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109-680: Osaka castle was built on the Uemachi plateau enclosed by the Yodo River and the Yamato River . It was well fortified to the north but weakly guarded to the southern Tennōji plateau. Sanada Yukimura built the fortification in front of the outer moat , at the Kuruwa port, at the southeastern Hirano-guchi (平野口) gate and beside the Kuromon-guchi (黒門口) gate. Due to its position, Sanada Maru became an obstacle to

218-458: A fortified tower in times of war, and the daimyo ( 大名 , feudal lord ) 's government offices and residences were located in a group of single-story buildings near the tenshu and the surrounding yagura ( 櫓 , turrets) . In 1583 Toyotomi Hideyoshi commenced construction on the site of the Ikkō-ikki temple of Ishiyama Hongan-ji . The basic plan was modeled after Azuchi Castle ,

327-611: A castle built there some time in the past, whose name has been lost in history. During the final battle, Saigo was mortally wounded, and the last forty rebels charged the Imperial troops and were cut down by Gatling guns . The Satsuma Rebellion came to an end at the Battle of "Castle Mountain" on the morning of September 25, 1877. Some castles, especially the larger ones, were used by the Imperial Japanese Army . Osaka Castle served as

436-494: A far more dramatic effect on the outcome of the battle; hand-to-hand fighting, while still very common, was diminished by the coordinated use of firearms. Oda Nobunaga , one of the most expert commanders in the coordinated tactical use of the new weapon, built his Azuchi castle, which has since come to be seen as the paradigm of the new phase of castle design, with these considerations in mind. The stone foundation resisted damage from arquebus balls better than wood or earthworks, and

545-475: A group of single-story buildings near the tenshu and the surrounding yagura ( 櫓 , turrets) . The only exception was Oda Nobunaga's Azuchi-Momoyama Castle, where he lived in the tenshu (main keep) . Before the Sengoku period (roughly the 16th century), most castles were called yamajirō ( 山城 , 'mountain castles') . Though most later castles were built atop mountains or hills, these were built from

654-562: A handful of other castles across the country, into defensible positions against the cannon of Western naval vessels. Before the feudal system could be completely overturned, castles played a role in the initial resistance to the Meiji Restoration. In January 1868, the Boshin War broke out in Kyoto , between samurai forces loyal to the disaffected Bakufu government, and allied forces loyal to

763-403: A hill or mound, and often an artificial mound would be created for this purpose (similar to European motte-and-bailey castles ). This not only aided greatly in the defense of the castle, but also allowed it a greater view over the surrounding land, and made the castle look more impressive and intimidating. In some ways, the use of stone, and the development of the architectural style of the castle,

872-521: A line of outposts and defensive positions known as the "Shuri Line". US Soldiers and Marines encountered fierce resistance and hand-to-hand combat all along the Shuri Line. Starting on May 25, the castle was subjected to three days of intense naval bombardment from the USS Mississippi . On May 28, a company of US Marines took the castle, finding that the intensity of the destruction had prompted

981-521: A lord could safely ride out periods of violence in his lands, over the course of the Sengoku period, many of these mountain castles developed into permanent residences, with elaborate exteriors and lavish interiors. The beginnings of the shapes and styles now considered to be the "classic" Japanese castle design emerged at this time, and castle towns ( jōkamachi , "town below castle") also appeared and developed. Despite these developments, though, for most of

1090-427: A marked hiking trail, such as Azaka Castle , ( Matsuzaka , Mie Prefecture), Kame Castle ( Inawashiro , Fukushima Prefecture), Kikoe Castle (Kagoshima city), or Kanegasaki Castle ( Tsuruga city, Fukui Prefecture ). The grounds of some were developed with municipal buildings or schools. In Toba , Mie Prefecture, the city hall and an elementary school were built on the site of Toba Castle. Some castle sites are now in

1199-492: A number of counterattacks, even breaking through the siege lines. By December 18, all the outlying forts and waterways had fallen but the Sanada Maru proved impregnable. As a stockade had been built, Ieyasu began to starve out the huge castle. However, supplies were sufficient to feed everyone for several years. Ieyasu then resorted to artillery bombardment. Sakers fired from the north, no less than 300 culverins blasted from

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1308-551: A number of measures were invented to keep attackers off the walls and to stop them from climbing the castle, including pots of hot sand, gun emplacements, and arrow slits from which defenders could fire at attackers while still enjoying nearly full cover. Spaces in the walls for firing from were called sama ; arrow slits were called yasama , gun emplacements tepposama and the rarer, later spaces for cannon were known as taihosama . Unlike in European castles, which had walkways built into

1417-448: A number of other purposes. The Ōnin War , which broke out in 1467, marked the beginning of 147 years of widespread warfare (called the Sengoku period ) between daimyōs (feudal lords) across the entire archipelago. For the duration of the Ōnin War (1467–1477), and into the Sengoku period, the entire city of Kyoto became a battlefield, and suffered extensive damage. Noble family mansions across

1526-418: A number of satellite castles ( shijō ) spread throughout their territory. Though the shijō were sometimes full-fledged castles with stone bases, they were more frequently fortresses of wood and earthenworks. Often, a system of fire beacons, drums , or conch shells was set up to enable communications between these castles over a great distance. The Hōjō family's Odawara Castle and its network of satellites

