San Lázaro is a town in the Concepción department of Paraguay . Located 660 km from Asunción and 190 km from departmental capital Concepción , its population was 9060 in 2002.
60-526: Located at the confluence of rivers Paraguay and Apa . The main area of activity is the manufacture of lime. San Lázaro is 660 km far from Asunción and is located at the exact site of the confluence of the Apa River with Paraguay River , bordering Brazil - Chaco. The maximum temperature reaches 40 C in summer, while the minimum at least until winter is -2 °C. The average is 24 °C. There are copious periods of rainfall from November to January, however
120-529: A calque based on the word " Tupâ ", meaning God. In modern Paraguayan Guarani, the same word is rendered " komuño ". Following the out-migration from the reductions, these two distinct dialects of Guarani came into extensive contact for the first time. The vast majority of speakers abandoned the less colloquial, highly regulated Jesuit variant in favor of the variety that evolved from actual use by speakers in Paraguay. This contemporary form of spoken Guarani
180-614: A demographic shift that brought about a decidedly one-sided shift away from the Jesuit dialect that the missionaries had curated in the southern and eastern territories of the colony. By and large, the Guarani of the Jesuits shied away from direct phonological loans from Spanish. Instead, the missionaries relied on the agglutinative nature of the language to formulate new precise translations or calque terms from Guarani morphemes. This process often led
240-626: A generally southwesterly course, passing through the Brazilian city of Cáceres . It then turns in a generally southward direction, flowing through the Pantanal wetlands, the city of Corumbá , then running close to the Brazil-Bolivia border for a short distance in the Brazilian states of Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul . From the city of Puerto Bahia Negra, Paraguay, the river forms the border between Paraguay and Brazil, flowing almost due south before
300-464: A height between 5 and 6 m and wide, my 9 between 10 and 11 m background. You get to the place by boat or on foot with guides tourists. The Cave of San Lazaro, "Cantera 54", northeast of Vallemí and east of San Lázaro, has more than 15 deep wells and large ground, three of them you can see the roots of trees embedded in the walls of the cave. The roof can be seen traces of waves of the past. "Tres Cerros" cave located 12 km southeast of Vallemí,
360-487: A nasal vowel, and if the consonant is voiced, it takes its nasal allophone. If a stressed syllable is nasal, the nasality spreads in both directions until it bumps up against a stressed syllable that is oral. This includes affixes , postpositions , and compounding. Voiceless consonants do not have nasal allophones, but they do not interrupt the spread of nasality. For example, However, a second stressed syllable, with an oral vowel, will not become nasalized: That is, for
420-558: A navigable waterway serving Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay, the river has been the focus of commercial and industrial development. In 1997, the governments of the nations of the La Plata Basin proposed a plan under the Hidrovia Inter-Governmental Commission agency to develop the rivers into an industrial waterway system to help reduce the costs of exporting goods from the area, in particular the soybean crop that
480-426: A predicative possessive reading. Furthermore, the conjugations vary slightly according to the stem being oral or nasal. Negation is indicated by a circumfix n(d)(V)-...-(r)i in Guarani. The preverbal portion of the circumfix is nd- for oral bases and n- for nasal bases. For 2nd person singular, an epenthetic -e- is inserted before the base, for 1st person plural inclusive, an epenthetic -a-
540-548: A spectrum in which more Spanish is used for official and business-related matters, and more Guarani is used in art and in everyday life. Guarani is also an official language of Bolivia and of Corrientes Province in Argentina. Guarani became a written language relatively recently. Its modern alphabet is a subset of the Latin script (with "J", "K" and "Y" but not "W"), complemented with two diacritics and six digraphs . Its orthography
