SandForce was an American fabless semiconductor company based in Milpitas, California , that designed flash memory controllers for solid-state drives (SSDs). On January 4, 2012, SandForce was acquired by LSI Corporation and became the Flash Components Division of LSI. LSI was subsequently acquired by Avago Technologies on May 6, 2014 and on the 29th of that same month Seagate Technology announced its intention to buy LSI's Flash Components Division.
75-477: SandForce was founded in 2006 by Alex Naqvi and Rado Danilak. In April 2009, they announced their entrance into the solid-state drive market. SandForce did not sell complete solid-state drives, but rather flash memory controllers, called SSD processors, to partners who then built and sold complete SSDs to manufacturers, corporations, and end-users. However, another division of LSI used the SandForce SSD processor in
150-560: A CPU , network interfaces and programmable data acceleration engines on a specialized electronic circuit . Marvell also offered Customer Specific Standard Product (CSSP), where customer accelerators and interfaces could be integrated directly into Marvell's Octeon processors. Following Marvell's 2019 acquisition of Avera Semiconductor (formerly the custom ASIC division of GlobalFoundries and prior to that of IBM ), Marvell offers custom ASIC tailored to clients' specific design goals. And it provides services for ASICs development to
225-772: A host adapter interfacing with the rest of the computer system. The remaining connector(s) plug into storage devices, most commonly hard disk drives or optical drives. Each connector has 39 physical pins arranged into two rows (2.54 mm, 1 ⁄ 10 -inch pitch), with a gap or key at pin 20. Earlier connectors may not have that gap, with all 40 pins available. Thus, later cables with the gap filled in are incompatible with earlier connectors, although earlier cables are compatible with later connectors. Round parallel ATA cables (as opposed to ribbon cables) were eventually made available for ' case modders ' for cosmetic reasons, as well as claims of improved computer cooling and were easier to handle; however, only ribbon cables are supported by
300-424: A series D round of $ 25 million led by Canaan Partners and included the existing investors. The board of directors included Carl Amdahl ( General Partner at DCM and son of Gene Amdahl ), Ryan Floyd (Storm Ventures), S. "Sundi" Sundaresh (former President and CEO of Adaptec ), Jackie Yang (managing director at TransLink Capital), and Eric Young (Canaan Partners). C.S. Park, a Seagate board member and also
375-426: A cable can perform a read or write operation at one time; therefore, a fast device on the same cable as a slow device under heavy use will find it has to wait for the slow device to complete its task first. However, most modern devices will report write operations as complete once the data is stored in their onboard cache memory, before the data is written to the (slow) magnetic storage. This allows commands to be sent to
450-530: A cable, it should be configured as Device 0 . However, some certain era drives have a special setting called Single for this configuration (Western Digital, in particular). Also, depending on the hardware and software available, a Single drive on a cable will often work reliably even though configured as the Device 1 drive (most often seen where an optical drive is the only device on the secondary ATA interface). The words primary and secondary typically refers to
525-449: A drive to a host with an ATA-5 or earlier interface will limit the usable capacity to the maximum of the interface. Some operating systems, including Windows XP pre-SP1, and Windows 2000 pre-SP3, disable LBA48 by default, requiring the user to take extra steps to use the entire capacity of an ATA drive larger than about 137 gigabytes. Older operating systems, such as Windows 98 , do not support 48-bit LBA at all. However, members of
600-423: A former chief executive at Maxtor and former chief executive at Hynix was also on the board until sometime before mid 2011. On October 26, 2011, LSI Corporation announced the intent to acquire SandForce and by January 4, 2012, the deal was finalized with SandForce becoming the new Flash Components Division of LSI led by Michael Raam. On December 16, 2013, Avago Technologies announced its intent to acquire LSI and