1635-666: A number of warehouses. The site is now a park. Next to it is the Osaka State Guest House and the Hōshō-an chashitsu . The castle is open to the public and is easily accessible from Osakajōkōen Station on the JR West Osaka Loop Line . It is a popular spot during festival seasons, and especially during the cherry blossom bloom ( hanami ), when the sprawling castle grounds are covered with food vendors and taiko drummers. The large indoor arena, Osaka-jō Hall , also

1744-612: A peace formula whereby the Tokugawa army would withdraw and Osaka castle would remain in Hideyori's hand under the provision of no further "rebellion" against the Tokugawa Shōgun. Many Tokugawa troops did not leave but instead worked to fill in the outer moat. Hideyori protested but by the time, a week later, Ieyasu agreed that these had indeed not been included in the peace agreement the outer moat had ceased to exist, and his men were turning to

1853-471: A shift from the need to defend the entire state from invaders to that of lords defending individual mansions or territories from one another. Though battles were still continually fought in the north-east portion of Honshū (the Tōhoku region ) against native peoples, the rise of the samurai warrior class towards the end of the period, and various disputes between noble families jostling for power and influence in

1962-529: A strong desire to establish a unified imperial and military government. In 1619, Matsudaira Tadaaki , who was appointed as the lord of Osaka Castle before, was transferred to the Kōriyama Domain in Yamato Province , and the shogunate assumed direct control of Osaka. Then, the project of reconstructing Osaka castle as a new base of the shogunate was entrusted to Tōdō Takatora and Kobori Enshu. In 1620,

2071-515: A technique called burdock piling , each overlooking a moat . The keep is five stories on the outside and eight stories on the inside and built atop a tall stone foundation to protect its occupants from attackers. The main keep is surrounded by a series of moats and defensive fortifications. The castle has two moats (an inner and an outer one). The inner castle moat lies within the castle grounds and consists of two types: wet (northern-easterly) and dry (south-westerly). The outer moat meanwhile surrounds

2180-645: Is called Ōsaka-jō ( 大阪城 ) in Japanese . Originally conceived as fortresses for military defense, Japanese castles were placed in strategic locations, typically along trade routes, roads, and rivers. Though castles continued to be built with these considerations, for centuries, fortresses were also built as centres of governance. By the Sengoku period, they had come to serve as the homes of daimyo ( 大名 , feudal lords ) , to impress and to intimidate rivals not only with their defences but also with their sizes, architecture, and elegant interiors. In 1576, Oda Nobunaga

2289-609: Is located within the grounds of the castle park . 34°41′14″N 135°31′33″E  /  34.68722°N 135.52583°E  / 34.68722; 135.52583 Japanese castle Japanese castles ( 城 , shiro or jō ) are fortresses constructed primarily of wood and stone. They evolved from the wooden stockades of earlier centuries and came into their best-known form in the 16th century. Castles in Japan were built to guard important or strategic sites, such as ports, river crossings, or crossroads, and almost always incorporated

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2398-414: Is notable for having been destroyed in the atomic bomb blast on August 6, 1945. It was also on the grounds of Hiroshima Castle that news of the atomic bombing was first transmitted to Tokyo. When the atomic bomb detonated, a team of volunteer high school girls had just taken their shift on a radio in a small fortified bunker in the main courtyard of Hiroshima Castle. The girls transmitted the message that

2507-403: Is often referred to as the last stand of the samurai before the Tokugawa shogunate reformed the ways of the samurai including prohibiting practices like headhunting . The attack on Sanada Maru began on December 4. Yukimura and about 6-7,000 men defending Sanada Maru against Tokugawa forces of approximately 10-30,000 men. The Tokugawa forces were repeatedly repelled, and Sanada's troops launched

2616-455: The 5th Infantry Division ; Kanazawa Castle served as HQ for the 9th Infantry Division. For this reason, and as a way to strike against the morale and culture of the Japanese people, many castles were intentionally bombed during World War II . The main towers of the castles at Nagoya , Okayama , Fukuyama , Wakayama , Ōgaki , among others, were all destroyed during air raids. Hiroshima Castle

2725-573: The Edo period (1603–1867) that followed, or more recently, as national heritage sites or museums. Today there are more than one hundred castles extant, or partially extant, in Japan ; it is estimated that once there were five thousand. Some castles, such as the ones at Matsue and Kōchi , both built in 1611, have main keeps or other buildings that remain extant in their historical forms, not having suffered any damage from sieges or other threats. Hiroshima Castle , on

2834-570: The Japanese Alps . Great care is taken with these structures; open flame and smoking near the castles is usually prohibited, and visitors are usually required to remove their shoes before stepping on the wooden floors (slippers are usually provided). Local legends or ghost stories may also be associated with some of these castles; the most famous is probably the tale of Okiku and the Nine Plates , based on events that occurred at Himeji Castle . At

2943-684: The Meiji Restoration . The Honmaru Palace was lost during the Boshin War . In its place the Kishū Palace (紀州御殿 Kishū Goten ) was moved here from Wakayama Castle to serve as an imperial state guest house, named later Tenrinkaku . Under the Meiji government, Osaka Castle became part of the Osaka Army Arsenal ( Osaka Hohei Kosho ) manufacturing guns, ammunition, and explosives for Japan's rapidly expanding Western-style military. In 1931,

