The Cenacle (from the Latin cenaculum , "dining room"), also known as the Upper Room (from the Koine Greek anagaion and hyperōion , both meaning "upper room"), is a room in Mount Zion in Jerusalem , just outside the Old City walls , traditionally held to be the site of the Last Supper , the final meal that, in the Gospel accounts, Jesus held with the apostles .
49-978: San Matteo (Italian, ' Saint Matthew '), may refer to: Churches in Italy [ edit ] San Matteo (Genoa) , Roman Catholic church in Genoa, Liguria San Matteo, Tortona , Baroque style, Roman Catholic church in Tortona, Piedmont San Matteo al Cassaro ,Baroque-style, Roman Catholic church in Palermo, Sicily, San Matteo con Cortile , former Roman Catholic church in Verona, Veneto San Matteo in Merulana , church in Rome, Lazio See also [ edit ] Matteo San Mateo (disambiguation) Saint Matthew (disambiguation) Topics referred to by
98-575: A feast on September 21. The Lutheran Church ─ Missouri Synod remembers Matthew with a feast on September 21. The Anglican communion commemorates Matthew with a festival on September 21. Matthew is venerated as a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church with the following feast days. Like the other evangelists , Matthew is often depicted in Christian art with one of the four living creatures of Revelation 4:7. The one that accompanies him
147-515: A potential Franciscan construction, nor does it definitively date them to the 12th or 13th century. The building remains a frustrating, but intriguing, mystery. Architectural evidence remains of the period of Muslim control including the elaborate mihrab in the Last Supper room, the Arabic inscriptions on its walls, the qubba over the stairwell, and the minaret and dome atop the roof. The upper room
196-423: A synagogue in 333. A Christian synagogue is mentioned in the apocryphal 4th-century Anaphora Pilati ("Report of Pilate"); although the depiction is fantastic and of questionable reliability (the report claims that all of the other synagogues were destroyed by divine wrath immediately after Jesus's death), a Jewish origin for the building has come under serious question. While the term Cenacle refers only to
245-523: Is in the form of a winged man . The three paintings of Matthew by Caravaggio in the church of San Luigi dei Francesi in Rome , where he is depicted as called by Christ from his profession as a tax gatherer, are among the landmarks of Western art . The Quran speaks of Jesus' disciples but does not mention their names, instead referring to them as "helpers to the work of Allah". Muslim exegesis and Quran commentary, however, name them and include Matthew amongst
294-508: Is a focus of reference in several Christian hymns , for example in "An upper room did our Lord prepare", written by Fred Pratt Green in 1973, and in "Come, risen Lord, and deign to be our guest" ('We meet, as in that upper room they met...'), written by George Wallace Briggs . The Monastery of Saint Mark in the Old City of Jerusalem near the Armenian Quarter is considered by some as
343-747: Is believed to be occupied by the smaller Church of the Dormition and its abbey .) Syrian Christians maintained the Cenacle until 1337 when it passed into the custody of the Franciscan Order of Friars who managed the structure for almost two centuries. In 1524, during Suleiman the Magnificent 's rule, Ottoman authorities took possession of the Cenacle, converting it into a mosque: the Masjid an-Nabī (al-Nabī) Dāwūd ( مسجد النبي داوود lit. ' Mosque of
392-529: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Saint Matthew Matthew the Apostle ( Saint Matthew ) ( Koine Greek : Ματθαῖος, romanized : Matthaîos ; Aramaic : ܡܬܝ, romanized : Mattāy ) is named in the New Testament as one of the twelve apostles of Jesus . According to Christian traditions, he was also one of the four Evangelists as author of
441-512: Is leading them away from the demon in the far corner of the capital. The biblical story tells of Matthew converting the king and his sons to Christianity. Not only does this capital depict an act carried out by Matthew in the Bible, it foreshadows Matthew being a martyr. When Matthew the Apostle was murdered, he then became a martyr for the Christian religion as being killed for his faith and teachings given