600-733: A tree, in addition to stalactites, small rocks and shells on the floor and walls. In September or October is the "Festival Apa River", on December 17 is the patronal feast in honor of San Lázaro. The Estancia Tres Hermanas is 6 km from the main route offers a view to Apa River, amid lush forests, grasslands and prairies. The stay may be camping, horseback riding and milking. Paraguay River 4,550 m /s (161,000 cu ft/s) The Paraguay River ( Ysyry Paraguái in Guarani , Rio Paraguai in Portuguese , Río Paraguay in Spanish )
660-450: A vowel. The glottal stop , called puso in Guarani, is only written between vowels, but occurs phonetically before vowel-initial words. Because of this, some words have several glottal stops near each other that consequently undergo a number of different dissimilation techniques. For example, "I drink water" ʼaʼyʼu is pronounced hayʼu . This suggests that irregularity in verb forms derives from regular sound change processes in
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#1733086155152720-501: A word with a single stressed vowel, all voiced segments will be either oral or nasal, while voiceless consonants are unaffected, as in oral /ᵐbotɨ/ vs nasal /mõtɨ̃/ . Guarani is a highly agglutinative language , often classified as polysynthetic . It is a fluid-S type active language , and it has been classified as a 6th class language in Milewski's typology . It uses subject–verb–object (SVO) word order usually, but object–verb when
780-414: Is a present somewhat aorist : Upe ára resẽ reho mombyry , "that day you got out and you went far". These two suffixes can be added together: ahátama , "I'm already going". This suffix can be joined with -ma , making up -páma : ñande jaikuaapáma nde remimoʼã , "now we came to know all your thought". These are unstressed suffixes: -ta, -ma, -ne, -vo, -mi ; so the stress goes upon
840-562: Is a major river in south-central South America, running through Brazil , Bolivia , Paraguay and Argentina . It flows about 2,695 kilometres (1,675 mi) from its headwaters in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso to its confluence with the Paraná River north of Corrientes and Resistencia . The Paraguay's source is south of Diamantino in the Mato Grosso state of Brazil. It follows
900-464: Is a tourist attraction for its beauty. The original inhabitants of the upper Paraguay River were the Guarani peoples . The Paraguay River was explored in the 16th century by Sebastian Cabot , who at that time became the first recorded European to discover both the Paraná and Paraguay rivers. For hundreds of years, this river has served as the main route of Paraguay to the outside world. Since that time,
960-432: Is also a source of commerce in the form of fishing, and provides irrigation for agriculture along its route. As such it provides a way of life for a number of poor fishermen who live along its banks and make the majority of their income selling fish in local markets, as well as supplying a major source of sustenance for their families. This has created issues in large cities such as Asunción, where poverty-stricken farmers from
1020-637: Is inserted. The postverbal portion is -ri for bases ending in -i , and -i for all others. However, in spoken Guarani, the -ri portion of the circumfix is frequently omitted for bases ending in -i . The negation can be used in all tenses, but for future or irrealis reference, the normal tense marking is replaced by moʼã , resulting in n(d)(V) -base- moʼã-i as in Ndajapomoʼãi , "I won't do it". There are also other negatives, such as: ani , ỹhỹ , nahániri , naumbre , naʼanga . The verb form without suffixes at all
1080-457: Is known as Jopará , meaning "mixture" in Guarani. Widely spoken, Paraguayan Guarani has nevertheless been repressed by Paraguayan governments throughout most of its history since independence. It was prohibited in state schools for over 100 years. However, populists often used pride in the language to excite nationalistic fervor and promote a narrative of social unity. During the autocratic regime of Alfredo Stroessner , his Colorado Party used
1140-534: Is largely phonemic , with letter values mostly similar to those of Spanish . The tilde is used with many letters that are considered part of the alphabet. In the case of Ñ/ñ , it differentiates the palatal nasal from the alveolar nasal (as in Spanish), whereas it marks stressed nasalisation when used over a vowel (as in Portuguese ): ã, ẽ, ĩ, õ, ũ, ỹ . (Nasal vowels have been written with several other diacritics: ä, ā, â, ã .) The tilde also marks nasality in