3052-561: The Meiji government in the 1871 abolition of the han system . During the Meiji Restoration , these castles were viewed as symbols of the previous ruling elite, and nearly 2,000 castles were dismantled or destroyed. Others were simply abandoned and eventually fell into disrepair. Rebellions continued to break out during the first years of the Meiji period. The last and largest was the Satsuma Rebellion (1877). After heated disagreements in

3161-545: The Republic of Ezo , centered on a government building within the walls of Goryōkaku , a French-style star fortress , which is nonetheless often included in lists and in literature on Japanese castles. After the fierce Battle of Hakodate , the fortress of Goryōkaku was under siege, and finally surrendered on May 18, 1869, bringing an end to the Boshin War. All castles, along with the feudal domains themselves, were turned over to

3270-415: The daimyōs , enforced a number of regulations limiting the number of castles to one per han (feudal domain), with a few exceptions especially the ones the ones in satsuma and the ones up north , and a number of other policies including that of sankin-kōtai . Though there were also, at times, restrictions on the size and furnishings of these castles, and although many daimyōs grew quite poor later in

3379-399: The ferroconcrete tenshu was built. During World War II, the arsenal became one of the largest military armories, employing 60,000 workers. American bombing raids targeting the arsenal damaged the reconstructed main keep and, on August 14, 1945, destroyed 90% of the arsenal and killed 382 people working there. In 1995, Osaka's government approved yet another restoration project, with

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3488-457: The hatamoto guards that protected Osaka Castle. On 15 May 1740, when he was 25-year-old, he stole 4,000 ryō of gold inside. However, the crime was soon discovered by the shogunate, so he was arrested and confessed. Although he was a samurai, he was dragged around the city and sentenced to crucifixion in September. Later, this incident became a legend and the contents changed, so it is said that he

3597-628: The shōgun not being a regular daimyō , it nevertheless serves as a fine example of these developments. These vastly consolidated and expanded castles, and the great number of samurai living, by necessity, in and around them, thus led to an explosion in urban growth in 17th century Japan. As contact with Western powers increased in the middle of the 19th century, some castles such as Goryōkaku in Hokkaidō were turned once again to martial purposes. No longer needed to resist samurai cavalry charges, or arquebus squads, attempts were made to convert Goryōkaku, and

3706-492: The 1570s, was the first example of a largely new type of castle, on a larger, grander scale than those that came before, boasting a large stone base ( 武者返し , musha-gaeshi ), a complex arrangement of concentric baileys ( 丸 , maru ), and a tall central tower. In addition, the castle was located on a plain, rather than on a densely forested mountain, and relied more heavily on architecture and manmade defenses than on its natural environment for protection. These features, along with

3815-575: The 9th century or later, was read (pronounced) ki , as in this example, mizuki . Though fairly basic in construction and appearance, these wooden and earthwork structures were designed to impress just as much as to function effectively against attack. Chinese and Korean architecture influenced the design of Japanese buildings, including fortifications, in this period. The remains or ruins of some of these fortresses, decidedly different from what would come later, can still be seen in certain parts of Kyūshū and Tōhoku today. The Heian period (794–1185) saw

3924-503: The Honmaru (main bailey), as the base of the Toyotomi keep had actually been buried by the new Tokugawa version of the castle. After a long period of construction, the new Osaka Castle was completed in 1628. In 1660, lightning ignited the gunpowder warehouse and the resulting explosion set the castle on fire. In 1665, lightning struck and burnt down the tenshu . Kajisuke Nakama was one of

4033-981: The Imperial Court became enemies, and defensive networks were broken, or altered through the shifting of alliances. The Genpei War (1180–1185) between the Minamoto and Taira clans , and the Nanboku-chō Wars (1336–1392) between the Northern and Southern Imperial Courts are the primary conflicts that define these developments during what is sometimes called Japan's medieval period. Fortifications were still made almost entirely out of wood, and were based largely on earlier modes, and on Chinese and Korean examples. But they began to become larger, to incorporate more buildings, to accommodate larger armies, and to be conceived as more long-lasting structures. This mode of fortification, developed gradually from earlier modes and used throughout

4142-434: The Imperial Court brought about further upgrades. The primary defensive concern in the archipelago was no longer native tribes or foreign invaders, but rather internal conflicts within Japan, between rival samurai clans or other increasingly large and powerful factions, and as a result, defensive strategies and attitudes were forced to change and adapt. As factions emerged and loyalties shifted, clans and factions that had helped

4251-565: The Imperial army arrived to break the siege. After a series of battles, the Satsuma rebels were forced back to Kagoshima city. Fighting continued there, and the stones walls of Kagoshima Castle still show the damage done by bullets. (Kagoshima Castle was never re-built, but portions of the stone walls and the moat were left intact, and later the prefectural history museum was built on the castle's foundation.) The rebel force made their last stand on Shiroyama , or "Castle Mountain", probably named for

4360-705: The Kinzo Treasure House, and the "Timecapsule Expo'70". While within the Yamazato-Maru Bailey consists of the Marked-Stones Square, and the Monument commemorating 'Hideyori and Yodo-dono committing suicide'. As with almost all Japanese castles from the Azuchi-Momoyama period onward, the tenshu ( 天守 , main keep ) , the most prominent structure, was used as a storehouse in times of peace and as

4469-642: The Osaka Castle in 2017 Osaka Castle ( 大坂城 or 大阪城 , Ōsaka-jō ) is a Japanese castle in Chūō-ku , Osaka , Japan . The castle is one of Japan's most famous landmarks and played a major role in the unification of Japan during the sixteenth century of the Azuchi–Momoyama period . The main keep of Osaka Castle is situated on a plot of land roughly one square kilometre. It is built on two raised platforms of landfill supported by sheer walls of cut rock, using