490-782: Is mentioned in Matthew 9:9 and Matthew 10:3 as a tax collector (in the New International Version and other translations of the Bible) who, while sitting at the "receipt of custom" in Capernaum , was called to follow Jesus. He is also listed among the Twelve Disciples , but without identification of his background, in Mark 3:18, Luke 6:15 and Acts 1:13. In passages parallel to Matthew 9:9, both Mark 2:14 and Luke 5:27 describe Jesus's calling of
539-678: Is sometimes thought to be the place where the apostles stayed in Jerusalem . The language in Acts of the Apostles suggests that the apostles used the room as a temporary residence ( Koine Greek : οὗ ἦσαν καταμένοντες , hou ēsan katamenontes ), although the Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary disagrees, preferring to see the room as a place where they were "not lodged, but had for their meeting place". The general location of
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#1733085929274588-546: Is to be "esteemed and praised", as the Gospel writers are regarded as "carriers of wisdom". The number 5 contains an unstated significance within the Druze faith; it is believed in this area that great prophets come in groups of five. In the time of the ancient Greeks, these five were represented by Pythagoras , Plato , Aristotle , Parmenides , and Empedocles . In the first century, the five were represented by Jesus Christ , John
637-579: Is today called Mount Sion , the Western hill of the ancient city. The early history of the Cenacle site is uncertain; scholars have attempted to establish a chronology based on archaeological, artistic and historical sources. Based on the survey conducted by Jacob Pinkerfeld in 1948, Pixner believes that the original building was a synagogue later probably used by Jewish Christians . However, no architectural features associated with early synagogues such as columns, benches, or other accoutrements are present in
686-590: The Babylonian Talmud (Sanhedrin 43a), "Mattai" is one of five disciples of " Jeshu ". Early Church Fathers such as Irenaeus ( Against Heresies 3.1.1) and Clement of Alexandria say that Matthew preached the gospel to the Jewish community in Judea, before going to other countries. Ancient writers are not in agreement as to which other countries these are, but almost all sources mention Ethiopia . The Catholic Church and
735-572: The British Mandate , Christians and Jews were allowed greater freedom in visiting their respective holy sites in the complex. The historical building is currently managed by the Israeli Ministry of the Interior . Pope John Paul II celebrated mass in the Cenacle during his pilgrimage to Israel in the year 2000. Pilgrim Egeria , who visited the site in the 4th century, described the presence in
784-720: The Gospel of James , the Flight into Egypt , and the Infancy Gospel of Thomas . Jerome relates that Matthew was supposed by the Nazarenes to have composed their Gospel of the Hebrews , though Irenaeus and Epiphanius of Salamis consider this simply a revised version of the canonical Gospel. This Gospel has been partially preserved in the writings of the Church Fathers , said to have been written by Matthew. Epiphanius does not make his own
833-548: The Gospel of Matthew , and thus is also known as Matthew the Evangelist . The claim of his gospel authorship is rejected by most modern biblical scholars, though the "traditional authorship still has its defenders." The New Testament records that as a disciple , he followed Jesus. Church Fathers , such as Irenaeus and Clement of Alexandria , relate that Matthew preached the gospel in Judea before going to other countries. Matthew
882-680: The Gothic structure which stands today. The Cenacle is considered the site where many major events described in the New Testament took place, such as: In Christian tradition, the room was not only the site of the Last Supper, i.e., the Cenacle, but the room in which the Holy Spirit alighted upon the twelve apostles and other believers gathered and praying together on Pentecost. Acts 1-2 tell us that Judas had been replaced by Matthias, and 120 followers of Jesus gathered in this room after His ascension. It
931-588: The al-Aqsa mosque . This comparison allows for the support of the 12th century date of the Cenacle. There are also, however, similar capitals which originated in workshops in southern Italy, a draw for scholars who wish to associate the building with Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and the Sixth Crusade in 1229. Examples can be seen in the Romanesque cathedral in Bitonto , a small city near Bari, in southern Italy, and on