1200-502: Is often translated as "ex-", "former", "abandoned", "what was once", or "one-time". These morphemes can even be combined to express the idea of something that was going to be but did not end up happening. So for example, paʼirãgue is "a person who studied to be a priest but didn't actually finish", or rather, "the ex-future priest". Some nouns use -re instead of -kue and others use -guã instead of -rã . Guarani distinguishes between inclusive and exclusive pronouns of
1260-506: Is one of more impressive because it possesses huge stalactites of more than 6 m long. There are many visitors as researchers, scientists and students. The "Calera Rusa" located on private property and open to the public, 16 km from Vallemí and 4 km from the Tres Cerros , which main characteristic is that it is open pit and walls 70 meters. Within the Calera you can see the huge root of
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#17330861551521320-639: The Apa River there are several spas, as well as a lookout way in Vallemí to appreciate the scenery. In honor of its founder stand the Church of Saint Lazarus and the monument from the main square of the city. In the home craftsman, Sebastian Amarilla presents sculptures of different styles, in addition to the "Monument to the Supreme" located alongside the access factory lime, as well as "Children Martyrs Acosta Nu" in downtown
1380-478: The Jesuits to employ complicated, highly synthetic terms to convey European concepts. By contrast, the Guarani spoken outside of the missions was characterized by a free, unregulated flow of Hispanicisms; frequently, Spanish words and phrases were simply incorporated into Guarani with minimal phonological adaptation. A good example of that phenomenon is found in the word "communion". The Jesuits, using their agglutinative strategy, rendered this word " Tupârahava ",
1440-541: The National Cement Industry (INC). The main economic activities are extracting limestone and marble, there are about 40 plants. San Lázaro is known as "City of Calera." It is also recognized by the large number of mountains of grapefruit. Founded in 1930 by Captain Lázaro Aranda, at the same place Apa River joins Paraguay River. San Lazaro was the first little town named as itself district as capital. On
1500-509: The Paraguay River is warmer than the lower and generally its temperature does not fall below 22.5 °C (72.5 °F), although some upper Paraguay tributaries may fall below this. The Paraguay River ecoregion has high species richness with about 350 fish species, including more than 80 endemics . About 80% of the fish species in the river are characiforms (tetras and allies) and siluriforms (catfish). Several of these migrate up
1560-474: The Paraguay River to spawn, including Prochilodus lineatus and Pseudoplatystoma corruscans . Unsurprisingly many species in the river are essentially of Paraná River Basin origin, but the fauna also has a connection with two Amazonian rivers, the Guaporé and Mamoré . While flowing in different directions, the Paraguay, Guaporé and Mamoré all have their source in the same region in central South America. Among
1620-607: The Paraguay has not been dammed for hydroelectric power generation; for this reason it is navigable for a considerable distance, second only to the Amazon River in terms of navigable length on the continent. This makes it an important shipping and trade corridor, providing a much-needed link to the Atlantic Ocean for the otherwise landlocked nations of Paraguay and Bolivia. It serves such important cities as Asunción and Concepción in Paraguay and Formosa in Argentina. The river
1680-549: The Paraguayan people and neighboring communities. This is unique among American languages; language shift towards European colonial languages (in this case, the other official language of Spanish ) has otherwise been a nearly universal phenomenon in the Western Hemisphere , but Paraguayans have maintained their traditional language while also adopting Spanish. Jesuit priest Antonio Ruiz de Montoya , who in 1639 published
1740-564: The Paraná River. The Paraguay River is the second major river of the Rio de la Plata Basin , after the Paraná River. The Paraguay's drainage basin , about 1,095,000 square kilometres (423,000 sq mi), covers a vast area that includes major portions of Argentina, southern Brazil, parts of Bolivia, and most of the country of Paraguay. Unlike many of the other great rivers of the Rio de la Plata Basin,