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4578-503: The Sengoku period castles remained essentially larger, more complex versions of the simple wooden fortifications of centuries earlier. It was not until the last thirty years of the period of war that drastic changes would occur to bring about the emergence of the type of castle typified by Himeji Castle and other surviving castles. This period of war culminated in the Azuchi–Momoyama period, the scene of numerous fierce battles, which saw

4687-423: The advent of firearms. Arquebus firing squads and cavalry charges could overcome wooden stockades with relative ease, and so stone castles came into use. Azuchi Castle was destroyed in 1582, just three years after its completion, but it nevertheless ushered in a new period of castle-building. Among the many castles built in the ensuing years was Hideyoshi's castle at Osaka, completed in 1585. This incorporated all

4796-432: The best natural defenses. However, castles built on flat plains (平城, hirajiro ) and those built on lowlands hills (平山城, hirayamajiro ) were not uncommon, and a few very isolated castles were even built on small natural or artificial islands in lakes or the sea, or along the shore. The science of building and fortifying castles was known as chikujō-jutsu ( Japanese : 築城術 ). Japanese castles were almost always built atop

4905-410: The capital of Kyoto, which had long been a target of violence, Azuchi's carefully chosen location allowed it a great degree of control over the transportation and communication routes of Oda's enemies. The tenshu (main keep) was used as a storehouse in times of peace and as a fortified tower in times of war, and the daimyo (feudal lords) 's government offices and residences were located in

5014-413: The castle buildings burned to the ground. As the Toyotomi clan no longer existed, the Tokugawa shogunate expressed their desire to move their center of government into Osaka. However, this plan to relocate the shogunate government into Osaka was halted after the death of Ieyasu in 1616. For a while, the shogunate's plan to move to Osaka was abandoned, but was reinstated by Tokugawa Hidetada , who had

5123-788: The castle include the Octopus stone , but these have no cultural property status. The outer moat has two main sentry checkpoints: the Aoyamon Gate (in the north-east) and the Otemon Gate (in the opposing south-west). Between the outer and inner moat are the following: Fushimi-yagura Turret Remains, Ensho-gura Gunpowder Storehouse, Osaka Geihinkan, Hoshoan Tea House, Osaka Castle Nishinomaru Garden, Sengan-yagura Turret, Tamon-yagura Turret, Remains of Taiko-yagura Turret, Osaka Shudokan Martial Arts Hall, Hokoku Shrine (Osaka) , Ichiban-yagura Turret (The first turret), and Plum Grove. There are two places to cross

5232-520: The castle's outer moat filled, negating one of the castle's main outer defenses. During the summer of 1615, Hideyori began to restore the outer moat. Ieyasu, in outrage, sent his armies to Osaka Castle again, and routed the Toyotomi men inside the outer walls on June 4. Later, Osaka Castle fell to the Tokugawa shogunate and the Toyotomi clan perished, as Toyotomi Hideyori and Yodo-dono committed seppuku and

5341-427: The castle. When battles were not resolved in this way, out in the open, sieges were almost always undertaken purely by denying supplies to the castle, an effort that could last years, but involved little more than surrounding the castle with a force of sufficient size until a surrender could be elicited. The crucial development that spurred the emergence of a new type of defensive architecture was, thus, not cannon, but

5450-427: The castles themselves. Where members of the samurai class had previously lived in or around the great number of castles sprinkling the landscape, they now became concentrated in the capitals of the han and in Edo ; the resulting concentration of samurai in the cities, and their near-total absence from the countryside and from cities that were not feudal capitals (Kyoto and Osaka in particular) were important features of

5559-570: The city became increasingly fortified over this ten-year period, and attempts were made to isolate the city as a whole from the marauding armies of samurai that dominated the landscape for over a century. As regional officials and others became the daimyōs , and the country descended into war, they began to quickly add to their power bases, securing their primary residences, and constructing additional fortifications in tactically advantageous or important locations. Originally conceived as purely defensive (martial) structures, or as retirement bunkers where

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5668-460: The city had been destroyed, to the confused disbelief of the officers receiving the message in Tokyo. Shuri Castle (actually a Ryukyuan gusuku ), on Okinawa Island was not only the headquarters for the 32nd Army and the defense of Okinawa , but also has the distinction of the being the last castle in Japan attacked by an invading force. In April 1945, Shuri Castle was the coordinating point for

5777-451: The climax of earlier developments towards larger buildings, more complex and concentrated construction, and more elaborate design, both externally and in the castles' interiors. European castle design began to have an impact as well in this period, though the castle had long been in decline in Europe by this point. In Japanese politics and warfare, the castle served not only as a fortress, but as

5886-617: The difficulty in casting such weapons themselves as the foundries used to make bronze temple bells were simply unsuited to the production of iron or steel cannon. The few cannon that were used were smaller and weaker than those used in European sieges, and many of them were in fact taken from European ships and remounted to serve on land; where the advent of cannon and other artillery brought an end to stone castles in Europe, wooden ones would remain in Japan for several centuries longer. A few castles boasted 'wall guns', but these are presumed to have been little more than large caliber arquebuses, lacking

