66-511: The Sandbach Literary Institute , also known as Sandbach Literary Institution , is a commercial building in Hightown in Sandbach , Cheshire , England. The structure, which is currently used as a community events venue, is a Grade II listed building . The building was commissioned with the objective of "improving the conditions of life for the inhabitants" and was financed by public subscription . It
132-466: A Scheduled Ancient Monument . A plaque near the crosses reads: Saxon crosses completed in the 9th century to commemorate the advent of Christianity in this Kingdom of Mercia about AD 653 in the reign of the Saxon king Penda . They were restored in 1816 by Sir John Egerton after destruction by iconoclasts. Sandbach is also home to many listed buildings , including Sandbach School , St Mary's Church and
198-559: A civil parish in 1866. The records from 1901 show a population of 5,568. The Sandbach Corn Mill was a three-story brick building built in the late 19th century, on what is now Mill Hill Lane. In 1933 the ERF lorry company was founded. In 1936 parts of the area of Bradwall , all of Elton and Wheelock were added, significantly increasing the size of the parish. The hamlets transferred from Bradwall were Boothlane Head, Brickhouses, Ettiley Heath, Forge Fields, Hindheath, Elworth and Marsh Green. By 1951
264-531: A financial burden. This figure doesn't include his acquisition of the Earldom of Lincoln in 1217. Through his most powerful vassal the de Lacy constable of Chester he was also overlord of the honours of Clitheroe and Pontefract , Halton and the Lordship of Bowland which were large baronies with dozens of fiefs attached to them. Whether or not these lands were included in the 118 knights' fiefs on English lands
330-411: A group of 14 separate waterbodies, as a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), described as: [A] site of physiographical and biological importance. It consists of a series of pools formed as a result of subsidence due to the solution of underlying salt deposits [...] that show considerable variation in their plant and animal communities. At least 225 species of bird have been recorded on
396-524: A share of other estates with her sisters. Prior to Ranulf's death, however, he had also made Hawise, his youngest sister, an inter vivos gift, after receiving dispensation from the Crown , of the Earldom of Lincoln. In April 1231 he granted her the title by a formal charter under his seal which was confirmed by King Henry III . She was formally invested as suo jure 1st Countess of Lincoln on 27 October 1232,
462-429: A total coverage of 10.7 square kilometres (4.1 sq mi). The distance from London to Sandbach is 171 miles (275 km). Crewe is 6 miles (10 km) to the south-west and Stoke-on-Trent in the neighbouring Staffordshire is 15 miles (24 km). The Sandbach Crosses are an important historical feature on the cobbled market square: the two Saxon crosses, reportedly built in the 7th, 8th or 9th century, constitute
528-605: Is Leighton Hospital in Crewe. Sandbach is served by the North West Ambulance Service . Policing is provided by Cheshire Constabulary . Cheshire Fire & Rescue Service runs the fire station in the town. The following primary schools are in Sandbach Town and Civil Parish. Sandbach School was founded as a parish charity school for boys in 1677. The school became a grammar school for boys after 1955. In 1979
594-440: Is a branch line north of the station leading to Northwich , which is mainly used by goods traffic and express passenger trains heading to Chester . Some organisations have been campaigning to restore a local passenger service between Northwich and Crewe. Pressure of road traffic going from Greater Manchester to Crewe has forced the building of a bypass for Sandbach, Wheelock , Wheelock Heath , Winterley and Haslington for
660-595: Is a supporting character in James Goldman 's 1979 novel Myself as Witness set in the reign of King John. Goldman's narrator describes Ranulf as the "only living Visigoth" and condemns him for killing many Welshman in his capacity as an Anglo-Norman lord of the Welsh Marches . He is represented as a brutal and aggressive opponent of all things, and people, Welsh. He appears early in Sharon Kay Penman 's novel Falls
726-552: Is based at Sandbach School. Sandbach has an annual transport festival which usually takes place during April. It originally started in 1992 as ‘Transport Through the Ages Parade', and was such a success that it became an annual event; since its inception it has been run alongside the National Town Criers' competition. The Festival is run by an organising committee made up of local councils and volunteers. Foden's Brass Band