675-441: A license. The technology, relating to improving hard disk data read accuracy at high speeds, was reported to have been used in 2.3 billion chips sold by Marvell between 2003 and 2012. The jury awarded damages of $ 1.17 billion, the third largest ever in a patent case at the time. The jury also found that the breach had been "willful", giving the judge discretion to award up to three times the original damage amount. In December 2012,
750-497: A maximum drive capacity of two gigabytes. Later, the first formalized ATA specification used a 28-bit addressing mode through LBA28 , allowing for the addressing of 2 ( 268 435 456 ) sectors (blocks) of 512 bytes each, resulting in a maximum capacity of 128 GiB (137 GB ). ATA-6 introduced 48-bit addressing, increasing the limit to 128 PiB (144 PB ). As a consequence, any ATA drive of capacity larger than about 137 GB must be an ATA-6 or later drive. Connecting such
825-404: A non-management position. The company agreed to pay a $ 10 million fine in 2008, but did not fire Dai nor replace Sutardja as chairman as stated by the investigating committee. In December 2012, a Pittsburgh jury ruled that Marvell had infringed two patents (co-inventors Alek Kavčić and Jose Moura) by incorporating hard disk technology developed and owned by Carnegie Mellon University without
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#1732895101250900-666: A problem in MS-DOS limited the number of heads to 255. This totals to 8 422 686 720 bytes (8032.5 MiB ), commonly referred to as the 8.4 gigabyte barrier. This is again a limit imposed by x86 BIOSes, and not a limit imposed by the ATA interface. It was eventually determined that these size limitations could be overridden with a small program loaded at startup from a hard drive's boot sector. Some hard drive manufacturers, such as Western Digital, started including these override utilities with large hard drives to help overcome these problems. However, if
975-563: A recall on the 120 GB Force 3 with specific serial numbers, but not on any other Force 3 drive with a SandForce SF-2000 controller. Therefore, that recall does not appear to be related to the controller. In October, 2011, SandForce sent out firmware updates through their manufacturing partners such as OCZ that fixed the reported issue. In August 2012, TweakTown identified an issue with SandForce-based SSDs using firmware 5.0.1 and 5.0.2 wherein TRIM support did not perform optimally when fully erasing
1050-483: A result, many near-synonyms for ATA/ATAPI and its previous incarnations are still in common informal use, in particular Extended IDE (EIDE) and Ultra ATA (UATA). After the introduction of SATA in 2003, the original ATA was renamed to Parallel ATA, or PATA for short. Parallel ATA cables have a maximum allowable length of 18 in (457 mm). Because of this limit, the technology normally appears as an internal computer storage interface. For many years, ATA provided
1125-411: A roughly 7 percent stake in the company. In July 2016, Marvell appointed Matt Murphy as its new president and CEO. On July 6, 2018, Marvell completed its acquisition of Cavium, Inc. On the same day, it announced the appointment of Syed Ali (co-founder of Cavium, Inc., and previously the company's president and CEO), Brad Buss (director of Cavium, Inc.) and Edward Frank (director of Cavium, Inc.) to
1200-619: A sound card but ultimately as two physical interfaces embedded in a Southbridge chip on a motherboard. Called the "primary" and "secondary" ATA interfaces, they were assigned to base addresses 0x1F0 and 0x170 on ISA bus systems. They were replaced by SATA interfaces. The first version of what is now called the ATA/ATAPI interface was developed by Western Digital under the name Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE). Together with Compaq (the initial customer), they worked with various disk drive manufacturers to develop and ship early products with
1275-425: A typical workload. As a byproduct, data that cannot readily be compressed (for example random data, encrypted files or partitions, compressed files, or many common audio and video file formats ) is slower to write. Other features include error detection and correction technology known as "RAISE" (Redundant Array of Independent Silicon Elements) which improves the disk failure rates, and AES encryption which works in
1350-406: A way for the host to determine whether the media is present, and these were not provided in the ATA protocol. ATAPI is a protocol allowing the ATA interface to carry SCSI commands and responses; therefore, all ATAPI devices are actually "speaking SCSI" other than at the electrical interface. The SCSI commands and responses are embedded in "packets" (hence "ATA Packet Interface") for transmission on