1800-527: The Rios Vivos coalition to educate people on the effects of the project was successful in delaying the project, and the nations involved agreed to reformulate their plan. The final plan is still uncertain, along with the effect it will have on the Pantanal and the ecology of the entire Río de la Plata basin. The controversy over whether or not the project will have a disastrous effect on the local ecology, as well as
1860-565: The Spanish and IPA equivalents, although sometimes the open-mid allophones [ ɛ ] , [ ɔ ] are used more frequently. The grapheme ⟨y⟩ represents the vowel / ɨ / (as in Polish ). Considering nasality, the vowel system is perfectly symmetrical, each oral vowel having its nasal counterpart (most systems with nasals have fewer nasals than orals). Guarani displays an unusual degree of nasal harmony . A nasal syllable consists of
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1920-489: The area has embraced. The plan entailed constructing more hydroelectric dams along some of the waterways, along with a massive effort to restructure the navigable waterways—most notably the Paraguay River—through dredging of the waterway, rock removal and channel restructuring. Studies indicated that the proposed river engineering of the Paraguay would have a devastating impact on the Pantanal wetlands. An effort by
1980-507: The blind. Guarani syllables consist of a consonant plus a vowel or a vowel alone; syllables ending in a consonant or two or more consonants together do not occur. This is represented as (C)V . In the below table, the IPA value is shown. The orthography is shown in angle brackets below, if different. The voiced consonants have oral allophones (left) before oral vowels, and nasal allophones (right) before nasal vowels . The oral allophones of
2040-613: The case of G̃/g̃ , used to represent the nasalized velar approximant by combining the velar approximant G with the nasalising tilde . The letter G̃/g̃ , which is unique to this language, was introduced into the orthography relatively recently during the mid-20th century and there is disagreement over its use. It is not a precomposed character in Unicode , which can cause typographic inconveniences – such as needing to press "delete" twice in some setups – or imperfect rendering when using computers and fonts that do not properly support
2100-430: The complex layout feature of glyph composition. Only stressed nasal vowels are written as nasal. If an oral vowel is stressed, and it is not the final syllable, it is marked with an acute accent: á, é, í, ó, ú, ý . That is, stress falls on the vowel marked as nasalized, if any, else on the accent-marked syllable, and if neither appears, then on the final syllable. Guarani Braille is the braille alphabet used for
2160-455: The confluence with the Apa River . The Paraguay makes a long, gentle curve to the south-southeast before resuming a more south-southwesterly course, dividing the country of Paraguay into two distinct halves: the Gran Chaco region to the west, a largely uninhabited semi-arid region; and the eastern forested departments of the country, accounting for some 98% of the country's inhabitants. As such
2220-409: The country's interior have populated the river's banks in search of an easier lifestyle. Seasonal flooding of the river's banks sometimes forces many thousands of displaced residents to seek temporary shelter until the waters recede from their homes. The Paraguayan military has been forced to dedicate land on one of its reserves in the capital to emergency housing for these displaced citizens. The river
2280-467: The driest months are from June to September. Winds are from the north, east and southeast. San Lázaro has a total of 9,060 inhabitants, from whom 4,719 are men and 4,382 women, according to 2002 Census by the General Directorate of Statistics, Census and Surveys. The main town in this district is Vallemí, located 14 km further south, where the quarry of the largest cement company of Paraguay,
2340-410: The first person plural. Reflexive pronoun: je : ahecha ("I look"), ajehecha ("I look at myself") Guarani stems can be divided into a number of conjugation classes, which are called areal (with the subclass aireal ) and chendal . The names for these classes stem from the names of the prefixes for 1st and 2nd person singular. The areal conjugation is used to convey that
2400-528: The first written grammar of Guarani in a book called Tesoro de la lengua guaraní (Treasure/ Thesaurus of the Guarani Language) , described it as a language "so copious and elegant that it can compete with the most famous [of languages]". The name "Guarani" is generally used for the official language of Paraguay. However, this is part of a dialect chain , most of whose components are also often called Guarani. While Guarani, in its Classical form ,