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#1733094020339792-564: Is no trace of Fodens within Sandbach, with the former mansion home of the Foden family at Westfields being demolished to make way for a new council building. However, Foden's Brass Band , originally created for employees, is still based in Sandbach. There is also a farmers' market which takes place on the second Saturday of each calendar month. Sandbach lies close to the conurbations of Greater Manchester , Merseyside and The Potteries . The town
858-783: Is not known. Ranulf held several important developing manors and market towns such as Frodsham , Macclesfield in Cheshire and Chipping Campden in Gloucestershire. In addition to the manors which were held by sub-tenants the earl, of course, had manors of his own and he owned several castles, too, in the County of Chester, including Chester Castle and Shotwick Castle . When he became earl of Lincoln he acquired or built Lincoln Castle , Bolingbroke Castle , Beeston Castle and Chartley Castle . In his capacity as Viscount of Avranches, he would have also owned Château d'Avranches until 1204. He also
924-591: Is part of Staffordshire Wing and the West Midlands Reserve Forces. Cadets here parade twice a week; Wednesdays and Fridays from 19:15 to 21:30. The squadron usually parades about 20–30 cadets per parade night. 24 Sandbach Detachment, Cheshire Army Cadet Force is based in the Army Cadet Centre behind the police station. Sandbach Fire Station Cadets consists of around 20 young people and meet every Tuesday evening. The Combined Cadet Force (CCF)
990-527: Is served by Sandbach railway station , on the Crewe to Manchester Line , which is located to the west of the town in Elworth . Services are operated by Northern Trains between Crewe , Manchester Piccadilly and Liverpool Lime Street . Trains operate generally twice an hour in both directions; northbound services alternate between trains to Manchester (via Stockport) and to Liverpool (via Styal and Manchester). There
1056-404: Is still based in the town, despite the truck manufacturer from which it derives its name no longer having a presence. In 2008 Foden's became British Open Brass Band Champions. The Lions Youth Brass Band and Roberts Bakery Band are also based in the town. Sandbach Choral Society, formerly Sandbach Voices, is a local choir that was founded in 1947 and is a registered charity. The choir's mission
1122-609: Is still held outdoors on Scotch Common, and in and around the town hall. During the 17th century, the town used to be famous for its ale: The ale brewed at this town was formerly in great repute in London, where, about the middle of the last century, it sold for twelve-pence a bottle, but it seems to be entirely supplanted by the Dorchester beer, and the Yorkshire and Welch ales, insomuch that we do not know of any Sandbach ale being now sold in
1188-473: Is to bring choral music into the community, and it regularly stages concerts, often in Sandbach Town Hall or at St Mary's Church . Sandbach Concert Series features classical, jazz and brass music. Ranulf de Blondeville, 6th Earl of Chester Ranulf de Blondeville, 6th Earl of Chester and 1st Earl of Lincoln (1170 – 26 October 1232), known in some references as the 4th Earl of Chester (in
1254-624: The A534 . This is largely due to the M6 motorway which has a junction (J17) at Sandbach, which is close to the RoadChef service station . Local bus services are provided by Arriva North West and D&G Bus (Monday to Saturday only). In Sandbach water services are provided by United Utilities . Healthcare is provided at Ashfields Primary Care Centre. The primary care centre is overseen by Central and Eastern Cheshire Primary Care Trust. The nearest local hospital
1320-675: The Old Hall Hotel . Many of the local public houses, which were formerly stage coach stops, are listed, for example the Lower Chequer. Many of the buildings of the town were designed by the renowned architect Sir George Gilbert Scott ; he designed Sandbach Literary Institute , Sandbach School, St John's, Sandbach Heath and the Almshouses. He also restored St Mary's Church. The town has Methodist , Baptist , Anglican and Catholic churches. Natural England has designated Sandbach Flashes ,
1386-495: The 13th century, during the reign of King John , much of the land around the township of Sandbach was owned by Richard de Sandbach who was the High Sheriff of Cheshire in 1230. Richard de Sandbach specifically owned a manor; he claimed an interest in the living of Sandbach. This claim against Earl Randle de Blundeville was unsuccessful. His son, John, however, was slightly more successful as he won an 'interest' temporarily against
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#17330940203391452-576: The 17th–18th centuries, Sandbach derives its name from the Anglo-Saxon sand bæce , which can mean "sand stream" or "sand valley". The modern German word Bach , with a similar origin as bæce , means "brook"; thus, the meaning of Sandbach can be understood correctly in German. In Germany, there are two places and several small waterways of that name (see German disambiguation page "Sandbach" ). Traces of settlement are found in Sandbach from Saxon times, when