1425-458: Is a standard interface designed for IBM PC -compatible computers. It was first developed by Western Digital and Compaq in 1986 for compatible hard drives and CD or DVD drives. The connection is used for storage devices such as hard disk drives , floppy disk drives , optical disc drives , and tape drives in computers . The standard is maintained by the X3/ INCITS committee. It uses
1500-504: Is a designation that has been primarily used by Western Digital for different speed enhancements to the ATA/ATAPI standards. For example, in 2000 Western Digital published a document describing "Ultra ATA/100", which brought performance improvements for the then-current ATA/ATAPI-5 standard by improving maximum speed of the Parallel ATA interface from 66 to 100 MB/s. Most of Western Digital's changes, along with others, were included in
1575-551: Is a form of approved vendor list that helps SSD OEMs and manufacturers get a higher level of service and support. Marvell Technology Group Marvell Technology, Inc. is an American company, headquartered in Santa Clara, California , which develops and produces semiconductors and related technology. Founded in 1995, the company had more than 6,500 employees as of 2024, with over 10,000 patents worldwide, and an annual revenue of $ 5.5 billion for fiscal 2024. Marvell
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#17328951012501650-600: Is defined in the MMC SCSI command set. ATAPI was adopted as part of ATA in INCITS 317-1998, AT Attachment with Packet Interface Extension (ATA/ATAPI-4) . The ATA/ATAPI-4 standard also introduced several " Ultra DMA " transfer modes. These initially supported speeds from 16 to 33 MB/s. In later versions, faster Ultra DMA modes were added, requiring new 80-wire cables to reduce crosstalk. The latest versions of Parallel ATA support up to 133 MB/s. Ultra ATA, abbreviated UATA,
1725-1406: The Aerospace and Defense industries through its independent subsidiary Marvell Government Solutions (MGS). In a joint venture with TSMC , Marvell introduced a 3nm product. On November 12, 2019, Marvell announced that their ThunderX2 SoCs have been deployed on Microsoft Azure . On March 2, 2020, Marvell announced OCTEON Fusion and OCTEON TX2 5G infrastructure processors, as well as deals to provide processors for 5G Infrastructure for Huawei , Nokia , Ericsson , ZTE , and Samsung . On March 16, 2020, Marvell announced ThunderX3 and their plan for ThunderX4 in 2022. On August 28, 2020, Marvell announced plan to refocus their ThunderX Server Teams to their Custom Silicon Business. Marvell's security-related products include their LiquidSecurity HSM Adapters and NITROX Cryptographic Offload Engines. Marvell's networking products include their FastLinQ Ethernet network adapters and controllers, Ethernet Switch chips for both Enterprises (Prestera) & Datacenters (Teralynx), Ethernet PHYs and Automotive Ethernet . Marvell's products include SSD Controllers, HDD Controllers, HDD Preamplifiers, Storage Accelerators, and QLogic Fibre Channel Adapters and Controllers. On May 27, 2021, Marvell announced its first NVM Express SSD controllers to support PCI Express 5.0 . Marvell supplied
1800-576: The Wi-Fi chip for the original (first-generation) Apple iPhone . Marvell Mobile Hotspot (MMH) is an in-car Wi-Fi connectivity. The 2010 Audi A8 was the first automobile in the market to feature a factory-installed MMH. Google's Chromecast products are powered by Marvell SoCs. Namely the Marvell ARMADA 1500 Mini SoC (88DE3005) for the Chromecast 1st gen and Marvell ARMADA 1500 Mini Plus SoC (88DE3006) for
1875-494: The Zip drive and SuperDisk drive . Some early ATAPI devices were simply SCSI devices with an ATA/ATAPI to SCSI protocol converter added on. The SCSI commands and responses used by each class of ATAPI device (CD-ROM, tape, etc.) are described in other documents or specifications specific to those device classes and are not within ATA/ATAPI or the T13 committee's purview. One commonly used set
1950-434: The ATA cable. This allows any device class for which a SCSI command set has been defined to be interfaced via ATA/ATAPI. ATAPI devices are also "speaking ATA", as the ATA physical interface and protocol are still being used to send the packets. On the other hand, ATA hard drives and solid state drives do not use ATAPI. ATAPI devices include CD-ROM and DVD-ROM drives, tape drives , and large-capacity floppy drives such as
