In Cyprus , Caine and Ferris are ambushed on

15960-552: The lake. 2-02, "Enough of Ghosts." The episode features set-up shots and stock footage of Brussels, including the Brussels Hilton . The scene where Wellingham gets into the limo was shot in Yorkshire (location tbc). Ross and Burnside discuss Wellingham's safe outside the old War Office building at 57 Whitehall (now a hotel). The interiors and exteriors of the farm house where Wellingham does his paperwork, and Caine and Wallace do some driving, were most likely filmed in flat lands of

16112-404: The language and definitions used in previous Official Secrets Acts, making them relevant to current threats and technologies. The Act expands the scope of espionage to include cyber threats and other modern tactics, ensuring comprehensive coverage of all potential security risks. Notably, it introduces a public interest defence for the first time, allowing individuals to argue that their disclosure

16264-422: The laws have been criticised for being outdated and not adequately addressing contemporary issues related to information technology and modern espionage. Jarvis points out the lack of a 'public interest' defence in the current legislation, which has been a significant point of contention among legal experts, media, and public advocacy groups. According to Jarvis, the current framework allows the government to wield

16416-472: The local concerns in order to defeat the Communists until the modernization process was completed. The Nick Carter-Killmaster series of spy novels, initiated by Michael Avallone and Valerie Moolman, but authored anonymously, ran to over 260 separate books between 1964 and the early 1990s and invariably pitted American, Soviet and Chinese spies against each other. With the proliferation of male protagonists in

16568-616: The men and women who served in the Rote Kapelle spy network. Seeing the great popularity of Ian Fleming's James Bond novels in Britain and the United States, Soviet spy novels of the 1960s used the Bond novels as inspiration for both their plots and heroes, through Soviet prurience about sex ensured that the Chekisty heroes did not engage in the sort of womanising that Bond did. The first Bond-style novel

16720-424: The novel La Mal Jaune (1965) by the French writer Jean Lartéguy . The Ugly American was written as a rebuttal to The Quiet American under which the idealistic Colonel Barnum operating in the fictional Vietnam-like Southeast Asian nation of Sarkhan shows the way to defeat Communist guerillas by understanding local people in just the same way that Lansdale with his understanding and sympathy for ordinary Filipinos

16872-408: The officially designated "five races" of the Japanese, Han Chinese, Manchus, Koreans and Mongols had come together to build a utopian society. Manchukuo also had a substantial Russian minority who initially been considered as the "sixth race", but had been excluded. The spy stories of Manchukuo such as "A Mixed Race Woman" by the writer Ding Na often linked the willingness to serve as spies with having

17024-814: The old Ministry of Defence (MoD) offices in the Metropole Hotel (now a hotel again). After arriving in Prague, Caine is driven to the "ACI "offices in Leeds (location tbc). The ACI interiors were filmed at 49 St Paul's Street, Leeds (the distinctive brickwork of St Pauls House can be seen through the windows). Ross and Burnside meet at the Imperial Camel Corps Memorial in Victoria Embankment Gardens , London. 3-06 "Who Needs Enemies". Ross and Burnside walk from Horse Guards and across Horse Guards Parade , Whitehall. Later, Ross and Burnside have

17176-413: The only character besides Burnside to appear in every episode of the series. Sir James Greenley ( Richard Vernon ), "C" (series 1 and 2) Greenley is the recently-appointed chief of SIS, code-named "C" . Burnside is initially wary of Greenley, who was a diplomat before becoming C, but over time they develop a close relationship; Burnside describes Greenley as "the best C SIS has ever had". He retires at

17328-512: The pain of death; the Queen intended to keep Drake's activities away from the eyes of rival Spain. Australia previously had Part VII of the Crimes Act 1914 (Commonwealth), entitled Official Secrets and Unlawful Soundings , since repealed and replaced with Part 5.6 – Secrecy of Information of the Criminal Code Act (1995). The British Official Secrets Act 1889 (52 & 53 Vict. c. 52)

17480-1065: The pseudonym 'Adam Hall', beginning with The Berlin Memorandum (US: The Quiller Memorandum , 1965), a hybrid of glamour and dirt, Fleming and Le Carré; and William Garner 's fantastic Michael Jagger in Overkill (1966), The Deep, Deep Freeze (1968), The Us or Them War (1969) and A Big Enough Wreath (1974). Other important British writers who first became active in spy fiction during this period include Padraig Manning O'Brine , Killers Must Eat (1951); Michael Gilbert , Be Shot for Sixpence (1956); Alistair MacLean , The Last Frontier (1959); Brian Cleeve , Assignment to Vengeance (1961); Jack Higgins , The Testament of Caspar Schulz (1962); and Desmond Skirrow , It Won't Get You Anywhere (1966). Dennis Wheatley 's 'Gregory Sallust' (1934-1968) and 'Roger Brook' (1947-1974) series were also largely written during this period. Notable recurring characters from this era include Adam Diment 's Philip McAlpine as