5995-419: The early 20th century, a new movement for the preservation of heritage grew. The first law for the preservation of sites of historical or cultural significance was enacted in 1919, and was followed ten years later by the 1929 National Treasure Preservation Law. With the enactment of these laws, local governments had an obligation to prevent any further destruction, and they had some of the funds and resources of

6104-420: The entire castle premise, denotes the castle's outer limits, and consists of four individual water-filled sections, each representing a cardinal direction (North, East, South, West). The castle grounds, which cover approximately 61,000 square metres (15 acres), contain the following thirteen structures that were denoted as "important cultural assets" by the Japanese government: There are also some megaliths at

6213-512: The garrison commander due to his experience opposing Ieyasu 's army in his castle at Ueda during the Sekigahara campaign . At that time the castle had two moats, which still exist, and Hideyori's engineers created an outer moat by cutting a channel between the canal that existed to the west and the Nekoma stream which flowed from south to north on the eastern side. The following campaign and battle

6322-426: The general appearance and organization of the Japanese castle, which had matured by this point, have come to define the stereotypical Japanese castle. Along with Hideyoshi's Fushimi–Momoyama castle , Azuchi lends its name to the brief Azuchi–Momoyama period (roughly 1568–1600) in which these types of castles, used for military defense, flourished. Osaka Castle was destroyed by cannon. This reproduction towers above

6431-414: The government has been to keep castles as relevant and visible in the lives of the Japanese people, to showcase them to visitors, and thus prevent the neglect of national heritage. Japanese castles were built in a variety of environments, but all were constructed within variations of a fairly well-defined architectural scheme. Yamajiro ( 山城 ) , or "mountain castles", were the most common, and provided

6540-825: The hands of private landowners, and the area has been developed. Vegetable plots now occupy the site of Kaminogo Castle ( Gamagōri , Aichi), and a chestnut orchard has been planted on the site of Nishikawa Castle , though in both cases some of the castle-related topography can still be seen, such as the motte or ramparts . Finally there are the castle sites that have not been maintained or developed to any degree, and may have few markings or signs. Historical significance and local interest are too low to warrant additional costs. This includes Nagasawa Castle ( Toyokawa , Aichi), Sakyoden Castle (Toyohashi, Aichi), Taka Castle (Matsuzaka, Mie), and Kuniyoshi Castle ( Mihama , Fukui Prefecture ). Castle sites of this type also include nearly every area marked "Castle Mountain" ( 城山 Shiroyama ) on

6649-540: The headquarters contingent to abandon the castle and link up with scattered units and continue the defense of the island. On May 30, the US flag was raised over one of the parapets of the castle. Shuri Castle was re-built in 1992, and is now an UNESCO World Heritage Site . Over 4,000 square metres (43,000 sq ft) of the Shuri Castle were burnt down due to an electrical fault on 30 October 2019 at around 2.34 am. During

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6758-477: The headquarters for the 4th Infantry Division , until public funds paid for the construction of a new headquarters building within the castle grounds and a short distance from the main tower, so that the castle could be enjoyed by the citizens and visitors of Osaka. Hiroshima Castle served as Imperial General Headquarters during the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895) and later as the headquarters for

6867-481: The headquarters of Oda Nobunaga . Hideyoshi wanted to build a castle that mirrored Nobunaga's but surpassed it in every way: the plan featured a five-story main tower, with three extra stories underground, and gold leaf on the sides of the tower to impress visitors. In 1585 the Inner donjon was completed. Hideyoshi continued to extend and expand the castle, making it more and more formidable to attackers. In 1597 construction

6976-549: The historically accurate re-construction of the main towers at Takamatsu Castle on Shikoku , and Edo Castle in Tokyo . There are only twelve castles with main keeps that are considered "extant" (Japanese 'genson'), although many other castles have significant numbers of other extant historical castle buildings: Most of these are in areas of Japan that were not subjected to the strategic bombing of World War II, such as in Shikoku or in

7085-894: The inner moat, Gokuraku-bashi Bridge (located in the North) and Sakuramon Gate (main sentry point in the South). Within the inner moat, the castle was divided into two major areas: the Hommaru (Inner Bailey) and the Yamazato-Maru Bailey. Located within the Hommaru is the Main Tower, the Kimmeisui Well, the Japanese Garden, the Takoishi (Octopus Stone), the Gimmeisui Well, the Miraiza Osakajo Complex,

7194-519: The intent of restoring the main keep to its Edo-era splendor. In 1997, restoration was completed. The keep is a concrete reproduction (including elevators) of the original and the interior is intended as a modern, functioning museum. Located in the Nishinomaru was the former residence of the jōdai , who were officials. The residence was the second largest after the Honmaru Palace. North of it were

7303-452: The introduction of firearms and the development of tactics to employ or counter them. Unlike in Europe , where the advent of the cannon spelled the end of the age of castles, Japanese castle-building was spurred, ironically, by the introduction of firearms. Though firearms first appeared in Japan in 1543, and castle design almost immediately saw developments in reaction, Azuchi castle, built in

7412-410: The landscape into their defenses. Though they were built to last and used more stone in their construction than most Japanese buildings, castles were still constructed primarily of wood , and many were destroyed over the years. This was especially true during the Sengoku period (1467–1603), when many of these castles were first built. However, many were rebuilt, either later in the Sengoku period, in

