Misplaced Pages

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70-529: The FCGSM took over the 1,676 mm ( 5 ft 6 in ) broad gauge British-owned company Buenos Aires and Pacific Railway . The principal lines departed from Retiro terminus in Buenos Aires to the west through the provinces of Buenos Aires , Santa Fe , Córdoba , Mendoza , San Luis and San Juan . The Buenos Aires and Pacific Railway had been established in London on October 10, 1882, with

140-553: A break-of-gauge with US railways, the War of 1812 still being a fresh memory. However, there is little supporting evidence for this, and this story appears to be traced to a single claim from the late 1800s. The Bay Area Rapid Transit system is the only operating railroad in the United States to use 1,676 mm ( 5 ft 6 in ) broad gauge, with 120 miles (190 km) of double tracked routes. The original engineers chose

210-674: A 27.1 km (16.8 mi) line of Lahore metro . In Sri Lanka, all services currently operate on 1,676 mm ( 5 ft 6 in ) broad gauge only. The 1,676 mm ( 5 ft 6 in ) broad gauge was first used in Scotland for two short, isolated lines, the Dundee and Arbroath Railway (1836-1847) and the Arbroath and Forfar Railway (1838-). Both the lines were subsequently converted to standard gauge . The Iberian-gauge railways , that service much of Spain and Portugal, have

280-696: A perfect relief for the inhabitants of the hotter interior. Fall is often rainy, and winters can be windy and chilly: temperatures average from 10 to 15 °C (50 to 59 °F), and nights from 1 to 5 °C (34 to 41 °F). There can be long periods of drizzly weather and constant temperatures of about 7 °C (45 °F). Frost is common but temperatures will rarely fall below −5 °C (23 °F), and snowfalls sometimes, but accumulations are only to be expected every few years. Precipitation ranges from 700 to 950 mm (28 to 37 in). The Sierras de la Ventana (up to 1,200 metres (3,900 ft)) experience cooler weather, especially at night. The geography of

350-459: A track gauge of 1,668 mm ( 5 ft  5 + 21 ⁄ 32  in ), just 8 mm ( 5 ⁄ 16  in) different from 1,676 mm ( 5 ft 6 in ). Used rolling stock from Iberia has been employed on broad-gauge lines in Argentina and Chile. Canada became the first British colony, in the 1850s, to use 1,676 mm ( 5 ft 6 in ) broad gauge. It

420-469: A while, but accumulations are usually small. Total precipitation ranges from 500 to 750 mm (20 to 30 in), with slightly rainier springs and falls. The Atlantic region sees very moderate weather: the ocean is cold (17 to 20 °C (63 to 68 °F) in the summer) and sea breezes often bring chilly weather until midsummer. The hottest months average 25 to 27 °C (77 to 81 °F) with nights between 12 and 16 °C (54 and 61 °F), providing

490-559: Is a broad track gauge , used in India , Pakistan , western Bangladesh , Sri Lanka , Argentina , Chile , and on BART in the San Francisco Bay Area . In North America, it is called Indian , Provincial , Portland , or Texas gauge . In Argentina and Chile, it is known as "trocha ancha" (Spanish for "broad gauge"). In the Indian subcontinent it is simply known as "broad gauge". It is

560-644: Is about 11% of Argentina's total area and makes it the country's largest province. The inhabitants of the province before the 16th-century advent of Spanish colonization were aboriginal peoples such as the Charrúas and the Querandíes . Their culture was lost over the next 350 years. They were subjected to Eurasian plagues from which few survived. The survivors joined other tribes or have been mostly absorbed by Argentina's European immigration. Pedro de Mendoza founded Santa María del Buen Ayre in 1536. Even though

630-919: Is closely similar to the Indian gauge, with only 8  mm ( 5 ⁄ 16  in) difference, and allows compatibility with the rolling stock. For example, in recent years Chile and Argentina have bought second hand Spanish/Portuguese Iberian-gauge rolling stock. 1,668 mm trains can run on 1,676 mm gauge without adaptation, but for better stability in high-speed running a wheelset replacement may be required (for example, Russian-Finnish train Allegro has 1,522 mm or 4 ft  11 + 29 ⁄ 32  in gauge, intermediate between Russian 1,520 mm or 4 ft  11 + 27 ⁄ 32  in and Finnish 1,524 mm or 5 ft ). Backward compatibility—1,676 mm trains on 1,668 mm gauge—is possible, but no examples and data exist. Due to