2460-424: The history of Guarani. There also seems to be some degree of variation between how much the glottal stop is dropped (for example aruʼuka > aruuka > aruka for "I bring"). It is possible that word-internal glottal stops may have been retained from fossilized compounds where the second component was a vowel-initial (and therefore glottal stop–initial) root. /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/ correspond more or less to
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2520-399: The inflow of Bermejo River, the pH of the Paraguay River may reach up to 8.2. The typical pH of the Paraguay River is 5.8—7.4 in the upper part (defined as the section before the inflow of the first non-Pantanal tributary , the Apa River ) and 6.3—7.9 in the lower part. The peak of the flood season in the Paraguay River (measured at Corumbá ) is delayed 4–6 months compared to the peak of
2580-404: The language to appeal to common Paraguayans although Stroessner himself never gave an address in Guarani. Upon the advent of Paraguayan democracy in 1992, Guarani was established in the new constitution as a language equal to Spanish. Jopará, the mixture of Spanish and Guarani, is spoken by an estimated 90% of the population of Paraguay. Code-switching between the two languages takes place on
2640-530: The language. Variants of the language are spoken by communities in neighboring countries including parts of northeastern Argentina , southeastern Bolivia and southwestern Brazil , and is a second official language of the Argentine province of Corrientes since 2004. Guarani is also one of the three official languages of Mercosur , alongside Spanish and Portuguese . Guarani is the most widely spoken Native American language and remains commonly used among
2700-484: The last syllable of the verb or the last stressed syllable. The close and prolonged contact Spanish and Guarani have experienced has resulted in many Guarani words of Spanish origin. Many of these loans were for things or concepts unknown to the New World prior to Spanish colonization . Examples are seen below: English has adopted a small number of words from Guarani (or perhaps the related Tupi ) via Portuguese, mostly
2760-519: The names of animals or plants. " Jaguar " comes from jaguarete and " piraña " comes from pira aña ("tooth fish" Tupi: pirá 'fish', aña 'tooth'). Other words are: " agouti " from akuti , " tapir " from tapira , " açaí " from ĩwasaʼi ("[fruit that] cries or expels water"), " warrah " from aguará meaning "fox", and " margay " from mbarakaja'y meaning "small cat". Jacaranda , guarana and mandioca are words of Guarani or Tupi–Guarani origin. Ipecacuanha (the name of
2820-460: The nasal allophone is always [ ɲ ] . The dorsal fricative is in free variation between [ x ] and [ h ] . ⟨g⟩ , ⟨gu⟩ are approximants, not fricatives, but are sometimes transcribed [ ɣ ] , [ ɣʷ ] , as is conventional for Spanish. ⟨gu⟩ is also transcribed [ɰʷ] , which is essentially identical to [ w ] . All syllables are open, viz. CV or V, ending in
2880-665: The participant is actively involved , whereas the chendal conjugation is used to convey that the participant is the undergoer . However, the areal conjugation is also used if an intransitive verb expresses an event as opposed to a state , for example manó 'die', and even with a verb such as ké 'sleep'. In addition, all borrowed Spanish verbs are adopted as areal as opposed to borrowed adjectives, which take chendal . Intransitive verbs can take either conjugation, transitive verbs normally take areal , but can take chendal for habitual readings. Nouns can also be conjugated, but only as chendal . This conveys
2940-502: The potential economic gains, continues to this day. The Paraguay River basin includes several distinctive habitats, ranging from very clear waters such as Rio da Prata ( pt ) near Bonito in the upper part to the sediment-rich Bermejo River in the lower part. The suspended load of the Paraguay River is about 100 milligrams per litre (3.6 × 10 lb/cu in) before the inflow of Bermejo, but rises to about 600 milligrams per litre (2.2 × 10 lb/cu in) after. Directly after
3000-517: The primary variety known as Paraguayan Guarani ( avañeʼẽ [ʔãʋãɲẽˈʔẽ] "the people's language"), is a South American language that belongs to the Tupi–Guarani branch of the Tupian language family . It is one of the official languages of Paraguay (along with Spanish ), where it is spoken by the majority of the population, and where half of the rural population are monolingual speakers of