17632-462: The real-life experiences of his creator"'. John Le Carré described Ashenden stories as a major influence on his novels as praised Maugham as "the first person to write anything about espionage in a mood of disenchantment and almost prosaic reality". At a more popular level, Leslie Charteris ' popular and long-running Saint series began, featuring Simon Templar, with Meet the Tiger (1928). Water on

17784-567: The scene, most notably in and around Westminster . The Foreign and Commonwealth Office on Whitehall and the adjacent King Charles Street appear regularly, and this is where the statue of Robert Clive is sited, looking out into St James's Park . The Boyle Street entrance to 25 Savile Row in Mayfair was used as SIS headquarters and despite some superficial changes it is still recognisable today. The former US Embassy on Grosvenor Square in Mayfair

17936-491: The scout stories always almost ended being killed at the climax of the stories, giving up their lives up to save the Motherland from the German invaders. In November 1961, Vladimir Semichastny became the chairman of the KGB and sent out to improve the image of the Chekisty . The acronym KGB ( Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti -Committee of State Security) was adopted in 1954, but the organisation had been founded in 1917 as

18088-429: The second series was vetoed because it dealt with sensitive information, which explains why the second series has only six episodes. The series takes a realistic, unvarnished, and occasionally bleak look at espionage. The Sandbaggers undercut many of the accepted conventions of the spy thriller genre , in direct contrast to the "girls, guns, and gadgets" of James Bond . Indeed the characters often explicitly disparage

18240-690: The secrets of the General Staff of the French Army ; the French counter-intelligence riposte of sending a charwoman to rifle the trash in the German Embassy in Paris, were news that inspired successful spy fiction. At least two Sherlock Holmes stories have clear espionage themes. In The Adventure of the Naval Treaty , Holmes recovers the text of a secret Naval Treaty between Britain and Italy, stolen by

18392-706: The series featuring Matt Helm , a CIA assassin and counter-intelligence agent. Major General Edward Lansdale , a charismatic intelligence officer who was widely credited with having masterminded the defeat of the Communist Huk rebellion in the Philippines inspired several fictional versions of himself. Besides for The Quiet American , he appeared as Colonel Edwin Barnum in The Ugly American (1958) by William J. Lederer and Eugene Burdick and as Colonel Lionel Teryman in

18544-403: The series uses stock footage and set-up shots of foreign locations. With the exception of a very few interior locations, most of the interiors were standing sets, shot on videotape , at Yorkshire Television 's studios on Kirkstall Road, Leeds. The contrast between the studio work and the location work on 16mm film is clear to see on screen. The series uses several regular London locations to set

18696-483: The series, as he is often more aware of/concerned with the bigger picture than Burnside. Sir Geoffrey Wellingham ( Alan MacNaughtan ) Spy fiction Commentator William Bendler noted that "Chapter 2 of the Hebrew Bible's Book of Joshua might count as the first Spy Story in world literature. (...) Three thousand years before James Bond seduced Pussy Galore and turned her into his ally against Goldfinger ,

18848-469: The shooting of the third series, he and his girlfriend—a British Airways stewardess—were declared lost at sea after their single-engine aircraft went missing over the Pacific Ocean near Alaska , following a radioed call for help. Some of the details surrounding their disappearance have caused speculation about what actually occurred, including their stop at an abandoned United States Air Force base and

19000-608: The signs of danger". Like Le Carré, former British Intelligence officer Graham Greene also examined the morality of espionage in left-wing, anti-imperialist novels such as The Heart of the Matter (1948), set in Sierra Leone , the seriocomic Our Man in Havana (1959) occurring in Cuba under the regime of dictator Fulgencio Batista before his deposition in the Cuban Revolution (1953–59), and The Human Factor (1978) about

19152-465: The simple expedient of retreating behind further and further screens of postulated inward mystery. Secret services have in common with Freemasons and mafiosi that they inhabit an intellectual twilight-a kind of ambiguous gloom in which it is hard to distinguish with certainty between the menacing and the merely ludicrous. In such circumstances the human affinity for myth and legend easily gets out of control". This inability to know for certain about what

19304-516: The sky. Burnside meets Anna at a First World War cemetery near Ypres which was filmed at the Harrogate (Stonefall) Cemetery . The gatehouse to the Harewood Estate in north Leeds was used as the entrance to the cemetery. Wallace takes the cello to 15 Park Place, Leeds, where he watches Anna walk down the steps of "Hotel Rogiet" at 28 Park Place (now demolished). The large brutalist building seen at