700-487: Is diversified, and though cattle historically provided the main animal husbandry activity, Buenos Aires is also the top producer of sheep , pork , and chicken meat of the country. Equally important is the dairy industry. Crop harvests are the most diverse in the nation and have grown to record levels in recent decades. The most important crops include soybean , maize , wheat , sunflower and other oilseeds , like flax . More recently, premium wines have been produced in

770-1129: Is extremely benign for human activities: it is temperate, with four marked seasons and reliable rainfall on most regions. The province can be divided into four main climatic regions: the southwestern, drier region; the cool Atlantic region; the northern and eastern humid region, and the Delta region, with the warmest, wettest climate. The northern region has warm, humid summers, with days between 28 and 32 °C (82 and 90 °F) and nights between 16 and 20 °C (61 and 68 °F), pleasant falls, cool, drier winters with highs between 13 and 18 °C (55 and 64 °F) and nights between 2 and 5 °C (36 and 41 °F), and windy, variable springs. Heat waves may bring days with temperatures over 38 °C (100 °F), but these do not usually last very long, as cold fronts bring thunderstorms and cooler days, with night temperatures often falling down to 12 °C (54 °F). Winter cold waves may bring days with highs about 8 °C (46 °F), and lows below −4 °C (25 °F), with extremes down to −8 °C (18 °F). Snow

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840-499: Is predominantly on 1,676 mm ( 5 ft 6 in ) broad gauge. Most links of 1,676 mm ( 5 ft 6 in ) broad gauge railways are in the center-south of the country. Only a few lines of the Ferrocarril del Sur (Southern Railroad Network) were 1,000 mm ( 3 ft  3 + 3 ⁄ 8  in ) metre gauge or 1,435 mm ( 4 ft  8 + 1 ⁄ 2  in ) standard gauge ,

910-527: Is primarily located to the west of the Jamuna River , while the metre gauge network is primarily located to its east. The Jamuna Bridge is a mixed-use bridge that contains a dual gauge connection across the river linking both networks. In Nepal, all services currently operate on 1,676 mm ( 5 ft 6 in ) broad gauge only. In Pakistan, all services currently operate on 1,676 mm ( 5 ft 6 in ) broad gauge only, except for

980-454: Is slightly bigger than Italy . The landscape is mainly flat, with two low mountain ranges: Sierra de la Ventana (near Bahía Blanca ) and Sierra de Tandil ( Tandil ). The highest point is Cerro Tres Picos (1,239 m (4,065 ft) amsl ; 38°8′S 61°58′W  /  38.133°S 61.967°W  / -38.133; -61.967 ) and the longest river is Río Salado (700 km (435 mi) long). As part of The Pampas ,

1050-441: Is still to be expected, but temperatures will almost never fall below −4 °C (25 °F), and snow has fallen only twice in the last century. Precipitation ranges from 1,000 to 1,300 mm (39 to 51 in) and falls throughout the year. The city of Buenos Aires is surrounded by a climate similar to the northern part of the province, but the city itself resembles more the Delta climate, with less frost. The southwestern region

1120-758: Is the driest region, and it experiences a more marked differences in temperatures. Summers are often hot, between 30 and 35 °C (86 and 95 °F), but nights are usually comfortable (14 to 18 °C (57 to 64 °F)). Thunderstorms are less frequent but can be very violent in nature. Frost can make an appearance as early as March, but usually first comes in April. Winters are cool and dry, with days between 10 and 16 °C (50 and 61 °F) and nights between −1 and 4 °C (30 and 39 °F). Frost occurs on an almost daily basis, with temperatures below −6 °C (21 °F) not uncommon, and down to −12 °C (10 °F) recorded in some areas. Snowfall may occur every once in

1190-431: Is the nation's chief exporter, generating nearly $ 107 billion in exports in 2016 (37% of the nation's total). Agriculture in the province is renowned around the world for its productivity. The province is Argentina's chief agricultural producer , and accounted for at least $ 8 billion in export earnings in 2014. This sector adds about 5% to the province's highly diversified economy, however. The province's ranching sector