3060-524: The rainy season due to the slow passage of water through the Pantanal wetlands. There are significant temperature variations depending on the season. During the low-water season, the water of the Paraguay River is relatively warm (typically above 27 °C or 81 °F) and clouded ( Secchi depth typically less than 32 cm or 13 in), but in the flood season it is colder (typically 18–26.3 °C or 64.4–79.3 °F) and clearer (Secchi depth typically 26–130 cm or 10–51 in). The upper part of
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#17330861551523120-425: The river has had its vitality and importance, but is used today for a convoy of barges . The Paraguay River is the primary waterway of the 147,629-square-kilometre (57,000 sq mi) Pantanal wetlands of southern Brazil, northern Paraguay and parts of Bolivia. The Pantanal is the world's largest tropical wetland and is largely dependent upon waters provided by the Paraguay River. Owing to its importance as
3180-505: The river is considered perhaps the key geographical feature of the country with which it shares its name. Some 400 kilometres (250 mi) after flowing through the middle of Paraguay, at the confluence with the Pilcomayo River and passing the Paraguayan capital city, Asunción , the river forms the border with Argentina, flowing generally south-southwesterly for another 275 kilometres (171 mi) before it reaches its end, joining with
3240-409: The second in the hills of the same name, is well known for its easy access, you can see the old root of a tree and stalactites, stalagmites and columns. The "Holy Cave," in the first hill on the west side of Three Hills, bears this name because in it there is a stalagmite from 45 to 50 cm in the shape of a virgin, according to the locals. The entrance to the cave is vertical and drops about 6 meters,
3300-402: The species shared between these are the black phantom tetra , an important fish in the aquarium industry, and the golden dorado , which is important in the fishing industry. [REDACTED] Media related to Río Paraguay at Wikimedia Commons Guarani language Guarani ( / ˌ ɡ w ɑːr ə ˈ n iː , ˈ ɡ w ɑːr ən i / GWAR -ə- NEE , GWAR -ə-nee ), specifically
3360-597: The subject is not specified. The language lacks gender and has no native definite article but, due to influence from Spanish, la is used as a definite article for singular reference and lo for plural reference. These are not found in Classical Guarani ( Guaraniete ). Guarani exhibits nominal tense: past, expressed with -kue , and future, expressed with -rã . For example, tetã ruvichakue translates to "ex-president" while tetã ruvicharã translates to "president-elect." The past morpheme -kue
3420-606: The tops are born in streams, rivers and streams. In the Hill St. Helena, from within San Lázaro and Vallemí, visitors can view the natural environment. Grapefruit is also available, as the main product of the area. There are limestone caves are home in San Lázaro, the Cave "Cambá hopo", 300 meters from the factory, south of Vallemí on the Paraguay River , "Itá Cajón", so similar in a box, with
3480-499: The town, belong to this talented craftsman. The Church of the Our Lady of Fatima has coated the walls of marble and limestone. The Paraguay River in this stretch is very conducive to visit him in boats, in the sewers of Vallemí and in the area of Apa River, can be made wildlife, fishing , camping and enjoy from the beaches. In the 'Mountains of Fifteen' Tips there are still unexplored forests and hills whose heights reaching 500 m ,
3540-405: The voiced stops are prenasalized . There is also a sequence /ⁿt/ (written ⟨nt⟩ ). A trill /r/ (written ⟨rr⟩ ), and the consonants /l/ , /f/ , and /j/ (written ⟨ll⟩ ) are not native to Guarani, but come from Spanish. Oral /ᵈj/ is often pronounced [ dʒ ] , [ ɟ ] , [ ʒ ] , [ j ] , depending on the dialect, but
3600-484: Was the only language spoken in the expansive missionary territories, Paraguayan Guarani has its roots outside of the Jesuit Reductions . Modern scholarship has shown that Guarani was always the primary language of colonial Paraguay, both inside and outside the reductions. Following the expulsion of the Jesuits in the 18th century, the residents of the reductions gradually migrated north and west towards Asunción ,
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