980-563: The Baptist , Saint Matthew, Saint Mark , and Saint Luke . In the time of the faith's foundation, the five were Hamza ibn Ali ibn Ahmad , Muḥammad ibn Wahb al-Qurashī, Abū'l-Khayr Salama ibn Abd al-Wahhab al-Samurri, Ismāʿīl ibn Muḥammad at-Tamīmī, and Al-Muqtana Baha'uddin . The Basilica of Annunciation in Nazareth houses a capital that depicts Matthew the Apostle and his story regarding King Eglypus of Aethiopia and his sons. It shows how Matthew
1029-534: The Cenacle is also associated with that of the house where the Virgin Mary lived among the apostles until her death or dormition , an event celebrated in the nearby Church of the Dormition . Pilgrims to Jerusalem report visiting a structure on Mount Zion commemorating the Last Supper since the 4th century AD. Some scholars would have it that this was the Cenacle, in fact a synagogue from an earlier time. The anonymous pilgrim from Bordeaux, France reported seeing such
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#17330859292741078-769: The Cenacle of the Column of the Flagellation , which was venerated there at dawn on Good Friday . In the 14th century, the Column of the Flagellation was removed from the Cenacle and taken to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre . Scholars offer wide-ranging dates and builders for the surviving Gothic-style Cenacle. Some believe that it was constructed by Crusaders just before Saladin 's conquest of Jerusalem in 1187, while others attribute it to Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II , after he arrived in
1127-536: The Cenacle's interior wall, the column shaft itself is completely independent of the wall, leading scholars to consider the possibility that this wall was not original to the building. An analysis of the column and pillar capitals offers clues, but not a solution, to the mystery of the current building's origin. The Corinthianesque capital between the second and third bays of the Cenacle is stylistically indicative of multiple geographical regions and chronological periods. This capital's spiky leaves, which tightly adhere to
1176-584: The Ebionites (7 fragments), and Gospel of the Hebrews (7 fragments) found in Schneemelcher 's New Testament Apocrypha . Critical commentators generally regard these texts as having been composed in Greek and related to Greek Matthew. A minority of commentators consider them to be fragments of a lost Aramaic- or Hebrew-language original. The Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew is a 7th-century compilation of three other texts:
1225-462: The Gospel of the Apostles and it was once believed that it was the original to the 'Greek Matthew' found in the Bible. However, this has been challenged by modern biblical scholars such as Bart D. Ehrman and James R. Edwards . Most modern scholars hold that the Gospel of Matthew was written anonymously, and not by Matthew. The author is not named within the text, and scholars have proposed that
1274-635: The Latin coenaculum for both Greek words in his Latin Vulgate translation. "Upper room" is derived from the Gospel of Mark and the Gospel of Luke , which both employ the Koine Greek : anagaion ( ἀνάγαιον , Mark 14:15 and Luke 22:12), whereas the Acts of the Apostles uses the Koine Greek hyperōion ( ὑπερῷον , Acts 1:13), both with the meaning "upper room". The building has experienced numerous cycles of destruction and reconstruction, culminating in
1323-696: The Orthodox Church each hold the tradition that Matthew died as a martyr and the Babylonian Talmud appears to report his execution in Sanhedrin 43a. According to Church tradition, while preaching in Ethiopia , Matthew converted, and then consecrated to God , Ephigenia of Ethiopia , the virgin daughter of King Egippus. When King Hirtacus succeeded Egippus, he asked the apostle if he could persuade Ephigenia to marry him. Matthew invited King Hirtacus to liturgy
1372-563: The Prophet David ' ). By 1551 the Franciscans had been fully evicted from their surrounding buildings. Non-Muslims were banned from entering though it was possible by bribing the custodians of the Dajani family. Only in 1831 were Christians again allowed to celebrate mass in the cenacle though visits, such as that of Melchior de Vogüé , were dependant on the goodwill of the guardian. During