1260-411: Is uncommon, but there have been accumulations on several occasions in the past. Precipitation ranges from 750 to 1,100 mm (30 to 43 in) per year. The Delta region is slightly warmer, especially at night, due to the presence of water and the northerly location. Summer nights tend to be stickier, and winters can be damp and foggy, with most nights between 4 and 8 °C (39 and 46 °F). Frost

1330-641: The 1978 FIFA World Cup and the 1995 Pan American Games , and annually holds the National Evita Games and the final stage of the Bonaerense Games, the last being the most important provincial sports event for young, the elderly and people with disabilities. The province is represented in the Argentine Rugby Union (UAR) by four unions: the Rugby Union of Buenos Aires (URBA), includes teams of

1400-722: The Argentina Wine Route . In Buenos Aires Province, as throughout Argentina, football is the predominant sport. The province has numerous professional football teams, with most of them concentrated in the Greater Buenos Aires area. Rivals Club Atlético Independiente and Racing Club de Avellaneda are the most successful, famous and followed beyond the province borders. Other notable teams in Greater Buenos Aires include Arsenal , Quilmes , Banfield , Lanús , Chacarita Juniors , Tigre and Defensa y Justicia . In

1470-465: The Buenos Aires wine region in the south of the province. Manufacturing accounts for a fourth of the province's output and is about 40% of the entire nation's. The industry of the province is diverse: chemical, pharmaceutical, metallurgic, motor vehicles, machinery, textiles and the food industry are the most notable. Excluding processed agricultural items, the province was responsible for over US$ 70 billion of industrial exports in 2016 and accounted for

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1540-488: The Greater Buenos Aires region, which today includes around 10 million people ( 2 ⁄ 3 of the provincial population). It did not address worsening pollution resulting from the area's industrial growth, which had made itself evident since around 1920. This problem has been at its worst along the Reconquista River west and north of the city of Buenos Aires; over 4 million people (one in 10 Argentines) today live on

1610-555: The Radical Civic Union , was elected governor in 1983, when Raúl Alfonsín became president. Alfonsín lost the 1987 midterm elections , leading to the victory of Antonio Cafiero . From then to 2015, all governors have been Peronists. The high population of the province makes it highly influential in Argentine politics. With both ruling for two terms, the rivalry of the president Carlos Menem and governor Eduardo Duhalde dominated

1680-691: The Salado River became the limit between both civilizations, despite frequent malones (aboriginal attacks on border settlements). The end to this situation came in 1879 with the Conquest of the Desert ( Conquista del Desierto ) in which the aboriginals were almost completely exterminated. After the independence from Spain in 1816, the city and province of Buenos Aires became the focus of an intermittent Argentine Civil War with other provinces. A Federal Pact secured by Governor Juan Manuel de Rosas in 1831 led to

1750-603: The State of Buenos Aires . Concessions gained in 1859 Pact of San José de Flores and a victory at the Battle of Pavón led to its reincorporation into the Argentine Republic on 17 December 1861. Intermittent conflicts with the nation did not truly cease until 1880, when the city of Buenos Aires was formally federalized and, thus, administratively separated from the province. La Plata was founded in 1882 by Governor Dardo Rocha for

1820-616: The Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata at the end of the 18th century, the export of meat, leather and their derivatives through the port of Buenos Aires was the basis of the economic development of the region. Jesuits unsuccessfully tried to peacefully assimilate the aboriginals into the European culture brought by the Spanish conquistadores. A certain balance was found at the end of the 18th century when

1890-774: The legislative (represented by the Legislature , which is split into the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate ); and the judiciary , headed by the Supreme Court. The Constitution of Buenos Aires Province forms the formal law of the province. In Argentina, the most important law enforcement organization is the Argentine Federal Police , but the province is policed by its own Buenos Aires Provincial Police . Buenos Aires Province, at 307,571 square kilometres (118,754 sq mi),

1960-699: The 1948 nationalisation: Notes: By 1945 the English and French railway companies made the arrangements with the Government of Argentina to sell their railways. On November 1, 1947 the French companies became State-owned companies. Finally, on March 1, 1948, the Government took over the British railways, including the BAPR. That same year the railway was named "Ferrocarril Nacional General San Martín", honoring General José de San Martín ,