2025-448: The ATA specifications. A 44-pin variant PATA connector is used for 2.5 inch drives inside laptops. The pins are closer together (2.0 mm pitch) and the connector is physically smaller than the 40-pin connector. The extra pins carry power. ATA's cables have had 40 conductors for most of its history (44 conductors for the smaller form-factor version used for 2.5" drives—the extra four for power), but an 80-conductor version appeared with
2100-747: The ATA/ATAPI-6 standard (2002). Initially, the size of an ATA drive was stored in the system x86 BIOS using a type number (1 through 45) that predefined the C/H/S parameters and also often the landing zone, in which the drive heads are parked while not in use. Later, a "user definable" format called C/H/S or cylinders, heads, sectors was made available. These numbers were important for the earlier ST-506 interface, but were generally meaningless for ATA—the CHS parameters for later ATA large drives often specified impossibly high numbers of heads or sectors that did not actually define
2175-507: The Chromecast 2nd gen & Chromecast audio. Synaptics acquired Marvell Multimedia Solutions on 2017-06-12. ARMADA 1500 SoC's are now produced under different names. In 2006, the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) started an inquiry into the company's stock option grant practices. An investigation determined "grant dates were chosen with the benefit of hindsight" to make the options more valuable. The press estimated that
2250-469: The LSI Nytro PCIe product line. Zsolt Kerekes, an SSD Market Analyst and publisher of StorageSearch.com, said in 2011 that SandForce was the best-known maker of SSD controllers. Alex Naqvi and Rado Danilak had experience from companies including Marvell , Intel Corporation , NVIDIA , Toshiba , and SanDisk when they started SandForce. At the end of 2009, it had approximately 100 employees. SandForce
2325-668: The Marvell Board of Directors. In September 2019, Marvell completed the acquisition of Aquantia . In April 2021, Marvell completed the acquisition of Inphi Corporation . As part of the acquisition, Marvell reorganized so that the combined company is domiciled in Wilmington, Delaware . In September 2023, Marvell Technologies acquired an expansion deal in Pune, India . Through the years, Marvell acquired smaller companies to enter new markets. Marvell OCTEON and ARMADA DPUs which integrate
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2400-580: The SSD, but also confirmed that the 5.0.3 and 5.0.4 firmware resolved the issue. In 2012, SandForce SF-2000-based drives were discovered to only include AES-128 encryption instead of the advertised AES-256 encryption. It was speculated the lower grade encryption was used to qualify for US ITAR licences which are precluded for products featuring certain levels of encryption heading for a selected list of US-ambivalent or actively unfriendly countries. Products such as Kingston SSDNow V+200 and KC100 were re-documented to state
2475-420: The background and is completely automatic. Data is encrypted even if there is no password which makes data recovery problematic; however, hardware encryption (which encrypts the user data as physically stored to flash without any significant performance loss) doesn't replace, but rather complements, the drive lock feature and software-based encryption, which prevent unauthorized access to the drive's contents over
2550-497: The bridge was especially simple in case of an ATA connector being located on an ISA interface card. The integrated controller presented the drive to the host computer as an array of 512-byte blocks with a relatively simple command interface. This relieved the mainboard and interface cards in the host computer of the chores of stepping the disk head arm, moving the head arm in and out, and so on, as had to be done with earlier ST-506 and ESDI hard drives. All of these low-level details of
2625-550: The cable. Cable select is controlled by pin 28. The host adapter grounds this pin; if a device sees that the pin is grounded, it becomes the Device 0 (master) device; if it sees that pin 28 is open, the device becomes the Device 1 (slave) device. This setting is usually chosen by a jumper setting on the drive called "cable select", usually marked CS , which is separate from the Device 0/1 setting. If two drives are configured as Device 0 and Device 1 manually, this configuration does not need to correspond to their position on
2700-409: The cable. Pin 28 is only used to let the drives know their position on the cable; it is not used by the host when communicating with the drives. In other words, the manual master/slave setting using jumpers on the drives takes precedence and allows them to be freely placed on either connector of the ribbon cable. With the 40-conductor cable, it was very common to implement cable select by simply cutting