1421-601: The Upper Room, a niche located on the lower level of the same building is associated by tradition with the burial site of King David , marked by a large cenotaph - sarcophagus that dates to the 12th-century , but earlier mentioned in the 10th-century Vita Constantini . Most accept the notice in 1 Kings 2:10 that says that David was buried "in the City of David ", identified as the Eastern hill of ancient Jerusalem, as opposed to what
1470-455: The abacus. The third capital, which now flanks the Cenacle's western wall, is also unique among the three. It is not decorated with a floral motif, rather, scrolling crockets spring from the base of the volume. Enlart has proposed a comparison to buildings constructed by Frederick II in Apulia. Analysis of these column capitals does not yield significant evidence to link them to the 14th century and
1519-527: The church as a Latin abbey and in the twelfth century the basilica was rebuilt. The Cenacle was either repaired or enclosed by the Crusader church, occupying a portion of two aisles on the right (southern) side of the altar. The Crusader cathedral was destroyed soon afterward, in the late 12th or early 13th century, but the Cenacle remained. (Today, part of the site upon which the Byzantine and Crusader churches stood
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1568-406: The city in 1229. Still others hold that it was not built in this form until the Franciscans acquired the site in the 1330s. Scarce documentation and disturbed structural features offer little strong support for any of these dates. The primary early modern assessments of the Cenacle were recorded by French archaeologists. The first detailed assessment was by Eugène-Melchior de Vogüé in 1860. This
1617-457: The claim about a Gospel of the Hebrews written by Matthew, a claim that he merely attributes to the heretical Ebionites. Matthew is recognized as a saint in the Roman Catholic , Eastern Orthodox , Lutheran and Anglican churches (see St. Matthew's Church ). His tomb is located in the crypt of Salerno Cathedral in southern Italy. The Roman Catholic Church celebrates Matthew with
1666-573: The columns of the pulpit in the Pisa Baptistery , carved by the Apulian-born sculptor Nicola Pisano in 1260. The capitals of the freestanding columns are not identical. The capital between the first and second bays seems either severely weathered or shallowly carved, and its volume is a marked contrast from the others. It rises from the shaft in a straight cylinder, rather than in an inverted pyramid, and then flares only just before it intersects with
1715-472: The demon in the corner of the capitol. The iconography of this capital helps understand the religion of the time period since it was just coming into Christendom. This shows the cross between Ethiopia and Nazareth as these are where the capitals are today. Cenacle According to the Christian Bible , the Cenacle was a place in which the apostles continued to gather after the Last Supper, and it
1764-444: The disciples. Muslim exegesis preserves the tradition that Matthew and Andrew were the two disciples who went to Ethiopia to preach the message of God . Druze tradition honors several "mentors" and "prophets", and Matthew the Apostle is honored as a prophet . In the Druze tradition and doctrine, Matthew the Apostle is respected for his contributions to spiritual knowledge and guidance. Druze doctrine teaches that Christianity
1813-578: The early Christian bishop Papias of Hierapolis ( c. AD 60–163 ), who is cited by the Church historian Eusebius (AD 260–340), as follows: "Matthew collected the oracles [in Greek, logia : sayings of or about Jesus] in the Hebrew language [ Hebraïdi dialektōi ], and each one interpreted [ hērmēneusen – perhaps 'translated'] them as best he could." Likewise, early Christian theologian Origen ( c. 184 – c. 253 ) indicates that
1862-527: The first gospel was written by Matthew, and that his gospel was composed in Hebrew near Jerusalem for Hebrew Christians and translated into Greek. The Hebrew original was kept at the Library of Caesarea . Sometime in the late fourth or early fifth century the Nazarene Community transcribed a copy for Jerome , which he used in his work. This Gospel was called the Gospel according to the Hebrews or sometimes
1911-430: The following Sunday, where he rebuked him for lusting after the girl, as she was a nun and therefore was the bride of Christ. The enraged King thus ordered his bodyguard to kill Matthew who stood at the altar, making him a martyr . Early Church tradition holds that the Gospel of Matthew was written by the apostle Matthew. This tradition is first attested, among the extant writings of the first and second centuries, with