2030-467: The Argentine politics during the nineties. A similar case took place with the president Cristina Fernández de Kirchner and governor Daniel Scioli . María Eugenia Vidal , from Republican Proposal , won the 2015 elections, and became the first female governor of the province. In February 2021, researchers led by paleontologist Nicolás Chimento of the Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales announced

2100-1014: The Autonomous City of Buenos Aires (CABA), the Rugby Union of Mar del Plata, the Western Rugby Union of the Province of Buenos Aires (UROBA) and the Southern Rugby Union. Some of the most prominent clubs are CASI and SIC of San Isidro. Among others, some of the most important basketball teams in the province are: Peñarol de Mar del Plata , Quilmes de Mar del Plata , Bahía Basket , Estudiantes de Bahía Blanca , Olimpo de Bahía Blanca , Argentino de Junín , Club Ciclista Juninense , and Estudiantes de Olavarría , Gimnasia y Esgrima de La Plata , Club Atlético Platense and Lanús. There are numerous racetracks, including La Plata, Nueve de Julio, Olavarría, Mar de Ajó, Junín, Balcarce, San Nicolás de los Arroyos and Bahía Blanca. The San Isidro Racecourse

2170-714: The Autonomous City of Buenos Aires to the northeast. Uruguay is just across the Rio de la Plata to the northeast, and both are on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean to the east. Almost the entire province is part of the Pampas geographical region, with the extreme south often considered part of the Patagonia region. The province has a population of about 17.5 million people, which is 38% of Argentina's total population. The province covers an area of 307,571 km (118,754 sq mi), which

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2240-435: The Government of Argentina closed all the services from Buenos Aires to the rest of the country. The San Martín freight service was given in concession to private company "Buenos Aires al Pacífico" (then América Latina Logística - abbreviated "ALL"). The system included more than 5,000 km length, 120 locomotives and 8,500 freight wagons. Most of the material carried was oil and minerals. Between January 1994 and June 1995

2310-465: The Government to review the contract of concession. Two years later the users still criticize the poor conditions of the service so the Government decided to revoke the concession to Metropolitano for the San Martín urban services . As a result, a new consortium formed by the rest of private companies operating the urbain lines ( Ferrovías , Metrovías and Trenes de Buenos Aires ) named " UGOFE " took over

2380-672: The Matucana tunnel that connected Mapocho and the Central Station in Santiago . The Transandine Railway that connected both Argentinean and Chilean broad gauge networks through the Uspallata pass in the Andes mountains was actually a 1,000 mm ( 3 ft  3 + 3 ⁄ 8  in ) narrow gauge link. The Iberian gauge ( 1,668 mm or 5 ft  5 + 21 ⁄ 32  in )

2450-456: The Reconquista's basin. Of these, about a million still live with seriously compromised water quality, despite the province's (sometimes counterproductive) efforts to remedy the issue. In April 2013 , the northeastern section of Buenos Aires Province, particularly its capital, La Plata, experienced several flash floods that claimed the lives of at least 89 people. Alejandro Armendáriz , of

2520-549: The Retiro- Pilar branch. The 1,100 employees of the company were hired by Ferrocarril Belgrano S.A., a residual company created in 1999 when the Belgrano Cargas was privatized. After UGOFE took over the services, new locomotives and coaches were added to the trains. By March 2006 a new service Retiro- Hurlingham was launched. In December 2012, the first locomotives and coaches by Chinese company CSR arrived to Argentina for

2590-704: The San Martín urban service. In Mendoza , a new light rail service named the Metrotranvía Mendoza began operation in 2012, using a former right-of-way and trackbed of the FCGSM. UGOFE operated the line until 12 February 2014, when the Minister of Transport, Florencio Randazzo, announced the San Martín line to be given in concession to "Corredores Ferroviarios S.A.", a company of Grupo Roggio. 5 ft 6 in gauge railway 5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm)

2660-480: The area these new suburbs were developed on (particularly the poorer ones) consisted of wetlands and were prone to flooding. To address this, Governor Oscar Alende initiated the province's most important flood-control project to date, the Roggero Reservoir. Completed a decade later, in 1971, the reservoir and associated electric and water-treatment facilities encouraged still more, and more orderly, development of