2775-515: The company lost its mistrial bid in this dispute. Post-trial hearings were scheduled for May 2013 and Marvell reported to be considering an appeal in the interim. In August, US District Judge Nora Barry Fischer upheld the award. On February 17, 2016, Marvell agreed to a settlement in which Marvell will pay Carnegie Mellon University $ 750,000,000. Parallel ATA#HDD passwords and security Parallel ATA ( PATA ), originally AT Attachment , also known as Integrated Drive Electronics ( IDE ),
2850-469: The computer was booted in some other manner without loading the special utility, the invalid BIOS settings would be used and the drive could either be inaccessible or appear to the operating system to be damaged. Later, an extension to the x86 BIOS disk services called the " Enhanced Disk Drive " (EDD) was made available, which makes it possible to address drives as large as 2 sectors. The first drive interface used 22-bit addressing mode which resulted in
2925-413: The computer's BIOS and/or operating system . In most personal computers the drives are often designated as "C:" for the Device 0 and "D:" for the Device 1 referring to one active primary partitions on each. The mode that a device must use is often set by a jumper setting on the device itself, which must be manually set to Device 0 ( Master ) or Device 1 ( Slave ). If there is a single device on
3000-402: The connection cable to the drive. On an IBM PC compatible, CP/M machine, or similar, this was typically a card installed on a motherboard . The interface cards used to connect a parallel ATA drive to, for example, an ISA Slot , are not drive controllers: they are merely bridges between the host bus and the ATA interface . Since the original ATA interface is essentially just a 16-bit ISA bus ,
3075-461: The deal was completed on May 6, 2014. On May 29, 2014, Seagate Technology announced it had entered into an agreement with Avago to purchase LSI's Flash Components Division. SandForce uses inexpensive multi-level cell technology in a data center environment with a 5-year expected life . At the time the company emerged from stealth mode, other solid-state drives in the market were using the more expensive single-level cell technology. SandForce gave
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3150-482: The era have a SATA hard disk and an optical drive connected to PATA. As of 2007, some PC chipsets , for example the Intel ICH10, had removed support for PATA. Motherboard vendors still wishing to offer Parallel ATA with those chipsets must include an additional interface chip. In more recent computers, the Parallel ATA interface is rarely used even if present, as four or more Serial ATA connectors are usually provided on
3225-455: The founders and other executives had made $ 760 million in gains from the options, which were awarded by the founding couple, Sehat Sutardja and Weili Dai. The SEC asked to interview the company's general counsel Matthew Gloss, but Marvell claimed attorney–client privilege . Gloss was fired just before the investigation results were announced in May 2007. Abraham David Sofaer was hired to investigate
3300-563: The goal of remaining software compatible with the existing IBM PC hard drive interface. The first such drives appeared internally in Compaq PCs in 1986 and were first separately offered by Conner Peripherals as the CP342 in June 1987. The term Integrated Drive Electronics refers to the drive controller being integrated into the drive, as opposed to a separate controller situated at the other side of
3375-472: The hard drive in question is also expected to provide good throughput for other tasks at the same time, it probably should not be on the same cable as the optical drive. A drive mode called cable select was described as optional in ATA-1 and has come into fairly widespread use with ATA-5 and later. A drive set to "cable select" automatically configures itself as Device 0 or Device 1 , according to its position on
3450-686: The host interface. SandForce initially released a family split into enterprise (data center) and client (desktop) computing applications. The SF-1500 was the enterprise product and the SF-1200 the client product. Reference designs included information to build and sell a complete product. In October 2010, SandForce introduced their second generation SSD controllers called the SF-2000 family focused on enterprise applications. Enhancements included: SATA 3.0 (6 Gbit/s), faster speeds, security, and data protection features. The client version of this second generation line