1518-680: The Abbot of Dieulacres , only for it to be lost when it went to the King's Bench . The manor in Sandbach passed through numerous families, including the Leghs and Radclyffes. It was eventually bought by Sir Randulph (or Randle) Crewe , who became the Lord of the Manor. Sandbach has been a market town since 1579, when it was granted a Royal Charter by Elizabeth I due to the petitioning of Sir John Radclyffe of Ordsall who, as
1584-559: The Crusaders gave up their war in Egypt. Earl Ranulph was one of many voices in support of taking the offer, and was supported by his English peers. However, Bishop Pelagius , the Patriarch of Jerusalem and the military orders would have none of it. They finally refused the offer and on 5 November they found the walls of Damietta poorly manned, so they attacked and secured the city. When winter came
1650-632: The Earls of Winchester and Hereford and the Earl of Lincoln, recently created by Louis the French king. Following the battle in recognition of his support, Ranulf was created Earl of Lincoln by King Henry III of England on 23 May 1217. In 1218, de Blondeville decided to honour the crusading vow he had made three years previously, and he journeyed eastwards. He met up with the counts of Nevers and La Marche in Genoa , accompanied by
1716-582: The Flashes. Sandbach has been a market town since 1579 when it was granted a Royal Charter by Elizabeth I . Today the Thursday market is still held outdoors on Scotch Common, and in and around Sandbach Town Hall . Sandbach is probably best known as the original home of both Foden and ERF lorries, both companies founded by members of the Foden family. Neither company now exists in Sandbach, having been taken over and production moved elsewhere. As of 2007 there
1782-671: The French court to be brought up with Louis , son of the French king Philip II . In 1199, Constance escaped from her husband and their marriage was dissolved on the grounds of desertion. In 1200 Ranulf cemented his power in Normandy by marrying Clemence of Fougères ; she was the daughter of William of Fougères , widow of Alan de Dinant , and sister of Geoffrey of Fougères . He had opposed John's attempted coup of 1193–4, and retained many contacts with partisans of his former stepson Arthur. He spent most of 1199–1204 in France and his continued loyalty
1848-500: The Great , whose daughter Elen married Ranulf's nephew and heir, John the Scot , in about 1222. De Blondeville's final years saw him acting as an elder statesman, witnessing the 1225 re-issue of Magna Carta , playing a prominent role in the dispute in 1227 over Forest Laws and, as a veteran, leading Henry III's army on the ill-fated Poitou expedition of 1230–1. He came to lead the campaign after
1914-527: The Royalist force were gone. In fact, they had headed to Lincoln to deal with a French force besieging the castle there. William Marshal with his main army at Northampton also made for the city, and at Lincoln a battle was fought between the Royalists headed by William Marshal and de Blondeville and the French forces and their allies. The battle went in favour of the Royalists, and they captured forty-six Barons and
1980-512: The Shadow , on the life and career of Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester , when he promises to personally support Simon's appeal to the king to recognise his right to the impoverished Leicester earldom. Ranulf makes a brief appearance in Lauren Johnson's 2013 novel The Arrow of Sherwood participating in the siege of Nottingham in 1194. Ranulf is mentioned several times over the course of
2046-779: The South East Cheshire Enterprise (SECE). The town is in the Congleton constituency whose MP is Sarah Russell of the Labour Party . Before the 2024 General Election the MP was Fiona Bruce of the Conservative Party . Before its current constituency, Sandbach has been part of five other constituencies: South Cheshire from 1832 to 1867, Mid Cheshire from 1868 to 1885, Crewe from 1885 to 1948, Knutsford from 1949 to 1954 and Crewe from 1955 to 1974. The land area of Sandbach has
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2112-599: The army was smouldering with discontent. Earl Ranulf left Damietta in September 1220, with his fellow English earls, leaving behind an indecisive force under the command of Bishop Pelagius and the Military Orders. Upon the crusade's failure, he returned to England to find his rival, William Marshal dead and the government in the hands of Hubert de Burgh . From 1220 to 1224, tensions grew between government officials and old loyalists of King John. This flared into open conflict in
2178-579: The building as a corn exchange declined significantly in the wake of the Great Depression of British Agriculture in the late 19th century. After the First World War a roll of honour was mounted on a wall in the building to commemorate the lives of local service personnel who had died during the war. In 2005, the building became the offices and meeting place of Sandbach Town Council, but, in October 2020,