19456-449: The spies sent by General Joshua into the city of Jericho did much the same with Rahab the Harlot. " Spy fiction as a genre started to emerge during the 19th Century. Early examples of the espionage novel are The Spy (1821) and The Bravo (1831), by American novelist James Fenimore Cooper . The Bravo attacks European anti- republicanism , by depicting Venice as a city-state where

19608-476: The spy fiction genre, writers and book packagers also started bringing out spy fiction with a female as the protagonist. One notable spy series is The Baroness , featuring a sexy female superspy, with the novels being more action-oriented, in the mould of Nick Carter-Killmaster. Other important American authors who became active in spy fiction during this period include Ross Thomas , The Cold War Swap (1966). The Scarlatti Inheritance (1971) by Robert Ludlum

19760-512: The spy novel in the post– Cold War world. Other important American authors who first became active in spy fiction during this period include David Ignatius , Agents of Innocence (1997); David Baldacci , Saving Faith (1999); and Vince Flynn , with Term Limits (1999) and a series of novels featuring counter-terrorism expert Mitch Rapp. In 1993, the American novelist Philip Roth published Operation Shylock , an account of his supposed work as

19912-458: The state's campaign to take over "...the governance of private and family life, relying on the power of propaganda literature and the nationwide mobilization of the social discourse of counterespionage". At the same time, she noted "A Mixed Race Woman" with its intelligent female protagonists seemed to challenge the patriarchal values of Manchukuo which portrayed women as the weaker sex in need of male protection and guidance. However, Bong noted that

20064-593: The state. A suit may only be instigated at the approval of the Attorney General of Ireland , additionally proceedings may occur in camera but the verdict and any sentence must occur in public. Jersey has the Official Secrets (Jersey) Law 1952 . Malaysia has the Official Secrets Act 1972 , prohibiting the collection, possession or distribution of information marked as an official secret – an action which can be made by any public officer. The certification of

20216-427: The statement. The signature serves primarily as a reminder of the obligations under the Act. The now-repealed Naval Discipline Act 1957 also played a role in protecting sensitive information by making it an offence to spy on-board Royal Navy ships or overseas bases, punishable by life imprisonment, and previously a capital offence until 1981. Jarvis provides a critical analysis of these Acts. He highlights that

20368-581: The story is actually a vehicle for exploring society's power structures and the nature of suffering. The fictional detective Sherlock Holmes , created by Arthur Conan Doyle , served as a SpyHunter for the British government in the stories " The Adventure of the Second Stain " (1904), and " The Adventure of the Bruce-Partington Plans " (1912). In " His Last Bow " (1917), he served Crown and country as

20520-580: The trade. Examples include Ashenden: Or the British Agent (1928) by W. Somerset Maugham , which accurately portrays spying in the First World War, and The Mystery of Tunnel 51 (1928) by Alexander Wilson whose novels convey an uncanny portrait of the first head of the Secret Intelligence Service , Mansfield Smith-Cumming , the original 'C'. In the book Literary Agents (1987), Anthony Masters wrote: "Ashenden's adventures come nearest to

20672-471: The true heroine of "A Mixed Race Woman", Shulan is presented as superior to Mali as she is Han and the story is one "...of female disempowerment in that Mali is completely subordinate to the racial order Shulan sets". The growing support of fascism in Germany, Italy and Spain , and the imminence of war, attracted quality writers back to spy fiction. British author Eric Ambler brought a new realism to spy fiction. The Dark Frontier (1936), Epitaph for

20824-411: The two German states while Britain, France, the Soviet Union and the United States all had occupations zones in Berlin. As a result, Berlin was a beehive of espionage during the Cold War with the city full of American, British, East German, French, Soviet and West German spies; it was estimated that there was an average of about 8,000 spies in Berlin at any given moment during the Cold War. Because Berlin

20976-563: The war E. Howard Hunt wrote his first spy novel, East of Farewell (1943). In 1949 he joined the recently created CIA and continued to write spy fiction for many years. Paul Linebarger , a China specialist for the CIA, published Atomsk , the first novel of the Cold War, in 1949. During the 1950s, most of American spy stories were not about the CIA, instead being about agents from the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) who tracked down and arrested Soviet spies. The popular American image of

21128-444: The wartime slogan Smert shpionam! ("Death to Spies!"), which reflected the picture promoted by the Soviet state of spies as a class of people who deserved to be killed without mercy. The unfavorable picture of spies ensured that before the early 1960s there were no novels featuring Soviet spies as the heroes as espionage was portrayed as a disreputable activity that only the enemies of the Soviet Union engaged in. Unlike in Britain and

21280-486: The writing is literary and the tradecraft believable. Noteworthy examples of the journalistic style and successful integration of fictional characters with historical events were the politico-military novels The Day of the Jackal (1971) by Frederick Forsyth and Eye of the Needle (1978) by Ken Follett . With the explosion of technology, Craig Thomas , launched the techno-thriller with Firefox (1977), describing