3525-414: The internal physical layout of the drive at all. From the start, and up to ATA-2, every user had to specify explicitly how large every attached drive was. From ATA-2 on, an "identify drive" command was implemented that can be sent and which will return all drive parameters. Owing to a lack of foresight by motherboard manufacturers, the system BIOS was often hobbled by artificial C/H/S size limitations due to
3600-565: The introduction of the UDMA/66 mode. All of the additional conductors in the new cable are grounds , interleaved with the signal conductors to reduce the effects of capacitive coupling between neighboring signal conductors, reducing crosstalk . Capacitive coupling is more of a problem at higher transfer rates, and this change was necessary to enable the 66 megabytes per second (MB/s) transfer rate of UDMA4 to work reliably. The faster UDMA5 and UDMA6 modes also require 80-conductor cables. Though
3675-470: The investigation after Gloss alleged it was not independent. In announcing the results of its own inquiry, the SEC did not give Marvell the credit granted to other companies in the options scandal for cooperating with the SEC's investigation or for cleaning up. At the time of the announcement, the co-acting regional director of the SEC's San Francisco office stated, among other things, that the SEC did not believe that
3750-455: The lack of cooperation and remediation shown by Marvell merited much credit in terms of being lenient with Marvell. In announcing its results, the SEC found that Gloss was not a participant in Dai and Sutardja's backdating scheme. Marvell restated its financial results, and stated that Dai will no longer be executive vice president, chief operating officer, and director but continue with the company in
3825-590: The lower-end products. The RAISE technology in the SF 3700 series was upgraded from protecting against a single page or block failure (in the previous series) to "multiple pages and blocks or up to a full die" with the so-called RAISE level 2. Additionally, the new chips reserve less than a full die for redundancy (so-called "fractional RAISE"). After the introduction of the SF-2000 series controller, some customers using drives with that controller reported issues such as BSOD and freezing. In early June 2011, Corsair Memory issued
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#17328951012503900-548: The manufacturer assuming certain values would never exceed a particular numerical maximum. The first of these BIOS limits occurred when ATA drives reached sizes in excess of 504 MiB , because some motherboard BIOSes would not allow C/H/S values above 1024 cylinders, 16 heads, and 63 sectors. Multiplied by 512 bytes per sector, this totals 528 482 304 bytes which, divided by 1 048 576 bytes per MiB , equals 504 MiB (528 MB ). The second of these BIOS limitations occurred at 1024 cylinders , 256 heads , and 63 sectors , and
3975-442: The mechanical operation of the drive were now handled by the controller on the drive itself. This also eliminated the need to design a single controller that could handle many different types of drives, since the controller could be unique for the drive. The host need only to ask for a particular sector, or block, to be read or written, and either accept the data from the drive or send the data to it. The interface used by these drives
4050-458: The most common and the least expensive interface for this application. It has largely been replaced by SATA in newer systems. The standard was originally conceived as the "AT Bus Attachment", officially called "AT Attachment" and abbreviated "ATA" because its primary feature was a direct connection to the 16-bit ISA bus introduced with the IBM PC/AT . The original ATA specifications published by
4125-547: The motherboard and SATA devices of all types are common. With Western Digital 's withdrawal from the PATA market, hard disk drives with the PATA interface were no longer in production after December 2013 for other than specialty applications. Parallel ATA cables transfer data 16 bits at a time. The traditional cable uses 40-pin female insulation displacement connectors (IDC) attached to a 40- or 80-conductor ribbon cable . Each cable has two or three connectors, one of which plugs into