7521-561: The main Tokugawa force during the Siege of Osaka . By 1615, after its destruction, the tower keep era had reached its peak and construction declined with the establishment of the Pax Tokugawa , which lasted until the Meiji period in the late 19th century. In 1614, Osaka castle, the stronghold of the Toyotomi clan , represented the last obstacle to Japan's unification under the Tokugawa hegemony . Toyotomi Hideyori appointed Sanada Yukimura as

7630-422: The maps of towns and cities across Japan. Because the castle was small or may have been used for a short time in centuries past, the name of the castle is often lost to history, such as the "Shiroyama" at Sekigahara , Gifu Prefecture , or the "Shiroyama" between Lake Shōji and Lake Motosu near Mount Fuji , Yamanashi Prefecture . In such cases, locals might not be aware there ever was a castle, believing that

7739-836: The martial valor of past warriors, there are often monuments near castle structures or in their parks dedicated to either samurai or soldiers of the Imperial Army who died in war, such as the monument to the 18th Infantry Regiment near the ruins of Yoshida Castle (Toyohashi, Aichi). Castle grounds are often developed into parks for the benefit of the public, and planted with cherry blossom trees, plum blossom trees, and other flowering plants. Hirosaki Castle in Aomori Prefecture and Matsumae Castle in Hokkaido are both famous in their respective regions for their cherry blossom trees. The efforts of dedicated groups, as well as various agencies of

7848-425: The mountains. Trees and other foliage were cleared, and the stone and dirt of the mountain itself was carved into rough fortifications. Ditches were dug, to present obstacles to attackers, as well as to allow boulders to be rolled down at attackers. Moats were created by diverting mountain streams. Buildings were made primarily of wattle and daub , using thatched roofs, or, occasionally, wooden shingles. Small ports in

7957-570: The name of the mountain is "just a name". Detailed city maps will often have such sites marked. At the site, castle-related landscaping, such as ramparts, partly filled wells, and a leveled hilltop or a series of terraces, will provide evidence of the original layout of the castle. Whether their buildings are historical or reconstructions or a mix of the two, numerous castles across Japan serve as history and folk museums, as points of pride for local people, and as tangible structures reflecting Japanese history and heritage. As castles are associated with

8066-419: The national government to improve on these historically significant sites. By the 1920s, nationalism was on the rise, and a new pride was found in the castles, which became symbols of Japan's warrior traditions. With new advances in construction, some of the previously destroyed castle buildings were re-built quickly and cheaply with steel-reinforced concrete , such as the main tower of Osaka Castle , which

8175-547: The new Meiji Emperor , which consisted mainly of samurai and rōnin from the Choshu and Satsuma domains. By January 31, the Bakufu army had retreated to Osaka Castle in disarray and the shōgun , Tokugawa Yoshinobu had fled to Edo (later Tokyo). Osaka Castle was surrendered to the Imperial forces without a fight, and on February 3, 1868, many of the buildings of Osaka Castle were burned. The heavy damage to Osaka Castle, which

8284-442: The new Tokyo legislature, young former samurai of the Satsuma domain rashly decided to rebel against the new government, and lobbied Saigō Takamori to lead them. Saigo reluctantly accepted and led Satsuma forces north from Kagoshima city . Hostilities commenced on February 19, 1877, when the defenders of Kumamoto Castle fired on the Satsuma troops. Fierce hand to hand combat gave way to a siege, but by April 12, reinforcements of

8393-421: The new features and construction philosophies of Azuchi, and was larger, more prominently located, and longer-lasting. It was the last bastion of resistance against the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate (see Siege of Osaka ), and remained prominent if not politically or militarily significant, as the city of Osaka grew up around it, developing into one of Japan's primary commercial centers. This period saw

8502-473: The old structures of Osaka Castle were completely dismantled so that the foundation for the new castle could be built. He assigned the task of constructing new walls to individual samurai clans. The walls built in the 1620s still stand today and are made out of interlocked granite boulders without mortar. Many of the stones were brought from rock quarries near the Seto Inland Sea and bear inscribed crests of

8611-450: The opposite end of the spectrum, was destroyed in the atomic bombing , and was rebuilt in 1958 as a museum, though it does retain many of its original stone walls. The character for castle, ' 城 ', is pronounced shiro (its kun'yomi ) when used as a standalone word. However, when attached to another word (such as in the name of a particular castle), it is read as jō (its Chinese-derived on'yomi ). Thus, for example, Osaka Castle

8720-546: The other end of the spectrum are castles that have been left in ruins, though usually after archaeological surveys and excavations have been done. Most of these belong to or are maintained by local municipal governments. Some have been incorporated into public parks, such as the ruins of Kuwana Castle and Matsuzaka Castle in Mie Prefecture , Kunohe Castle ( Ninohe , Iwate Prefecture ), or Sunpu Castle ( Shizuoka City ). Others have been left in more natural state, often with

8829-438: The overall larger scale of the complex added to the difficulty of destroying it. Tall towers and the castle's location on a plain provided greater visibility from which the garrison could employ their guns, and the complex set of courtyards and baileys provided additional opportunities for defenders to retake portions of the castle that had fallen. Cannon were rare in Japan due to the expense of obtaining them from foreigners, and

8938-418: The period, daimyō nevertheless sought as much as possible to use their castles as representations of their power and wealth. The general architectural style did not change much from more martial times, but the furnishings and indoor arrangements could be quite lavish. This restriction on the number of castles allowed each han had profound effects not only politically, as intended, but socially, and in terms of