2730-523: The capital of the province, Estudiantes and Gimnasia y Esgrima stand out. Other clubs in the rest of the province include Olimpo and Villa Mitre ( Bahía Blanca ), Huracán de Tres Arroyos ( Tres Arroyos ), Aldosivi and Alvarado ( Mar del Plata ), Sarmiento ( Junín ), Douglas Haig ( Pergamino ), Agropecuario ( Carlos Casares ), Santamarina ( Tandil ), Racing de Olavarría ( Olavarría ), Flandria , Club Luján and Villa Dálmine ( Campana ). The city of Mar del Plata hosted six matches of

2800-623: The coastline, which starts some 250 kilometres (160 mi) from Buenos Aires after the Samborombón Bay . Among them, the biggest and most important is Mar del Plata , followed by the La Costa Partido , Pinamar , Villa Gesell , Miramar , and Necochea . The most important summer-related event, the National Sea Festival , is held annually in the city of Mar del Plata. The city's Central Casino and Grand Provincial Hotel are among

2870-405: The discovery of a well-preserved fossilized skull of the giant ground sloth Megatherium near San Eduardo del Mar, Province of Buenos Aires. According to paleontologists , the fossil belonged to a juvenile and dated back approximately 3.58 million years. The provincial government is divided into three branches: the executive, headed by a popularly elected governor , who appoints the cabinet;

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2940-514: The establishment of the Argentine Confederation and to his gaining the sum of public power , which provided a tenuous unity. Ongoing disputes regarding the influence of Buenos Aires, between Federalists and Unitarians , and over the Port of Buenos Aires (the prime source of public revenue at the time) fueled periodic hostilities. The province was declared independent on 11 September 1852, as

3010-411: The first contact with the aboriginals was peaceful, it soon became hostile. The city was evacuated in 1541. Juan de Garay re-founded the settlement in 1580 as Santísima Trinidad y Puerto Santa María de Los Buenos Aires . Amidst ongoing conflict with the aboriginals, the cattle farms extended from Buenos Aires , whose port was always the center of the economy of the territory. Following the creation of

3080-509: The lines temporarily operated by FEMESA were privatized. The consortium " Metropolitano " took over the San Martín line (along with Roca and Belgrano Sur lines, renamed "TMS", "TMR" and "TMB" respectively). After the National Government cancelled all the interurban passenger services, in 1993 the Government of Buenos Aires created the "Unidad Ejecutora del Programa Ferroviario Provincial (UEPFP)" that began to operate some trains from

3150-543: The main terminus in Buenos Aires Constitución , Retiro and Once to different cities within Buenos Aires Province . The San Martín line took over the service to Junín and Iriarte. The trains run on tracks that were also used by the freight companies (such as América Latina Logística ), a part of being in bad conditions with no maintenance. The UEPFP later changed its name to " Ferrobaires ". With

3220-468: The metre gauge and narrow gauge railways have been converted to broad gauge. Small stretches of the network that remain on metre and narrow gauges are also being converted to broad gauge . Rapid transit lines are mostly on standard gauge, although some initial lines use 1,676 mm ( 5 ft 6 in ) broad gauge. Bangladesh Railways uses a mix of 1,676 mm ( 5 ft 6 in ) broad gauge and metre gauge . The broad gauge network

3290-435: The narrower gauge, a strong wear of wheelsets may occur without replacement. Buenos Aires Province Buenos Aires , officially the Buenos Aires Province , is the largest and most populous Argentine province . It takes its name from the city of Buenos Aires , the capital of the country, which used to be part of the province and the province's capital until it was federalized in 1880. Since then, in spite of bearing

3360-628: The nation's largest. Other destinations include the Ventana Sierras , Tandil , Tigre , the Paraná Delta , Isla Martín García , Olavarria , the Chascomús and Gómez lagoons, Campos del Tuyú National Park , and La Plata . Agritourism in estancias (plantations) has become increasingly popular for foreigners visiting the province in recent years. The province's wine district , centered on Médanos , has also become prominent for visitors touring