2244-499: The control of the duchy, and is not known to have played an important role there. Ranulf de Blondeville originally inherited the viscounty of Avranches and the County of Chester along with substantial English lands (Chester itself was not considered part of England). He lost the viscounty of Avranches in 1204 with the Capetian conquest of Normandy but he still held substantial estates; at
2310-480: The council decided to move its meetings to Sandbach Town Hall . Sandbach Sandbach (pronounced / ˈ s æ n d b æ tʃ / ) is a market town and civil parish in the Cheshire East borough of Cheshire , England. The civil parish contains four settlements: Sandbach, Elworth , Ettiley Heath and Wheelock . Known as Sanbec in 1086, Sondbache (also Sondebache) in 1260, and Sandbitch in
2376-463: The day after Ranulf's death. She held the Earldom of Lincoln until less than a month later with the consent of the king she likewise gifted the earldom inter vivos to her daughter Margaret de Quincy and her son-in-law, John de Lacy, 2nd Earl of Lincoln . They were formally invested by King Henry III as Countess and Earl of Lincoln on 23 November 1232. After his death, his nephew, John the Scot (son of his eldest sister Matilda (Maud) of Chester ),
2442-529: The death of William Marshal (the younger). He showed vigour and made a thrust into Anjou, but by the end of June, the French had reached the Breton border. Ranulf concluded the campaign with a truce with the King of France for three years, to end in 1234. Earl Ranulf kept in sight his personal advantage. In 1220 some of his estates avoided carucage ; in 1225 aid was not levied in Cheshire; and in 1229 he successfully resisted
2508-430: The earls of Derby and Warwick with the king, whilst the other nobility of the land stood with the enemy or remained aloof from the conflict. Chester was appointed in 1215 Lord of the County of Lancashire with the power to appoint sheriffs. He was also High Sheriff of Lancashire , High Sheriff of Staffordshire and High Sheriff of Shropshire in 1216. On John's death in 1216, Ranulf's influence increased further. There
2574-495: The earls of Derby, Arundel and Winchester. They then sailed on towards Egypt and the Nile. An icy winter in camp was followed by a burning summer which affected the morale of the crusaders greatly. During September 1219, the Sultan, wary of the conflict outside Damietta , offered the crusaders a startling bargain—Bethlehem, Nazareth, Jerusalem, and central Palestine and Galilee, so long as
2640-600: The ecclesiastical tax collector. His only major failure, in old age, was not avoiding the 1232 levy of the fortieth on his lands. Ranulf died at Wallingford on 26 October 1232, aged sixty. His viscera were buried at Wallingford Castle, his heart at Dieulacres Abbey , which he had founded, and the remainder of his body at St Werburg's in Chester . His various estates were divided between his four sisters Matilda (Maud), Mabel, Agnes (Alice) and Hawise as co-heirs. Ranulf's second sister Mabel and his eldest sister Matilda (Maud) shared
2706-421: The end of the 12th century he was supposed to be able to muster 80 knights from his Cheshire lands and his English lands were supposed to be able to muster 118 knights which would have meant Ranulf could have mustered 198 knights, in theory. The reality was that when called for campaign he was asked not to bring so many knights (usually he was asked to bring between seven and 20) as it would have been too much of
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2772-657: The estates with their other sisters. Ranulf's third sister Agnes (Alice) inherited, along with a share in other estates with her sisters, lands between the Ribble and the Mercy rivers, Powis Castle near Welshpool in Wales, Chartley Castle , Staffordshire, and land at Bugbrooke , Northamptonshire. Ranulf's youngest sister Hawise inherited the honour and castle of Bolingbroke , other large estates such as Lindsey and Halland in Lincolnshire, and
2838-403: The first stage and a bipartite window in the second stage, all surmounted by a hipped roof. The central block of three bays, which was slightly projected forward, was fenestrated by tripartite cusped windows within recessed arches on the ground floor and by bipartite cusped windows reaching up into the gables on the first floor. The right-hand section of two bays contained another arched doorway and
2904-546: The largest landowner in Sandbach and the owner of the Sandbach Old Hall , encouraged the farmers of the area to hold a market in the town on Thursdays. The charter also allowed for right to establish a Court-leet and a Court of Pied-powder. The original charter is still preserved, and can be found in Chester . The charter also granted the town the right to hold two annual fairs, which lasted for two days, and were held around Easter and early September. The Thursday market