4200-506: The name "DuraClass" to the overall technology incorporated in its controllers. SandForce controllers did not use DRAM for caching which reduces cost and complexity compared to other SSD controllers. SandForce controllers also use a proprietary compression system to minimize the amount of data actually written to non-volatile memory (the " write amplification ") which increases speed and lifetime for most data (known as "DuraWrite"). SandForce claims to have reduced write amplification to 0.5 on
4275-753: The number of conductors doubled, the number of connector pins and the pinout remain the same as 40-conductor cables, and the external appearance of the connectors is identical. Internally, the connectors are different; the connectors for the 80-conductor cable connect a larger number of ground conductors to the ground pins, while the connectors for the 40-conductor cable connect ground conductors to ground pins one-to-one. 80-conductor cables usually come with three differently colored connectors (blue, black, and gray for controller, master drive, and slave drive respectively) as opposed to uniformly colored 40-conductor cable's connectors (commonly all gray). The gray connector on 80-conductor cables has pin 28 CSEL not connected, making it
4350-408: The other device on the cable, reducing the impact of the "one operation at a time" limit. The impact of this on a system's performance depends on the application. For example, when copying data from an optical drive to a hard drive (such as during software installation), this effect probably will not matter. Such jobs are necessarily limited by the speed of the optical drive no matter where it is. But if
4425-416: The primary storage device interface for PCs soon after its introduction. In some systems, a third and fourth motherboard interface was provided, allowing up to eight ATA devices to be attached to the motherboard. Often, these additional connectors were implemented by inexpensive RAID controllers. Soon after the introduction of Serial ATA (SATA) in 2003, use of Parallel ATA declined. Some PCs and laptops of
4500-473: The same cable. For all modern ATA host adapters, this is not true, as modern ATA host adapters support independent device timing . This allows each device on the cable to transfer data at its own best speed. Even with earlier adapters without independent timing, this effect applies only to the data transfer phase of a read or write operation. This is caused by the omission of both overlapped and queued feature sets from most parallel ATA products. Only one device on
4575-485: The same time that the ATA-1 standard was adopted, Western Digital introduced drives under a newer name, Enhanced IDE (EIDE). These included most of the features of the forthcoming ATA-2 specification and several additional enhancements. Other manufacturers introduced their own variations of ATA-1 such as "Fast ATA" and "Fast ATA-2". The new version of the ANSI standard, AT Attachment Interface with Extensions ATA-2 (X3.279-1996),
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#17328951012504650-414: The slave position for drives configured cable select. If two devices are attached to a single cable, one must be designated as Device 0 (in the past, commonly designated master ) and the other as Device 1 (in the past, commonly designated as slave ). This distinction is necessary to allow both drives to share the cable without conflict. The Device 0 drive is the drive that usually appears "first" to
4725-475: The standards committees use the name "AT Attachment". The "AT" in the IBM PC/AT referred to "Advanced Technology" so ATA has also been referred to as "Advanced Technology Attachment". When a newer Serial ATA (SATA) was introduced in 2003, the original ATA was renamed to Parallel ATA, or PATA for short. Physical ATA interfaces became a standard component in all PCs, initially on host bus adapters, sometimes on
4800-646: The things you use better" are similar examples of companies promoting a component inside the end product. SandForce created a logo that partners can display on the SSD or their advertising to indicate a SandForce controller is inside and uses a SandForce-written firmware. In October 2013, there were 38 members of the SandForce Driven program. SandForce created the "SandForce Trusted" program in January 2011, which identified approved vendors that provide equipment, tools, and services compatible with SandForce SSD Processors. It
4875-480: The third-party group MSFN have modified the Windows 98 disk drivers to add unofficial support for 48-bit LBA to Windows 95 OSR2 , Windows 98 , Windows 98 SE and Windows ME . Some 16-bit and 32-bit operating systems supporting LBA48 may still not support disks larger than 2 TiB due to using 32-bit arithmetic only; a limitation also applying to many boot sectors . Parallel ATA (then simply called ATA or IDE) became