3430-465: The national population), of which 12 million lived in Greater Buenos Aires and 3 million in the rest of the province. Around 33.8% of the inhabitants weren't born in the province, of whom 3,918,552 are migrants from other provinces and 758,640 were born abroad. Most of its inhabitants are descendants from colonial-era settlers and immigrants from Europe who arrived within the 19th and 20th centuries, mostly Italians and Spaniards. A number of suburbs in

3500-422: The newer partidos were created in the Greater Buenos Aires . There are 135 partidos, the last established by law is Lezama (2009). Buenos Aires Province is the most populated province of the country. The INDEC estimates that the population of Buenos Aires Province was 17,541,141 on 1 July 2020, a 12.26% increase since the 2010 national census. According to that census, there were 15 million inhabitants (38% of

3570-677: The notable exceptions being one of the few active links: the Ramal Talca-Constitución branch and the Metro de Santiago . On the contrary, just a few branches of the FCN (Ferrocarril del Norte) were broad gauge, most notably the Mapocho-Puerto mainline between Santiago and Valparaiso, the Santiago–Valparaíso railway line . This link was directly connected to the southern railroad network using

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3640-410: The panoply of levees, power plants, water works, paved roads, municipal buildings, and (particularly during Perón's 1946-55 tenure) schools, clinics and massive regional hospitals. The province's population, after 1930, began to grow disproportionately quickly in the suburban areas of Buenos Aires. These suburbs had grown to include 4 million out of the province's total 7 million people in 1960. Much of

3710-526: The prime leader of South American wars of independence . By the beginning of the 1990s, the railway system in Argentina was showing a deficit of US$ 355 million per year (about 1 million a day). National Decree N° 520 (1991) created FEMESA , a State-owned company in replacement of Ferrocarriles Argentinos to operate the urban services in Buenos Aires . FEMESA would take over the passenger services until they were privatized. Ferrocarriles Argentinos only continued operating freight services. On 10 March 1993,

3780-481: The province are also home to a large, predominantly mestizo population that began migrating from the country's northern provinces in the mid-20th century to take advantage of growing employment opportunities. These same communities are also home to considerable numbers of more recent migrants from Paraguay and Bolivia . Tourists, mainly from Buenos Aires, visit the Atlantic coast. There are many cities and towns along

3850-577: The province by 1914; many developed around the new railway stations. This era of accelerated development was cut short by the Wall Street Crash of 1929 , which caused a sharp drop in commodity prices (99% of Argentine exports were agricultural) and led to a halt in the flow of investment funds between nations. The new Concordance and Perón governments funded ambitious lending and public works programs, visible in Buenos Aires Province through

3920-476: The province is crossed by occasional west Pampero winds . The southern Sudestada produces storms and temperature drops, most notably the Santa Rosa storm, which takes place every year almost exactly on 30 August. Unlike the other provinces of the country, in the province of Buenos Aires, the territorial divisions are called partidos , instead of departments. These also constitute the municipal division of

3990-504: The province. The provincial Constitution does not recognize the municipal autonomy that was recognized for the whole country in the reform of the National Constitution of 1994. Each partido corresponds to a municipality and is governed by a mayor ( intendente ) elected by popular vote. The process of creating a partido is much more dynamic than in the other provinces, with a total of six more partidos in 2000 than in 1990. Most of

4060-468: The purpose of becoming the provincial capital. The equivalent of a billion (1880s) dollars of British investment and pro-development, education and immigration policies pursued at the national level subsequently spurred dramatic economic growth. Driven by European immigration and improved health, the province's population, like Argentina's, nearly doubled to one million by 1895 and doubled again by 1914. Rail lines connected nearly every town and hamlet in

4130-530: The purpose of improving the passenger services in Greater Buenos Aires , Metropolitano acquired 15 locomotives by General Motors , although the devaluation of the Argentine Peso and the 2002 economic crisis made Metropolitano could not pay its debts and the rolling stock was retained in the customs due to a court order. By 2003 the quality of the service got worse considerably due to the reasons given above. The critical condition of rolling stock and tracks led

4200-648: The purpose of selling their railways due to financial problems to operate those services. Finally on March 1, 1948, all the foreign railway companies in Argentina were nationalised under the Juan Perón 's administration, creating the State-owned company "Empresa de Ferrocarriles del Estado Argentino (EFEA)", then renamed to Ferrocarriles Argentinos , taking over all the railway lines of Argentina, including passenger and freight services. The following broad gauge railway companies were added to San Martín railway network after