9047-496: The power of a true cannon. When siege weapons were used in Japan, they were most often trebuchets or catapults in the Chinese style , and they were used as anti-personnel weapons. There is no record that the goal of destroying walls ever entered into the strategy of a Japanese siege. In fact, it was often seen to be more honorable, and more tactically advantageous on the part of the defender for him to lead his forces into battle outside

9156-401: The preceding Azuchi-Momoyama period, therefore no longer had defense against outside forces as their primary purpose. Rather, they served primarily as luxurious homes for the daimyōs , their families and retainers, and to protect the daimyō , and his power base, against peasant uprisings and other internal insurrections. The Tokugawa shogunate , to forestall the amassing of power on the part of

9265-522: The residence of the daimyō (feudal lord), and as a symbol of his power. Fushimi Castle , which was meant to serve as a luxurious retirement home for Toyotomi Hideyoshi, serves as a popular example of this development. Though it resembled other castles of the period on the outside, the inside was lavishly decorated, and the castle is famous for having a tea room covered in gold leaf. Fushimi was by no means an exception, and many castles bore varying amounts of golden ornamentation on their exteriors. Osaka castle

9374-602: The second moat. The place where Sanada Maru was located is north of the Sanadayama Park. It was originally a little hill which was recessed in the center. Today it is a small underdeveloped plot of land in an urbanized area. A partial moat and bridge are present. Just south of it is Sanada High School. Sanada Maru was an earthwork barbican with a simple two-storey wooden wall on top with firing platforms augmented with other simple means of defense like palisades . A dry moat offered additional defence. Cannons were placed along

9483-734: The sites afterwards. The Yamato people began to build cities in earnest in the 7th century, complete with expansive palace complexes, surrounded on four sides with walls and impressive gates. Earthworks and wooden fortresses were also built throughout the countryside to defend the territory from the native Emishi , Ainu and other groups; unlike their primitive predecessors, these were relatively permanent structures, built in peacetime. These were largely built as extensions of natural features, and often consisted of little more than earthworks and wooden barricades. The Nara period ( c.  710 –794) fortress at Dazaifu , from which all of Kyūshū would be governed and defended for centuries afterwards,

9592-497: The social and cultural landscape of the Edo period. Meanwhile, the castles in the han capitals inevitably expanded, not only to accommodate the increased number of samurai they now had to support, but also to represent the prestige and power of the daimyō , now consolidated into a single castle. Edo castle, expanded by a factor of twenty between roughly 1600 and 1636 after becoming the shogunal seat. Though obviously something of an exception,

9701-441: The south, and more culverins firing from the north and the east were able to do considerable damage. While long-range culverins kept up a bombardment, miners began digging in an attempt to weaken the walls. As there were still uncommitted clans who might be tempted to attack the Tokugawa from the rear, time was on the side of Hideyori. Ieyasu used the steadily improving bombardment to pressure for peace negotiation. Hideyori accepted

9810-462: The southern shores of Korea . All that remains of these castles today are the stone bases. The Sengoku period , roughly a century and a half of war that brought great changes and developments in military tactics and equipment, as well as the emergence of the Azuchi-Momoyama style castle, was followed by the Edo period , over two hundred and fifty years of peace, beginning around 1600–1615 and ending in 1868. Edo period castles, including survivors from

9919-454: The surroundings. The introduction of the arquebus brought dramatic shifts in battle tactics and military attitudes in Japan. Though these shifts were complex and numerous, one of the concepts key to changes in castle design at this time was that of battle at range. Though archery duels had traditionally preceded samurai battles since the Heian period or earlier, exchanges of fire with arquebuses had

10028-527: The technology and designs of the time. The Ashikaga shogunate , established in the 1330s, had a tenuous grip on the archipelago, and maintained relative peace for over a century. Castle design and organization continued to develop under the Ashikaga shogunate, and throughout the Sengoku period. Castle complexes became fairly elaborate, containing a number of structures, some of which were quite complex internally, as they now served as residences, command centres, and

10137-424: The term "castles". Made primarily of earthworks, or rammed earth , and wood, the earliest fortifications made far greater use of natural defences and topography than anything human-made. These kōgoishi and chashi (チャシ, for Ainu castles) were never intended to be long-term defensive positions, let alone residences; the native peoples of the archipelago built fortifications when they were needed and abandoned

10246-472: The use of felled trees, their branches facing outwards and presenting an obstacle to an approaching army ( abatis ). Many castles also had trapdoors built into their towers, and some even suspended logs from ropes, to drop on attackers. The Anō family from Ōmi Province were the foremost castle architects in the late 16th century, and were renowned for building the 45-degree stone bases, which began to be used for keeps, gatehouses, and corner towers, not just for

10355-408: The various families who contributed them. The shogunate also built a new elevated main tower, five stories on the outside and eight stories on the inside. Construction of the tenshu started in 1628 and was completed two years later, about the same time as the rest of the reconstruction, and followed the general layout of the original Toyotomi structure. However, it was built in a different part of

10464-568: The walls or planks could be used to deploy bows or fire guns from. The main weakness of this style was its general instability. Thatch caught fire even more easily than wood, and weather and soil erosion prevented structures from being particularly large or heavy. Eventually, stone bases began to be used, encasing the hilltop in a layer of fine pebbles, and then a layer of larger rocks over that, with no mortar. This support allowed larger, heavier, and more permanent buildings. The first fortifications in Japan were hardly what one generally associates with