1960-491: The late Roman period (135-325). Pixner believes that they are Herodian -period ashlars, dating the construction of the building to an earlier period. Many scholars, however, date the walls' earliest construction to the Byzantine period and identify the Cenacle as the remains of a no-longer-extant Hagia Sion ("Holy Zion") basilica. Emperor Theodosius I constructed the five-aisled Hagia Sion basilica, likely between 379 and 381. 6th-century artistic representations, such as
2009-488: The lower Tomb chamber. According to Epiphanius , bishop of Salamis writing towards the end of the 4th century, the building and its environs were spared during the destruction of Jerusalem under Titus (AD 70). Pixner suggests that the Mount Zion site was destroyed and rebuilt in the later first century. The lowest courses of ashlars (building stones) along the north, east and south walls are attributed by Pinkerfeld to
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2058-570: The mosaics found in Madaba, Jordan (the " Madaba Map ") and at the Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome, depict a smaller structure to the south of the basilica. Some have identified this smaller structure as the Cenacle, thus demonstrating its independence from, and possible prior existence to, the basilica. The basilica (and possibly the Cenacle) was later damaged by Persian invaders in 614 but restored by
2107-521: The patriarch Modestus . In 965 the church was burned down after a Muslim mob killed patriarch John VII and then again in 1009 when Fatimid caliph Al-Hakim ordered the destruction of all Christian churches in Jerusalem, an event lamented by Arab Christian poet Sulayman al-Ghazzi . After the First Crusade , the leader of the newly established Kingdom of Jerusalem , Godfrey of Bouillon , re-founded
2156-417: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title San Matteo . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Matteo&oldid=1257104572 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
2205-472: The superscription "according to Matthew" was added sometime in the second century. In the 3rd century, Jewish–Christian gospels attributed to Matthew were used by Jewish–Christian groups such as the Nazarenes and Ebionites . Fragments of these gospels survive in quotations by Jerome , Epiphanius and others. Most academic study follows the distinction of Gospel of the Nazarenes (36 fragments), Gospel of
2254-418: The tax collector Levi, the son of Alphaeus. However, they do not explicitly associate it with the name Matthew. The New Testament records that as a disciple , Matthew followed Jesus. After Jesus' ascension, the disciples withdrew to an upper room (Acts 1:10–14) (traditionally the Cenacle ) in Jerusalem . The disciples remained in and about Jerusalem and proclaimed that Jesus was the promised Messiah . In
2303-618: The volume of the column before erupting into scrolls, are in congruence with common outputs of the 12th-century sculpture workshop at the Temple site in Jerusalem in the last years before Saladin's conquest in 1187. The workshop also frequently utilized drilling as an ornamental device. The Jerusalem workshop included artists from diverse regions in the West, who brought stylistic traits with them from their native countries. The workshop produced sculpture for many Crusader projects and other structures, such as
2352-425: Was also the site where the Holy Spirit alighted upon the twelve apostles on Pentecost , Matthias having been "numbered with the eleven apostles" to replace Judas in Acts 1:25. The site is administered by the Israeli authorities, and is part of a building holding what is known as " David's Tomb " on its ground floor. "Cenacle" is a derivative of the Latin word ceno , which means "I dine". Jerome used
2401-411: Was largely followed by other commentators until the work of Camille Enlart and Louis-Hugues Vincent / Félix-Marie Abel . In its current state, the Cenacle is divided into six rib-vaulted bays. The bays are supported by three freestanding columns which bilaterally divide the space, as well as six pillars flanking the side walls. While the capital of the westernmost freestanding column is flush with
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