4270-576: The purpose to build a railway from Mercedes, Buenos Aires to Villa Mercedes in San Luis Province , where the line joined to Ferrocarril Andino . The entering to the city of Buenos Aires was made through Buenos Aires Western Railway (current Ferrocarril Sarmiento ) until the company built its own access to the capital city of Argentina. After the World War II finished, British and French-owned railway companies in Argentina began proceedings with

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4340-406: The same name, the province does not include Buenos Aires city, though it does include all other parts of the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area. The capital of the province is the city of La Plata , founded in 1882. It is bordered by the provinces of Entre Ríos to the northeast, Santa Fe to the north, Córdoba to the northwest, La Pampa to the west, Río Negro to the south and west and

4410-835: The shape of BART wheels and rail has been modified since then ). This has complicated maintenance of the system, as it requires custom wheelsets, brake systems, and track maintenance vehicles. The New Orleans, Opelousas and Great Western Railroad (NOO&GW) used 1,676 mm ( 5 ft 6 in ) broad gauge until 1872, and the Texas and New Orleans Railroad used 1,676 mm ( 5 ft 6 in ) broad gauge ("Texas gauge") until 1876. The Grand Trunk Railway predecessor St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad which operated in Quebec , Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine also used 1,676 mm ( 5 ft 6 in ) broad gauge ("Canadian gauge", "Provincial gauge" or "Portland gauge" ) but

4480-424: The weather of the province is strongly influenced by the ocean, with hot summers and temperate winters. Humidity is high and precipitation is abundant and distributed over the year. The Western and Southwestern regions are drier and are part of the Semi-arid Pampas ecoregion. The southernmost part of the province is often included in definitions of the Patagonia region. The climate of the province of Buenos Aires

4550-430: The wide gauge for its "great stability and smoother riding qualities" and intended to make a state-of-the-art system for other municipalities to emulate. The use of 1,676 mm ( 5 ft 6 in ) broad gauge rails was one of many unconventional design elements included in its design which, in addition to its unusual gauge, also used flat-edge rail, rather than typical rail that angles slightly inward (although

4620-526: The widest gauge in regular passenger use anywhere in the world. In India , the initial freight railway lines were built using standard gauge . In the 1850s, the Great Indian Peninsula Railway adopted the gauge of 1,676 mm ( 5 ft 6 in ) for the first passenger railway in India between Bori Bunder and Thane . This was then adopted as the standard for the nationwide network. Indian Railways today predominantly operates on 1,676 mm ( 5 ft 6 in ) broad gauge. Most of

4690-412: Was changed to standard gauge in 1873. The Grand Trunk Railway operated from headquarters in Montreal , Quebec, although corporate headquarters were in London , England . The St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad which operated in Quebec , Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine also used it but was converted in 1873. There is a longstanding rumour that the Provincial gauge was selected specifically to create

4760-459: Was converted in 1873. Several Maine railroads connected to the Grand Trunk Railway shared its "Portland Gauge". The Androscoggin and Kennebec Railroad and the Buckfield Branch Railroad were later consolidated as the Maine Central Railroad which converted to standard gauge in 1871. John A. Poor's chief engineer Alvin C. Morton compiled the following advantages of "Portland Gauge" for Maine railways in 1847: The national railway network

4830-448: Was inaugurated in 1935 and hosts the Carlos Pellegrini Grand Prix. The Hipodromo de La Plata is the third largest in Argentina. The province's economy has long been the largest in Argentina, estimated in 2014 to have been US$ 407.6 billion (more than a third of the national total, which was around US$ 680.8 billion in 2016 according to Argentina's economical growing. It has a per capita income of $ 24,780 (around $ 27,300 in 2016). The province

4900-484: Was known as the "Provincial gauge" in Canada. The earliest railways in Canada, including the 1836 Champlain and St. Lawrence and 1847 Montreal and Lachine Railway however, were built to 4 ft  8 + 1 ⁄ 2  in ( 1,435 mm ) standard gauge . The Grand Trunk Railway which operated in several Canadian provinces ( Quebec and Ontario ) and American states ( Connecticut , Maine , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , and Vermont ) used it, but

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