10573-404: The walls, in Japanese castles, the walls' timbers would be left sticking inwards, and planks would simply be placed over them to provide a surface for archers or gunners to stand on. This standing space was often called the ishi uchi tana or "stone throwing shelf". Other tactics to hinder attackers' approaches to the walls included caltrops , bamboo spikes planted into the ground at a diagonal, or

10682-617: The walls, together with firebomb-projecting mangonels . Defended by the Sanada samurai clan it may be classified as a yagura , although only in the spirit rather than technical accuracy. As essentially a temporary structure it was not copied elsewhere. Sanada Maru has appeared in part or in full for different media including stage, screen and radio. These adaptations include: 34°40′23″N 135°31′44″E  /  34.67306°N 135.52889°E  / 34.67306; 135.52889 Osaka castle [REDACTED] Aerial photograph of

10791-547: The wars of the Heian period (770–1185), and deployed to help defend the shores of Kyūshū from the Mongol invasions of the 13th century, reached its climax in the 1330s, during the Nanboku-chō period. Chihaya Castle and Akasaka castle , permanent castle complexes containing a number of buildings but no tall keep towers, and surrounded by wooden walls, were built by Kusunoki Masashige to be as militarily effective as possible, within

10900-550: Was a natural step up from the wooden stockades of earlier centuries. The hills gave Japanese castles sloping walls, which many argue helped (incidentally) to defend them from Japan's frequent earthquakes. There is some disagreement among scholars as to whether or not these stone bases were easy to scale; some argue that the stones made easy hand- and footholds, while others retort that the bases were steep, and individual stones could be as large as 6 m (20 ft) high, making them difficult if not next to impossible to scale. Thus,

11009-554: Was a significant symbol of the power of the Shogun in western Japan, dealt a major blow to the prestige of the shogunate and the morale of their troops. From Edo, the Bakufu forces fled north to the Aizu domain, from whence a large number of their troops hailed. As the Aizu Campaign opened, Nagaoka and Komine Castles were the scenes of heavy fighting. In the course of battle, Komine Castle

11118-485: Was a thief who wanted the gold that Toyotomi Hideyoshi had dropped in the Kinmeisui Well. In 1843, after decades of neglect, the castle got much-needed repairs when the bakufu collected money from the people of the region to rebuild several of the turrets. In 1868, Osaka Castle fell and was surrendered to anti-bakufu imperial loyalists. A number of the castle buildings were burned in the civil conflicts surrounding

11227-413: Was among the first to build one of these palace-like castles: Azuchi Castle was Japan's first castle to have a tenshu ( 天守 , main keep ) , and it inspired both Toyotomi Hideyoshi 's Osaka Castle and Tokugawa Ieyasu 's Edo Castle . Azuchi served as the governing center of Oda's territories, and as his lavish home, but it was also very keenly and strategically placed. A short distance away from

11336-431: Was burned (it was re-built in 1994). The allied forces continued north to the city of Wakamatsu , and lay siege to Tsuruga Castle . After a month, with the walls and main tower pock-marked by bullets and cannonballs, Tsuruga Castle was finally surrendered. It was later demolished and not re-built until 1965. From Aizu, some Bakufu loyalists made their way north to the city of Hakodate , on Hokkaido . There they set up

11445-453: Was completed and Hideyoshi died the year after. Osaka Castle passed to his son, Toyotomi Hideyori . In 1614 Tokugawa Ieyasu besieged the Toyotomi clan forces in Osaka castle during the winter, starting the Siege of Osaka . Although the Toyotomi forces were outnumbered approximately two to one, they managed to fight off Tokugawa's 200,000-man army and protect the castle's outer walls. Ieyasu had

11554-707: Was first re-built in 1928. While many of the remaining castles in Japan are reconstructions or a mix of reconstructed and historical buildings, and many of the reconstructed buildings are steel-reinforced concrete replicas, there has been a movement toward traditional methods of construction. Kanazawa Castle is a remarkable example of a modern reproduction using a significant degree of traditional construction materials and techniques. Modern construction materials at Kanazawa Castle are minimal, discreet, and are primarily in place to ensure stability, safety concerns, and accessibility. At present, there are local non-profit associations that are attempting to collect funds and donations for

11663-522: Was one of the most powerful examples of this honjō-shijō system; the Hōjō controlled so much land that a hierarchy of sub-satellite networks was created Toyotomi Hideyoshi 's invasions of Korea took place between 1592 and 1598, at the same time as the high point in Azuchi–Momoyama style castle construction within Japan . Many Japanese castles (called Wajō 倭城 in Japanese and Waeseong in Korean) were built along

11772-426: Was only one of a number of castles that boasted golden roof tiles, and sculptures of fish, cranes, and tigers. Certainly, outside of such displays of precious metals, the overall aesthetics of the architecture and interiors remained very important, as they do in most aspects of Japanese culture. Some especially powerful families controlled not one, but a whole string of castles, consisting of a main castle ( honjō ) and

11881-431: Was originally constructed in this manner, and remnants can still be seen today. A bulwark was constructed around the fortress to serve as a moat to aid in the defense of the structure; in accordance with military strategies and philosophies of the time, it would only be filled with water at times of conflict. This was called a mizuki ( 水城 ), or "water fort". The character for castle or fortress ( 城 ), up until sometime in

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