2970-574: The metropolis. And about 1621 William Webb writes that "Our ale here at Sandbach being no less famous than that [at Derby] of a true nappe". During the Wars of the Three Kingdoms , a Scottish army swept down into England before being forced to retreat at the Battle of Worcester . On 3 September 1651, the Sandbach summer fair was being held, and a Scottish army of around 1,000 exhausted cavalry men passed through
3036-400: The nine-year-old Arthur , son of Constance and Geoffrey, as his heir presumptive , and summoned him and his mother, Duchess Constance, to Normandy. Constance left Nantes and travelled towards Rouen . On the way, she was abducted by her estranged husband. Richard, furious, marched to Brittany at the head of an army, intent on rescuing his nephew. Arthur was secretly taken away by his tutor to
3102-515: The parish of Sandbach, not just the town. All meetings are held in the Town Hall. For the purposes of the town council and borough council elections Sandbach is divided into four wards: Elworth, Ettiley Heath and Wheelock, Sandbach Heath and East, and Town Ward, and town councillors are elected for terms of four years. A partnership of groups forms the Sandbach Partnership, which is part of
3168-525: The peace with the pope in 1213–14, and was with the king in Poitou in 1214. Loyal to the king in 1215–16, he was one of the few magnates to witness Magna Carta of 1215, which he would later adapt to appease his own barons in the form of the Magna Carta of Chester . He played a leading military role in the civil war by virtue of his extensive estates and numerous castles. Ranulf stood with William Marshal and
3234-705: The population had reached 9,253. During the Second World War , in Warship Week in December 1941 Sandbach adopted HMS Vimiera as its affiliated ship. The Vimiera was lost on 9 January 1942 when it was sunk by a mine in the Thames Estuary off East Spile Buoy with the loss of 96 hands. Sandbach hosts the administrative headquarters for Cheshire East Council . For the Cheshire East unitary authority elections
3300-498: The school became an independent comprehensive boys school, with charitable status, funded by Cheshire Local Education Authority but controlled by a board of governors. In September 2011, Sandbach School became a free school , one of the first free schools to be established in England. The school also contains a sixth form which is open to both boys and girls. Within Sandbach there is also a girls comprehensive school, Sandbach High . It
3366-573: The second lineage of the title after the original family line was broken after the 2nd Earl), was one of the "old school" of Anglo-Norman barons whose loyalty to the Angevin dynasty was consistent but contingent on the receipt of lucrative favours. He has been described as "almost the last relic of the great feudal aristocracy of the Conquest ". Ranulf, born in 1170, in Montgomeryshire , Powys , Wales
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#17330940203393432-467: The south. The Earl chose to combine personal concerns with those of the country by attacking Saer de Quincy, 1st Earl of Winchester 's castle at Mountsorrel in Leicestershire—from which the Earl of Winchester's predecessors had ousted Ranulph's grandfather, Ranulf de Gernon . Louis was persuaded by the Earl of Winchester to send a relief force to the castle. When they arrived, de Blondeville and
3498-413: The throne of England to Louis, the dauphin. Louis had invaded the country during the summer of 1216 and had taken Winchester. De Blondeville put his political weight behind re-issuing Magna Carta in 1216 and 1217; his military experience was used in defeating the rebels at Lincoln in 1217. Ranulph was based in the north midlands and was charged with stopping the northern barons from linking up with Louis in
3564-507: The town is divided into two wards. From 1875 until 1894 Sandbach was governed by Sandbach Urban Sanitary District. Between 1894 and 1974 the town was governed by Sandbach Urban District Council. In 1974, it was merged with other urban and rural councils to form Congleton Borough Council , which was later dissolved on 31 March 2009. The new authority Cheshire East took over its responsibilities and those of Cheshire County Council on 1 April 2009. Sandbach Town Council has jurisdiction over
3630-425: The town under the command of David Leslie on their way back to Scotland. The town proved to be a difficult retreat route, however, as the people of Sandbach and the market stallholders attacked the Scottish army. A newspaper of the time said: The dispute was very hot for two or three houres, and there were some townsmen hurt and two or three slaine, the Townesman slew about nine or ten and tooke 100 prisoners. This