21432-630: Was The Zakhov Mission (1963) by the Bulgarian writer Andrei Gulyashki who had commissioned by Semichastny and was published simultaneously in Russian and Bulgarian. The success of The Zakhov Mission led to a follow-up novel, Zakhov vs. 007 , where Gulyashki freely violated English copyright laws by using the James Bond character without the permission of the Fleming estate (he had asked for permission in 1966 and

21584-411: Was a center of espionage, the city was frequently a setting for spy novels and films. Furthermore, the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961 made the wall into a symbol of Communist tyranny, which further increased the attraction for Western writers of setting a Cold War spy novel in Berlin. Perhaps the most memorable story set in Berlin was The Spy Who Came In From The Cold which in both the novel and

21736-647: Was adopted in Canada with minor modifications in 1890. Its provisions became part of the Criminal Code in 1892. The Official Secrets Act (Canada) 1939 replaced the Criminal Code provisions and utilised the provisions of the British Official Secrets Acts 1911 and 1920. Amendments were made in 1950, 1967, 1970 and 1973. The Official Secrets Act (Canada) 1981 was the final version of that law adopted by

21888-438: Was credited with defeating the Communist Huk guerrillas. The Ugly American was greatly influenced by the modernization theory, which held Communism was something alike to a childhood disease as the modernization theory held that as Third World nations modernized that this created social-economic tensions which a ruthless minority of Communists exploited to seize power; what was required from the United States were experts who knew

22040-509: Was denied). In Zakhov vs. 007 , the hero Avakoum Zakhov defeats James Bond, who is portrayed in an inverted fashion to how Fleming portrayed him; in Zakhov vs. 007 , Bond is portrayed as a sadistic killer, a brutal rapist and an arrogant misogynist, which stands in marked contrast to the kindly and gentle Zakhov who always treats women with respect. Zakhov is described as a spy, he more of a detective and unlike Bond, his tastes are modest. In 1966,

22192-708: Was filmed at Creskeld Hall in Arthington , north Leeds. Ross and Burnside meet for a "late lunch" at the Italian Garden, Kensington Gardens . Later, Ross and Burnside walk through the rose garden and past a sculpture of Pan at the Sheffield Botanical Gardens , before emerging at Waterloo lake in Roundhay Park , Leeds. In Gibraltar , Caine is pursued by a white Mercedes down Waterside in Knaresborough , from

22344-460: Was filmed in Leeds Bradford Airport (now completely remodelled). 1-02 "A Proper Function of Government". Burnside's apartment block is at Frobisher House off Dolphin Square in Pimlico . Burnside leaves his flat, walks south onto Grosvenor Road, turns right onto St George’s Square and walks north to Lupus Street, and waits to catch the number 24 bus to Westminster at the stop opposite 15 St George’s Square. In Vienna , Caine intercepts Hopkins in

22496-414: Was in the Hunslet Grange Flats , Leeds (demolished, 1983). In Sweden, Caine and Wallace walk beside the River Ouse just north of the Lendal Bridge in York, along what is now the 'Dame Judi Dench Walk'. Milner meets Burnside in the fog on the south west steps of Lambeth Bridge , Westminster, in front of Thames House . Litman waits for his meeting on the Blue Bridge in York, where the River Foss meets

22648-425: Was justified in the public interest, thereby protecting whistleblowers who expose government wrongdoing or illegal activities. Additionally, the Act imposes stricter penalties for breaches of national security, reflecting the gravity of these offences in today's context. To ensure accountability and transparency , an independent statutory commissioner is established to oversee investigations into alleged breaches of

22800-411: Was known from 1934 to 1946, it is stated quite explicitly in Semnadtsat' mgnoveniy vesny (which is set in 1945) that he left the Soviet Union to go undercover in Nazi Germany "more than ten years ago", which means that Isayev was not involved in the Yezhovshchina . The June 1967 Six-Day War between Israel and its neighbours introduced new themes to espionage fiction - the conflict between Israel and

22952-422: Was later revealed in 1963 to be a long time Soviet spy, who had been recruited by Soviet intelligence in the early 1930s while he was an undergraduate at Cambridge. Greene's best known spy novel The Quiet American (1955), set in 1952 Vietnam featured a thinly disguised version of the real American intelligence officer, Major General Edward Lansdale as the villain. Greene had covered the Vietnam war in 1951-52 as

23104-453: Was no accident or had to do with a secret mission he was undertaking. There is a possibility that Mackintosh may have been involved in intelligence operations during his time in the Royal Navy, but no conclusive evidence has surfaced. When asked, Mackintosh himself was always coy about whether he had been a spy. Whether or not Mackintosh had any experience in the world of espionage, the organisational structure of SIS depicted in The Sandbaggers

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