4950-402: The two IDE cables, which can have two drives each (primary master, primary slave, secondary master, secondary slave). There are many debates about how much a slow device can impact the performance of a faster device on the same cable. On early ATA host adapters, both devices' data transfers can be constrained to the speed of the slower device, if two devices of different speed capabilities are on
5025-425: The underlying AT Attachment (ATA) and AT Attachment Packet Interface ( ATAPI ) standards. The Parallel ATA standard is the result of a long history of incremental technical development, which began with the original AT Attachment interface, developed for use in early PC AT equipment. The ATA interface itself evolved in several stages from Western Digital 's original Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) interface. As
5100-454: The use of 128-bit AES encryption. Intel offered refunds for affected users of Intel 520 Series SSDs until January 1, 2012, while Kingston offered exchange program to cover the cost of shipping for customers who request a swap. In May 2010, SandForce introduced the "SandForce Driven" program. The "Intel Inside" program and the BASF advertising slogan that said "We don't make the things you use, we make
5175-432: Was approved in 1996. It included most of the features of the manufacturer-specific variants. ATA-2 also was the first to note that devices other than hard drives could be attached to the interface: 3.1.7 Device: Device is a storage peripheral. Traditionally, a device on the ATA interface has been a hard disk drive, but any form of storage device may be placed on the ATA interface provided it adheres to this standard. ATA
5250-497: Was founded in 1995 by Dr. Sehat Sutardja , his wife Weili Dai , and his brother Pantas Sutardja. They worked on designing a CMOS -based read channel for disk drives as their first product. Seagate Technology became their first customer. The initial public offering on June 27, 2000 (near the end of the dot-com bubble ) raised $ 90 million. In April 2016, CEO Sehat Sutardja and President Weili Dai were ousted from their posts after activist investor Starboard Value fund took
5325-492: Was initially financed by private equity firms Storm Ventures, Doll Capital Management (DCM), and unnamed computer data storage firms. By April 2009, SandForce had taken in more than $ 20 million in two venture rounds . In November that same year they closed a series C funding round of $ 21 million led by TransLink Capital and included LSI, ADATA , and others, including Seagate Technology. Finally in October 2010, SandForce closed
5400-684: Was introduced in February 2011 with most of the same enhancements seen in the SF-2500. Announced in November 2013, the SF 3700 family of controllers supported triple-level cell flash for higher capacity and NVM Express for improved performance at the high end. Sample engineering boards with the PCIe x4 (gen 2) model of this controller found 1,800 MB/sec read/write sequential speeds and 150K/80K random IOPS. A Kingston HyperX " prosumer " product using this controller
5475-469: Was originally designed for, and worked only with, hard disk drives and devices that could emulate them. The introduction of ATAPI (ATA Packet Interface) by a group called the Small Form Factor committee (SFF) allowed ATA to be used for a variety of other devices that require functions beyond those necessary for hard disk drives. For example, any removable media device needs a "media eject" command, and
5550-495: Was showcased at the Consumer Electronics Show 2014 and promised similar performance. Mushkin also showcased products using the SF 3700 series at CES, highlighting their M.2 Helix series up to 480 GB (512 GiB) and up to 2 TB in for the 2.5 inch format. The SF 3700 family consists of: All these models are actually made of the same die (produced in a 40 nm process), an area of which goes unused in
5625-504: Was standardized in 1994 as ANSI standard X3.221-1994, AT Attachment Interface for Disk Drives . After later versions of the standard were developed, this became known as "ATA-1". A short-lived, seldom-used implementation of ATA was created for the IBM XT and similar machines that used the 8-bit version of the ISA bus. It has been referred to as "XT-IDE" , "XTA" or "XT Attachment". In 1994, about
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