3696-602: The town was called Sanbec. Little is known about the town during this period, except that it was subjected to frequent Welsh and Danish raids. The town's inhabitants were converted to Christianity in the 7th century by four priests: Cedda, Adda, Betti and Diuma. The town has an entry in the Domesday Book from 1086, at which time it was sufficiently large to need a priest and a church. The entry states: Sanbec: Bigot de Loges. 1 hide and 1½ virgates pay tax. Land for 2 ploughs. 1 Frenchman has ½ plough, 3 slaves. 2 villagers have ½ plough. Church. Woodland. Value TRE 4s; now 8s. By
3762-430: The winter of 1223–4 when Ranulf among others briefly tried to resist de Burgh's policy of resumption of sheriffdoms and royal castles. Ranulf built Bolingbroke Castle near Spilsby in Lincolnshire around 1220, later the birthplace of King Henry IV , as well as Chartley Castle in Staffordshire, and Beeston Castle in Cheshire. Ranulf was briefly made castellan of Wallingford Castle . He made an alliance with Llywelyn
3828-566: Was an expectation at Gloucester that Ranulf would contend the regency for the young Henry III . Events moved quickly at Gloucester, where William Marshal and the young king were, in Ranulph's absence. The Marshal was put forward and offered the regency by the nobility and clerics gathered at Gloucester before the arrival of Ranulph. There was concern that Ranulph might object to the decision, but when he arrived (29 October 1216) he stated that he did not want to be regent, so any potential conflict vanished. Before John's death, rebel barons had offered
3894-469: Was bought by John with further patronage. However, the King was suspicious of the Earl, perhaps with some reason. In the winter of 1204–5, Ranulph, suspected of dealings with the rebellious Welsh and of contemplating revolt himself, had extensive estates temporarily confiscated by the king. This episode apparently convinced Ranulph to show loyalty in future. Thereafter he was showered with royal favours. In return he fought John's Welsh wars 1209–12; helped secure
3960-431: Was designed by Sir George Gilbert Scott in the Gothic Revival style , built by Samuel Faram of Wheelock in red brick with blue brick decoration at a cost of £2,700 and was completed in 1857. It was opened with a concert performed by amateur musicians. The design involved an asymmetrical main frontage of six bays facing onto Hightown. The left-hand bay was formed by a two-stage octagonal tower with an arched doorway in
4026-411: Was fenestrated by lancet windows on both floors. Internally, the principal rooms were a corn exchange and some reading rooms on the ground floor and a "long room" which was used for public events on the first floor. The building was also used for public events: speakers included the campaigner for women's suffrage , Elizabeth Wolstenholme and her partner, Benjamin Elmy, in November 1872. The use of
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#17330940203394092-426: Was formally invested by King Henry III as Earl of Chester on 21 November 1232, which suggests a prior agreement. "Ranulf Earl of Chester" is mentioned in the same line as Robin Hood in Piers Plowman , the first definite reference to stories circulating about the latter figure. As an important figure in the reigns of kings Richard I and John, Ranulf appears in novels set in the period. Ranulf de Blondeville
4158-400: Was originally the town's mixed secondary modern when Sandbach School served as the boys' grammar school, but has been a single-sex comprehensive since 1979. It now has a college attached to it, which accepts boys as well as girls and offers a more vocational side of education along with A levels. 1873 (Sandbach) Squadron is the local squadron of the Air Training Corps . Founded in 1952, it
4224-457: Was temporarily the Castellan of the important Oxfordshire castle Wallingford Castle . In 1188 or 1189, Ranulf married Duchess Constance of Brittany , the widow of Henry II 's son Duke Geoffrey II of Brittany . Henry did not envy the duchess and wanted her married to a magnate whom he could trust. The marriage gave Ranulf control of the earldom of Richmond , but it wasn't a success, and they separated. In 1196, King Richard I nominated
4290-437: Was the eldest son of Hugh de Kevelioc and Bertrade de Montfort d'Evreux. He was said to have been small in physical stature. Ranulf succeeded to the earldom of Chester (like his father before him) as a minor (aged eleven) and was knighted in 1188 or 1189, which gave him control of his estates in England and Normandy. Although he used, not inconsistently, the style Duke of Brittany on account of his marriage, he never had
4356-422: Was the only notable event of the Civil War to have happened in Sandbach. As the fair and the fight took place on the common of the town, after this event the common gained the name Scotch Common. In 1836 Sandbach silk mills employed 554 people, including 98 boys and girls under 12 years old. In 1801 the population was 1,844; by 1851 this had reached 4,659. The town centre is shown on an 1840 map. Sandbach became
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